Grailey et al. investigate the impact of different terminologies used to describe AMR, testing terms co-designed with the public. Terminology that is familiar, such as the inclusion of ‘antibiotics’ can significantly increase the understanding of AMR by the public, and impact behavioural intent regarding antibiotic use.

Boyd, Wang et al. evaluate a peptide-based active immunotherapy against CGRP in rat and non-human primate models. The immunotherapy consistently induces robust IgG1 antibodies that exhibit potent in vitro binding and blocking activity against CGRP and in vivo efficacy in a rat pharmacodynamic model.

Tougeron et al. evaluate the prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in predicting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) plus chemotherapy in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. An early decrease in ctDNA concentration is associated with a worse objective response rate, shorter progression free survival and overall survival.

Venkateshwar et al., explored the effect of Heterologous intranasal iNCOVACC® vaccination as a booster to two-dose intramuscular Covid-19 vaccinations (either by Covishield or Covaxin) in a controlled, randomised, open-label phase 3 clinical trial. This study also aimed to compare these results with homologous booster vaccinations by Covishield or Covaxin.

DeLuca et al. evaluate the effect of HIV-1 immunogen formats on the binding profile of memory B cells from two independent non-human primate trials. These results show how immunogens with differing immunodominance hierarchies can induce selective B cell response in the context of sequential immunizations.

Miyamoto et al. conduct a cohort study involving 4496 Japanese adults to assess the correlation between antibody levels and infection risk. Higher anti-N antibody levels are linked to reduced risks of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, unlike anti-spike (S) antibodies and BA.5 neutralizing antibodies, which mainly reduce symptomatic infection risk.

Putter-Katz et al. evaluate a self-reported hearing measure (The Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap – AIADH) as a predictor of balance problems and the risk of falling. AIADH is a good predictor of a decline in balance and an increased risk of falling, which complements objective hearing measures in adults aged over forty.

Jasper and Mautz et al. systematically assess associations between uterine fibroids and hundreds of conditions using electronic health record databases. They identify numerous associations, both known and novel, and find that individuals with fibroids have more comorbidities compared to those without fibroids.

Lian et al. uses machine learning and DXA scans to examine body composition biological age (BCBA) and chronic disease risk. Accelerated BCBA predicts conditions like diabetes and heart disease, offering a powerful tool for early detection and personalised healthcare.

DeLong et al. investigate several clustering techniques to identify patterns of physical multimorbidity. They find several clusters which align to known body systems and use survival analyses to determine which clusters are most associated with depression.

Perachino et al. discuss screening through the use of liquid biopsy for early cancer detection. They emphasize the need for exceptionally high sensitivity and specificity when implementing such programs in the general population.

Patelli et al. critically evaluate the clinical utility of liquid biopsy-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analyses in colorectal cancer management. By addressing its applications across metastatic, locoregional, and early disease settings, the authors highlight both the transformative potential and current limitations of ctDNA in guiding personalized treatment decisions.

Tuck et al. discuss the unethical lack of access to diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis and consequential avoidable liver cancer cases. Existing evidence and current research in Ghana identifies a number of ways to address hepatitis and liver cancer in Ghana.

Tuazon et al. highlight the mental health challenges facing physician-scientist trainees, who have a dual commitment to advancing clinical care and undertaking research. The authors outline the critical gaps in mental health support structures available to this unique trainee population and provide recommendations to redress the concerns discussed.

We discuss the potential risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission and negative health impact associated with fresh yak blood drinking ceremony in Nepal. We recommend applying One Health approach involving local government, public health officials and community organisers to enable continuation of the tradition in a safe manner.

Yu et al. describe the challenges faced in the rapid development and upscaling of Paxlovid to meet the global demand for COVID-19 treatment. They respond to challenges by investing at risk, integrating predictive tools in development strategy, and implementing a diversified global supply chain.