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Universal Critical Mass for Quantum Collapse (M_c)

Theory Status Python License

"Do not expand the theory. Sharpen the blade."


Overview

This repository presents a calibrated model for the breakdown of quantum unitarity at macroscopic scales. We derive a fundamental mass threshold where quantum coherence spontaneously decays due to interaction with the cosmological acceleration horizon.

Central Prediction Coherence Time Exponent


Key Parameters

Parameter Value Physical Meaning
M_c 5.29 × 10⁻¹⁶ kg Universal critical mass
τ_c 2.18 seconds Intrinsic coherence time at M_c
α 2.0 Power law exponent
R_c 386 nm Silica sphere radius at M_c
M_c 3.19 × 10¹¹ Da In atomic mass units

Theoretical Foundation

Core Equation

The critical mass derives from 8-dimensional phase space geometry:

$$M_c = m_P \cdot \left(\frac{a_0}{a_P}\right)^{1/8}$$

Where:

  • m_P ≈ 2.17 × 10⁻⁸ kg — Planck mass
  • a_0 ≈ 6.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s² — Cosmological acceleration (c · H₀)
  • a_P ≈ 5.56 × 10⁵¹ m/s² — Planck acceleration

Why Exponent 1/8?

The relativistic phase space of a particle is 8-dimensional:

$$\dim(\mathcal{M}_8) = \dim(x^\mu) + \dim(p_\mu) = 4 + 4 = 8$$

Projection from 8D volume to 1D mass parameter yields the eighth root.

Coherence Time (Calibrated)

Derived from gravitational self-energy (Penrose-like):

$$\tau_c = \frac{\hbar \cdot R_c}{G \cdot M_c^2} \approx 2.18 \text{ s}$$

For masses above threshold:

$$\tau(M) = \tau_c \cdot \left(\frac{M_c}{M}\right)^\alpha \quad \text{for } M > M_c$$


Results

Calibrated Model

Calibrated M_c Model

Four-panel visualization: (a) Coherence time vs mass, (b) Decoherence rate, (c) Visibility decay, (d) Parameter space regions

Experimental Predictions

Experimental Predictions

Comparison with experimental scenarios and competing collapse models (CSL, Diósi-Penrose)

Model Comparison

Models Comparison

Decoherence rate predictions: M_c vs CSL, GRW, and Diósi-Penrose across mass range


Experimental Predictions

Experiment M/M_c τ(M) Testable
Large Molecule Interferometry ≪ 1 Below threshold
Levitated Nanoparticle (small) ≪ 1 Below threshold
Nanoparticle @ M_c 1.0 ~2.2s Threshold
MAQRO Target Mass 1.9 0.61s Yes
Large Nanosphere 18.9 6.1ms Yes
Micromechanical Oscillator 1889 0.6μs Yes

Critical Test: MAQRO Mission

Target Mass Coherence T_half

  • Mass: 10⁻¹⁵ kg (≈ 2× M_c)
  • Predicted coherence time: 0.61 seconds
  • Time to 50% visibility: ~63 milliseconds
  • Verdict: Stable interference for t > 1s falsifies the theory

Falsifiability Criteria

The theory is falsified if:

Criterion Condition
Coherence limit V > 50% observed for M ≥ 10⁻¹⁴ kg at t > 1 second
No threshold Coherence observed for M ≫ M_c at t ≫ τ(M)
Wrong scaling Observed α ≠ 2
Environmental dependence τ increases with isolation for M > 5×10⁻¹⁵ kg

Project Structure

limits/
├── README.md                        # This file
├── index.html                       # Web article (full paper)
├── ESTRATEGIA_MC_RESEARCH.md        # Strategic research roadmap
│
├── massa_critica/                   # Original hypothesis
│   ├── README.md                    # Full derivation (English)
│   └── hipotese_colapso_quantico/   # Portuguese version
│
├── simulations/                     # Python framework
│   ├── constants.py                 # Physical constants & M_c
│   ├── calibration.py               # Model calibration
│   ├── collapse_dynamics.py         # Temporal models
│   ├── decoherence_models.py        # CSL, GRW, DP, M_c
│   └── experimental_predictions.py  # Concrete predictions
│
└── ajustefino/                      # Background materials

Quick Start

# Print calibrated constants
python -c "from simulations.constants import print_constants; print_constants()"

# Run full calibration analysis
cd simulations && python calibration.py

# Generate experimental predictions
cd simulations && python experimental_predictions.py

Sample Output

============================================================
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FOR M_c RESEARCH
============================================================

--- CRITICAL MASS (CENTRAL PREDICTION) ---
M_c = m_P × Xi^(1/8)     = 5.2926e-16 kg
M_c in Daltons           = 3.1873e+11 Da

--- CALIBRATED MODEL PARAMETERS ---
τ_c (coherence @ M_c)    = 2.1763e+00 s (2.18 seconds)
α (power law exponent)   = 2.0

--- EXPERIMENTAL SCALES ---
Silica sphere radius @ M_c = 385.8 nm
============================================================

Additional Figures

Collapse Time vs Mass (Multiple Exponents)

Collapse Time

Coherence time τ(M) for different power law exponents α = 1, 2, 4, 8

Phase Portrait

Phase Portrait

Parameter space: collapse time as function of mass and exponent

Spatial Dependence

Spatial Comparison

Model predictions as function of superposition separation Δx


References

  1. Verlinde, E. (2011). On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton. JHEP 1104:029.
  2. Verlinde, E. (2017). Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe. SciPost Phys. 2, 016.
  3. Penrose, R. (1996). On Gravity's role in Quantum State Reduction. Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 28, 581.
  4. Diósi, L. (1987). A universal master equation for the gravitational violation of quantum mechanics. Phys. Lett. A 120, 377.
  5. Bassi, A. et al. (2013). Models of wave-function collapse. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 471.
  6. Romero-Isart, O. (2011). Quantum Superposition of Massive Objects. Phys. Rev. A 84, 052121.
  7. Kaltenbaek, R. et al. (2016). MAQRO: 2015 Update. EPJ Quantum Technology 3, 5.

Author

Douglas H. M. Fulber
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
January 2026


Status

Component Status
Theoretical derivation Complete
Model calibration Complete
Numerical simulations Complete
Experimental predictions Complete
Paper 0 (derivation) In Progress
Experimental collaboration Planned

The number M_c ~ 10⁻¹⁶ kg bites reality.
Explore where this number makes predictions.

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