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itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item"><a class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" href="/devicescript/developer"><span itemprop="name">Developer</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Drivers</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_wXna theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_Ojys"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_iI2p">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>Drivers</h1><p>In DeviceScript, any hardware component is accessed through a service <strong>client</strong>.
A <strong>driver</strong> implement one or more service <strong>servers</strong> for a given hardware peripheral.</p><p>The <a href="/devicescript/developer/packages">drivers builtin package</a> exposes drivers for a number of peripherals.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="analog-builtin"><a href="/devicescript/developer/drivers/analog">Analog</a> (builtin)<a href="#analog-builtin" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to analog-builtin" title="Direct link to analog-builtin"></a></h2><p>DeviceScript provides helper functions to mount a variety of servers out of the box
in the <code>@devicescript/servers</code> module.</p><p>For example, the <a href="/devicescript/api/drivers/button">startButton</a> function allows your script
to mount a <a href="https://microsoft.github.io/jacdac-docs/services/button" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">button server</a>
over a pin and returns the <a href="/devicescript/api/clients/button">client</a> for it.</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_mQmQ theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_D5yF"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_RMoD thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_AclH"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"> gpio </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"@devicescript/core"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"> startButton </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"@devicescript/servers"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">const</span><span class="token plain"> buttonA </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#D73A49">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">startButton</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> pin</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#D73A49">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">gpio</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:#005CC5">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">buttonA</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token plain">up</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">subscribe</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#D73A49">=></span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">console</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"up!"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_aaMX"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_z5j7" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_FoOz"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_L0B6"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>Once you've added this code to your script, you can interact with pin <code>2</code>
(hardware specific identifier) through the <code>buttonA</code> client. The variable name is
automatically used as the <strong>role</strong> and <strong>instance</strong> name.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="digital-io"><a href="/devicescript/developer/drivers/digital-io">Digital IO</a><a href="#digital-io" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to digital-io" title="Direct link to digital-io"></a></h2><p>Drivers can be implemented using digital IO
and are either built-in from C or authored in DeviceScript directly.</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_mQmQ theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_D5yF"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_RMoD thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_AclH"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"> gpio</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"> GPIOMode </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"@devicescript/core"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"@devicescript/gpio"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">const</span><span class="token plain"> p0 </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#D73A49">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">gpio</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:#005CC5">0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">await</span><span class="token plain"> p0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">setMode</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">GPIOMode</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token plain">Output</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">await</span><span class="token plain"> p0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">write</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token boolean" style="color:#005CC5">true</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_aaMX"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_z5j7" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_FoOz"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_L0B6"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="i2c"><a href="/devicescript/developer/drivers/i2c">I2C</a><a href="#i2c" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to i2c" title="Direct link to i2c"></a></h2><p>Drivers can be implemented using I2C
and are either built-in from C or authored in DeviceScript directly.</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_mQmQ theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_D5yF"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_RMoD thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_AclH"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"> i2c </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"@devicescript/i2c"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:#D73A49">...</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">await</span><span class="token plain"> i2c</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">writeReg</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">address</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"> register</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"> value</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_aaMX"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_z5j7" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_FoOz"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_L0B6"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="spi"><a href="/devicescript/developer/drivers/spi">SPI</a><a href="#spi" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to spi" title="Direct link to spi"></a></h2><p>Drivers can be implemented using SPI
and are either built-in from C or authored in DeviceScript directly.</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_mQmQ theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_D5yF"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_RMoD thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_AclH"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"> spi </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#C6105F">"@devicescript/spi"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:#D73A49">...</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#CF222E">await</span><span class="token plain"> spi</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#8250DF">write</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">hex</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#C6105F">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#C6105F">abcd</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#C6105F">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_aaMX"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_z5j7" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_FoOz"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_L0B6"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="what-about-missing-drivers">What about missing drivers?<a href="#what-about-missing-drivers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to What about missing drivers?" title="Direct link to What about missing drivers?"></a></h2><p>So the driver you need isn't here? There are a few options:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.npmjs.com/search?q=devicescript" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Search on npm</a> where a community member may have already published a driver.</li><li><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/devicescript/labels/driver%20request" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Check if a request is already open</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/devicescript/issues/new?assignees=&labels=enhancement&projects=&template=feature_request.md&title=" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Create a Driver Request</a> to request a new driver. We can't guarantee that we'll have time to implement it, but we maybe someone in the community will!</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="jacdac-modules">Jacdac modules<a href="#jacdac-modules" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Jacdac modules" title="Direct link to Jacdac modules"></a></h2><p>If you connect a <a href="https://aka.ms/jacdac" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jacdac module</a>, it will automatically run as a service server and
you will be able to bind a role to that module.</p><p>For example, the KittenBot KeyCap button will surface as a <strong>button server</strong> when connected.</p><p><a href="https://microsoft.github.io/jacdac-docs/devices/kittenbot/keycapbuttonv10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img loading="lazy" src="https://microsoft.github.io/jacdac-docs/images/devices/kittenbot/keycapbuttonv10.list.jpg" alt="A KittenBot KeyCap button" title="KittenBot KeyCap button" class="img_SS3x"></a></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_pMLv" id="serial-pwm">Serial, PWM<a href="#serial-pwm" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Serial, PWM" title="Direct link to Serial, PWM"></a></h2><p>Serial, PWM are not supported yet at the DeviceScript level,
however specific PWM uses (such as servos, buzzers, light bulbs, motors)
are supported through <code>@devicescript/servers</code>.</p></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/devicescript/developer/commands"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Commands</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/devicescript/developer/drivers/digital-io"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Digital IO (GPIO)</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_XG6w thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#analog-builtin" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Analog (builtin)</a></li><li><a href="#digital-io" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Digital IO</a></li><li><a href="#i2c" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">I2C</a></li><li><a href="#spi" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">SPI</a></li><li><a href="#what-about-missing-drivers" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">What about missing drivers?</a></li><li><a href="#jacdac-modules" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Jacdac modules</a></li><li><a href="#serial-pwm" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Serial, PWM</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/devicescript/intro">Introduction</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/devicescript/developer">Developer</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/devicescript/language">Language Reference</a></li><li 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