This Review highlights recent progress in the development of molecular probes for the selective imaging of specific immune cells to aid understanding of the immune system, as well as disease diagnosis and prognosis.

This Review discusses how microfluidic and other fluidic devices can be leveraged at each stage of cell manufacturing for enhancing the potency, predictability and affordability of adoptive cell therapies.

This Perspective argues that the unavailability of cortical electrodes for chronic use may stall research on adaptive deep brain stimulation for treating psychiatric conditions and that this problem can be addressed via public–private partnerships.

Foundation models can be advantageously harnessed to estimate missing data in multimodal biomedical datasets and to generate realistic synthetic samples.

Modifications enhancing degradation resistance and albumin affinity enabled the delivery of an siRNA conjugate silencing MMP13 to guinea pig and murine arthritic joints, improving therapeutic outcomes following intravenous administration.

A wireless device for measuring bioimpedance during breastfeeding allows accurate quantification of the volume of expressed milk in 12 new mothers in a neonatal intensive care unit and in home settings.

Unimolecular probes detectable via near-infrared fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and computed tomography allow real-time tracking and quantification of amyloid-β plaques with spatial localization in the living brain of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models and in beagles.

Central nervous system lesions are reduced following focused ultrasound treatment in a mouse model.

Anti-TNF CAR macrophages show anti-inflammatory efficacy in both acute and chronic inflammatory disease mouse models.

Nitric oxide reversibly breaches vascular basement membrane barriers, facilitating nanoparticle penetration into the tumour interstitium through explosive eruptions.

Decentralized yet coordinated networks of specialized artificial intelligence agents, multi-agent systems for healthcare (MASH), that excel in performing tasks in an assistive or autonomous manner within specific clinical and operational domains are likely to become the next paradigm in medical artificial intelligence.

Antigen design and optimization for broader yet targeted immune stimulation, and targeted antigen delivery, are reshaping vaccine development for infectious diseases and cancer.

Advances in base editing and prime editing, coupled with optimized delivery strategies, are enhancing the efficiency, safety and versatility of genome editing for the treatment of a widening range of genetic diseases.

Combining neuroimaging with molecular and cellular data reveals how microscale features shape large-scale brain networks.

Cas9-based ribonucleoproteins engineered via directed evolution and encapsulated in optimized lipid nanoparticles improve genome-editing efficacies in the livers and lungs of mice.

High-throughput screening led to the identification of artesunate as an antifibrotic agent that targets the glycoprotein myeloid differentiation factor 2 in the infarcted heart.