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Nnamdi Azikiwe

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His Excellency
The Right Honourable
Nnamdi Azikiwe
GCFR PC
A picture of Nnamdi Azikiwe c. 1963
Azikiwe Template:Circa
Golle Dawrugol
Tiitoonde / OfisPresident of Nigeria
Ofis fuɗɗii1 October 1963
Ofis joofi16 January 1966
Jagordo ardinooPosition established (Elizabeth II
as Queen of Nigeria)
Jagordo lomtiiJohnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
(as Military head of state)
Detaayuuji neɗɗo
DanygolTemplate:Birth date
Zungeru, Northern Nigeria Protectorate
MaaygolTemplate:Death date and age
Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
Fedde dawrugolTemplate:Plainlist
Jom suuduTemplate:Unbulleted list
JaŋdeTemplate:Flatlist

Nnamdi Benjamin AzikiweGCFR PC (HeɗtoR; 16 noowammbar 1904 – 11 lewru mee 1996),[1] ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ina mbiya ko Zik mo Afrik, ko o dawriyanke, laamuyanke, e hooreejo leydi Nijeer, o woniino hooreejo leydi Nijeer gadano gila e hitaande 1960 haa e hitaande 1960 (1963-1966).[2] O ɗon laara no baaba lesdi Naajeeriya nden bo o ɗon nder ardiiɓe lesdi ndi'i nder hitaande 1960.[3][4][5] Azikiwe jibinaa ko Zungeru e nder diiwaan Niger hannde oo, jibnaaɓe Igbo en ummoriiɓe Onitsha, diiwaan Anambra, Azikiwe janngi ɗemngal Hausa ngal woni ɗemngal ɓurngal mawnude e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal mum o neldaa hoɗde e neene makko e neene makko to wuro makko Onitsha, ɗo o janngi ɗemngal Igbo.[6] Jooɗnde haa lesdi Lagos hokki mo jannguki ɗemngal Yoruba, nden wakkati o ɗonno haa janngirde mawnde, o anndi finaa-tawaa Naajeeriya feere-feere, nden o wolwi ɗemɗe tati mawɗe Naajeeriya.[7]

Azikiwe ina yahra no feewi. O ummii ko Amerik ɗo o inniraa Ben Azikiwe, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Columbia, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard. O jokkondiri e laamuuji koloñaal e ɗaɓɓaande ngam wallitde leydi Najeriya e nder Olimpiyaaji Los Angeles 1932 nde tawnoo ko kanko kadi woni atletee.[8] O arti Afrik ko e hitaande 1934, o fuɗɗii golle jaayndiyankaagal to Cote d’Or (Gana hannde oo). E nder Afrik hirnaange Biritaan, Azikiwe ina daranii wonde daraniiɗo politik e jaayndiyanke, ngam ngenndiyaŋkaagal Najeriya e Afrik.[9]

Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol

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Sukaaɓe : jaŋde e mbaydi ƴeew tiitoonde

Kartal pelle ɗemɗe Naajeeriya: Azikiwe jibinaa ko e diiwaan Fuɗnaange e nder leydi ndi. Leydi taaniraaɓe makko, Onitsha, woni ko e bannge Fuɗnaange-rewo ngenndi ndii.)

Azikiwe jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1904 to Zungeru, to Fuɗnaange Nijeer. Innde makko adannde, "Nnamdi", nde jibnaaɓe makko ndokki mo ko innde Igbo nde firti ko "baaba am ina wuuri". Baaba makko, Obed-Edom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe, jeyaaɗo to Onitsha, ko o binndoowo e nder laamu Angalteer to leydi Najeriya.[10] Yumma makko Rachel Chinwe Ogbenyeanu Azikiwe (jibinaa ko Aghadiuno), mo sahaa e sahaa fof ina wiyee « Nwanonaku »[11][12], ko ɓiɗɗo debbo tataɓo Aghadiuno Ajie[13], iwdi galle laamɗo to Onitsha; mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Ugogwu Anazenwu, ko Obi Onitsha.[14] Azikiwe ina joginoo miñi mum gooto, miñi mum debbo, ina wiyee Cecilia Eziamaka Arinze.[15]

Nde o woni suka, Azikiwe ina haalda ɗemngal Hausa, ɗemngal diiwaan oo.[16] Baaba makko, ina wondi e sunaare e 6icfcfo makko e 6amtaare Hausa wonaa Igbo, neli mo to Onitsha e hitaande 1912 ngam hocfde e neene makko e neene makko ngam janngude 6emngal e pinal Igbo.[17] To Onitsha, Azikiwe janngi Duɗal Trinity Seniiɗo (duɗal misiyoŋaaji katolik en) e Duɗal Eklesiya Almasiihu (duɗal leslesal Angalteer).[18] E hitaande 1914, nde baaba makko ina gollina to Lagos, Azikiwe yani e puccu ; ɗum addani baaba makko kulɓiniiɗo neldude mo to Lagos, mbele omo sella, omo jokka jaŋde e nder wuro ngo.[19] Ndeen o naati duɗal sukaaɓe Wesleyan, anndiraangal hannde duɗal sukaaɓe Methodist, Lagos.[20] Baaba makko neldaama Kaduna duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, Azikiwe jooɗii seeɗa e banndiiko gooto resnduɗo juulɗo ummoriiɗo Siyeraa Leyoon.[21] E hitaande 1918, o arti Onitsha, o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal hakkundeewal CMS.[22] Azikiwe ndeen golliima e duɗal ngal ko almuudo-jannginoowo,[19] ina wallita yumma mum e ngalu mum.[21] E hitaande 1920, baaba makko artiraa to Protectorat Sud Nigeria, to wuro Calabar. Azikiwe hawri e baaba mum to Calabar, o fuɗɗii jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hope Waddell.[23] O naati e janngirɗe Marcus Garvey,[24] Garveyism, ɗe ngonti huunde himmunde e haala makko ngenndiyaŋkaagal.

Azikiwe e jibnaaɓe mum, c. Kitaale 1910

Caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hope Waddell,[25] Azikiwe artiraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o seerti e wondiiɓe makko ummoriiɓe e galleeji ɓooyɗi Lagos ko wayi no George Shyngle, Francis Cole e Ade Williams (ɓiy Akarigbo Remo). Ɗee jokkondiral naftorii caggal ɗuum e golle makko politik to Lagos.[19] Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wesley Boys o ɓuri waawde jaŋde makko, o rokki deftere ina wiyee « gila e Log Cabin haa e galle White House », ko ɗum woni nguurndam James A. Garfield, gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik, umminooɗo e huɗo haa e moƴƴere. Deftere ndee ina addana mo pellital heɓde nafoore e nguurndam. Azikiwe nanii yeewtere James Aggrey, jannginoowo mo miijii wonde Afriknaaɓe ina poti heɓde jaŋde kolees caggal leydi, ɓe ngarta e waɗde waylo.[26] Caggal nde yeewtere ndee joofi, Aggrey rokki suka Azikiwe doggol duɗe jaɓɓotooɗe almudɓe ɓaleeɓe to Amerik.[21]

Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiri golle koloñaal, o jaɓaa wonde binndoowo to departemaa kaalis. Wakkati maako nder kuugal koloñaal, holli mo limngal njiyaagu nder laamu koloñaal.[27] Suɓaade Azikiwe janngude to Amerik e nokku Angalteer, ko batte Doktoor James Kwegyr Aggrey, nguurndam hooreejo leydi A. Garfield e Abraham Lincoln, Pan-Afriknism Marcus Garvey e woodgol ballal wonande almudɓe waasɓe, tawi alaa ko heɓaa e Angalteer. E pellital yahde caggal leydi ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde, Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiri jaŋde mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to U.S. O jaɓaa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer College, tawi ko e dow ballal makko e yiytude laawol feewde Amerik.[28]

Ngam yettaade Amerik, o jokkondiri e laana ndiwoowa, o waɗi e makko nanondiral ngam wonde stowaway.[29] Kono gooto e sehilaaɓe makko wonnooɓe e laana kaa rafi, ɓe wasiyii yo ɓe njippo e Sekondi. To leydi Gana, Azikiwe golliima ko polis ; yumma makko yilliima, o wiyi mo yo o hoot leydi Najeriya. O arti, baaba makko jaɓi wallitde mo yahde Amerik.[30]

Azikiwe janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harpers Ferry, to Virginie worgo. Ngam yoɓde nguurndam makko e jaŋde makko, o golliima golle keewɗe ɗe ngalaa nafoore hade makko winnditaade to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard to Washington, D.C. e hitaande 1927 ngam heɓde dipolomaaji makko e ganndal politik. E hitaande 1929, o ummii duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard o fayi duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln ngam timminde jaŋde makko leslesre, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko BA e ganndal politik e hitaande 1930.[31][32] Azikwe ƴettii kursuuji e Alain Locke.[33] Azikiwe wonnoo ko tergal e fedde nde.[34] Ndeen o naatii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln to Pennsylvania e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e sahaa gooto e hitaande 1930, o heɓi dipoloma makko ko fayti e diine e filosofi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln e hitaande 1932, o heɓi kadi dipoloma makko ko fayti e anthropologie to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e hitaande 1933[35][36]. Azikiwe wonti jannginoowo dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, ɗo o sosi janngirde daartol Afrik.[37] O woniino kanndidaa ngam heɓde dipolomaaji doktoraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Columbia hade makko hootde leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1934.[38] Wiɗtooji doktoraa Azikiwe ɗii ɓuri teeŋtude ko e Liberiya e nder politik winndere, e binndol makko ngol A. H. Stockwell yaltini e hitaande 1934. E nder sahaa mo o woni to Amerik, o woniino winndiyanke to jaaynde Afro-Ameriknaare Baltimore, to Philadelphia Tribune e to jaaynde Associated Negro Press.[39] Azikiwe ina joginoo miijooji jaayndeeji Afrik-Amerik, Garveyism e Pan-Afriknaaɓe.[40]

Feddeeji e renndooji

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Fedde sukaaɓe worɓe kerecee en, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1925-27)

Cub hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1928)

Fedde binndol Stylus to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1923)

Fedde hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Columbia (1930-32)

Fedde nguurndam, Duɗal Anthropoloji Laamu (1933)

Fedde nguurndam, fedde faggudu laamɗo (1934)

Tergal nguurndam, Fedde Angalteer ngam ɓamtaare ganndal (1947)

Fedde Ameriknaare ngam sariyaaji hakkunde leyɗeele (1933–34)

Fedde Annduɓe Anthropoloji Amerka (1932-1934)

Fedde ganndal siyaas Amerik (1933-34)

Fedde Annduɓe Leƴƴi Amerka (1933-34)

Koolol ganndal siwil to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln (1934)[41]

Azikiwe ina fija fuku Amerik, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1926)

Golle atletik

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E fuɗɗoode golle makko, Azikiwe ina yahra e boks, atletik, njulaagu, fuku koyɗe e tennis.[42] Football ko Biritaan en ngaddi ɗum e leydi Najeriya nde ɓe koloni Afrik.[43] Kono kala ligues sosaaɗe, ko ɗe ceerndaaɗe. Nnamdi yi'i ɗum bana tooñannge nden o wurti bee hooreejo to bannge fijirle jokkirgol e siyaasaaku haa timmoode jamaanu koloñaal.[44] E hitaande 1934, Zik haɗaama tawtoreede kawgel ngel sabu leydi Nijeer jaɓaaka tawtoreede. Ɗum waɗii sahaa goɗɗo sabu iwdi makko Igbo, Zik fellitii wonde ina heddi, o yiɗi sosde fedde makko. Nnamdi sosi fedde Zik's Athletic Club (ZAC) nde udditanta dame mum ngam fijirde worɓe e rewɓe kala leƴƴi, leƴƴi, leƴƴi, e kala fannuuji leydi Naajeeriya.[45] E hitaande 1942, fedde nde yahi haa heɓi Ligue Lagos e Kop Memorial War. Caggal ɗeen nafooje, Nnamdi udditi caɗeele ZAC goɗɗe e nder leydi Najeriya fof. E nder duuɓi wolde ZAC ina yaha njilluuji.[46] Matchs ZAC ɗon waɗa nder lesdi ndi'i fuu, nden ɗum waɗi yimɓe Naajeeriya ɗon mari haaje kawtal e lesdi ndi'i ngam wallugo ɓe haɓugo ndimu.[47]

E hitaande 1949, won e fukuyaŋkooɓe ZAC tawtoraama njillu to Angalteer. E gartugol maɓɓe e njillu ngu ɓe njooɗii to Freetown, Siyeraa Leyoon, e leydi Najeriya fooli yimɓe nokku oo e golle 2. Ndee nasaraaku ko ɓuri duuɓi sappo ko adii jeytaare leydi Naajeeriya, kono ko nde jibinannde kippu ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya.[48] E joofnirde, caggal duuɓi hare, e hitaande 1959, jaagorde Angalteer cakkitiinde yalti NFA, ñalnde 22 ut 1960, jonte seeɗa ko adii jeytaare mum, Naajeeriya naati e fedde fuku koyɗe winndereere wiyeteende FIFA.[49]Hay heen gootal waawaano wonde so wonaano Nnamdi Azikiwe. O hawti Naajeeriya bee fijirde nden o waddi hakkilo lesdi ndi'i wi'eteeɗum 'Nigerian-ness'.

Jaambaraagal dingiral

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Sosɗo, ZiKs Athletic Club (e MRB. Oltun) ngam ɓamtugo fijooji, boksi, kirikit, njuulu e tennis nder leydi Naajeeriya.

Gooliiɗo e yeeso, duɗal sukaaɓe metodist, Lagos (1921)

Jaagorgal, Diwgol toowngol, M.B.H.S, e Jaagorgal, Ñalngu Laamu (1921)

Jaagorɗo, tedduɗo, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1925-27)

Jaagorgal & Medaal kaŋŋe, Diwgol toowngol, Pijirlooji hakkunde duɗe HU (1926);

Medaal kaŋŋe, doggol leydi, doggudu kilomeeteer gooto, doggudu kilomeeteer gooto, e diwgol toowngol, kawgel kaalis to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1926)

Medaal, Pentatlon, kawgel kolees Storer (1925)

Kapiteen, fedde janngirde Storer (1927)

Medaal kaŋŋe, taƴoowo leydi, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1921)

Medaal njamndi mboɗeeri, maraton Laurel-Baltimore (1927)

Jaagorɗo, dogdu ɓaleeru, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1928)

Kapiteen gooto, fedde fuku koyɗe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln (1930)

Doggol kilooji ɗiɗi, kawgel ɗiɗmel hakkunde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cheyney (1930)

Medaal kaalis, doggudu kilooji ɗiɗi, kawgel hakkunde duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hampton Virginia (1931)

Jaaliiɗo toɓɓere, dogdu Baltimore (1929, 1930)

Medaal njamndi mboɗeeri, dogdu Richmond (1931)

Toɓɓere Dowla, A.A.U. Kaɓirɗe hakkunde leyɗeele (1932)

Medaal kaŋŋe, dogdu 1 000 yard, Pijirlooji Kaledoni to Brooklyn, New York (1932)

Medaal kaŋŋe, Doggol Kilomeeteer gooto, e Doggol Kilomeeteer tati, Y MC.A. Pijirlooji, New York (1932)

Koppi kaalis, dogdu feccere kiloomeeteer, e keɓɗo kopporeeje kaalis e nder dogdu kiloomeeteer gooto, kawgel ñalngu ladde Demokaraasi, New Haven, Connecticut (1933)

Ɗiɗaɓo (e G.K Dorgu), kawgel tennis worɓe ɗiɗo Lagos, diɗɗal B (1938)

Nafooje (gorko Anchor), Kippu ZAC e nder kawgel njulaagu Lagos (1939)

Nasti ngam daranaago lesdi Naajeeriya nder fijirde Half-Mile e One Mile Run nder fijirde laamu lesdi Biritaniya nder hitaande 1934, ammaa A.A.A lesdi Biritaniya sali mo ngam 'daliilu karallaaku'. (Ngolɗoo jaɓgol addani mo winndude ɓataake lolluɗo, o woppi innde makko e ɗemngal Engele, hono Benjamin)

Tergal

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Fedde fuku koyɗe Diamant (1922-24)

Fedde fijooji Merkiir to New York (1932-34)

Kaɓirgal tennis to Akra (1935-1937)

Patron, fedde fijirde Zik (gila 1956)

Hooreejo, Fedde Kirikit Naajeeriya (1940–44)

Hooreejo, Fedde Njulaagu Naajeeriya (1938–41)

Cukko hooreejo, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e boksi leydi Nijeer (gila 1949)

Hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe diiwaan Lagos (1951-1954)

Hooreejo, Fedde Fijooji Amateur Naajeeriya (gila 1952)

Hooreejo, Fedde Tennis Tabal Naajeeriya (gila 1953)

Cukko Patron e tergal Goomu, Goomu Olimpiyaade Nijeer, e Fedde Pijirlooji Laamu Biritaan e Commonwealth (gila 1951)

[50] ​[51][52]

Golle binndol

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Jaaynde jaayndeyaagal e tafngo

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Rewɓe ɓee ndaranii yoɓde njoɓdi Angalteer e hitaande 1929, ko ɗum seedtini warngooji keewɗi e nder Opobo, tawi ko soldateeɓe Angalteer ardii ɗum en e nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder diiwaan fuɗnaange. Azikiwe, nde nani kewu nguu, winndi winndannde ñaawoore tiitoonde mum ko ‘Warde rewɓe e nder leydi Nijeer’, nde o woni e janngude haa jooni to Amerik e hitaande 1930, e ɓataake mo o winndi e oon sahaa, daraniiɗo hakkeeji siwil Pan-Afrik, hono W. E. B. Du Bois. Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Azikiwe winndi deftere makko adannde wiyeteende ‘Liberia e nder politik winndere’ e hitaande 1931.

Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiriino wonde jaagorgal caggal leydi to leydi Liberiya, kono o saliima sabu o wonaa jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii.[53] E hitaande 1934, nde Azikiwe warti Lagos, o anndaa no feewi, o yi’aama no neɗɗo tedduɗo e won e renndo Lagos e Igbo.[54] O jaɓɓaama e juuɗe yimɓe seeɗa, kolliri binndi makko to Amerik ina laaɓi ina njottii Naajeeriya.[55] To leydi Nijeer, faandaare Azikiwe adannde ko heɓde darnde fotnde e jaŋde makko ; caggal ɗaɓɓaande keewnde nde o heɓaani (ina heen ngam heɓde posto janngingol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Lagos), o jaɓi ɗaɓɓaande jom jawdi en Ganaa biyeteeɗo Alfred Ocansey ngam wonde gardiiɗo sosɗo jaaynde wiyeteende African Morning Post, jaaynde hesere ñalnde kala to Accra, Ganaa.[56][57] O rokkaama junngo ngam dogginde jaaynde ndee, o ƴetti gollotooɓe mum heewɓe e asliiji ɗii.[19] Azikiwe winndi "The Inside Stuff by Zik", deftere nde o winndi e nder mum ko fayti e ngenndiyaŋkaagal radikal e manngu ɓaleejo, ko ɗum addani won e kulhuli e nder dingiral koloñaal.[58]

Ko o editor, o ƴelliti ajendaaji ngenndiyaŋkooɓe daraniiɓe Afrik.[59] Yuri Smertin siftinii binndol makko ngol ko, "binndanɗe cemmbinɗe e haalaaji renndo ɗi cemmbini njuɓɓudi koloñaal gonndi ndii : keeri hakke Afriknaaɓe hollirde miijooji mum en, e njiyaagu njiyaagu". Yuri kadi ñiŋii ɓeen Afriknaaɓe jeyaaɓe e ‘elite’ renndo koloñaal, yiɗɓe jogaade njuɓɓudi gonndi ndii, nde tawnoo ɓe njiyri ɗum ko « tuugnorgal wellitaare maɓɓe.[60] E nder dumunna mo Azikiwe woni e Accra, o yahri yeeso e filosof makko Afrik keso mo o ƴeewti caggal ɗuum e nder deftere makko, Afrik Renas50[61].

E nder miijo filosof, Azikiwe wiyi wonde « ko leydi ɗo Afriknaaɓe ceertata e leƴƴi e laamuuji gaadanteeji, mbaylee e kuule filosof joy : ballondiral ruuhu, ƴellitaare renndo, pellital faggudu, ndimaagu hakkille e ngenndiyaŋkaagal risorgimento ». Azikiwe ronkaani politik Gold Coast, kadi jaaynde ndee ina wallita lannda Mambii nokku oo.[37] The Post, jaaynde nokkuure ndee yaltinii winndannde ñalnde 15 mee 1936, "Mbele Afriknaajo ina jogii Alla?" ko I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson, e Azikiwe (hono winndiyanke) ñaawaama sabu fitinaaji.[62] O fuɗɗii ko ñaaweede, o ñaawaa lebbi jeegom kasoo. E dow fenaande makko, Zik hollitii, "so tawii ko mi kuutorgal daɗndo ngal imperiyaalisma e nder Afrik hirnaange foti luulndaade e liɓde, kadi so tawii e nder ndeeɗoo njillu miɗo foti yoɓde njoɓdi ɓurndi toowde, ndeen alaa ko haani mi diwde walla mi diwta. Miɗo wondi e hoolaare ñalnde kala wonde the New restinality ina waawi wonde les Afrik keso oo stem it. Hay maayde am waawaa jokkude kristal mum." Caggal ɗuum o woppitaa e Ñaawirde Toownde Afrik Hirnaange.[63]

Azikiwe e nder biro mum, hitaande 1937

Azikiwe warti Lagos nder hitaande 1937, o sosi jaaynde wiyeteende West African Pilot, jaaynde nde o huutortoo ngam ɓamtude ngenndiyaŋkaagal e nder leydi Najeriya, fedde Zik Group sosi jaayndeeji jowitiiɗi e toɓɓe politik e faggudu e nder gure teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndii fof.[64] Jaaynde ɓurnde mawnude e fedde ndee ko Pilot Afrik worgo, nde huutorii ko konngol Dante Alighieri « Hollit annoore, yimɓe ɓee keɓata laawol » ngam waɗde heen konngol mum. Binndanɗe goɗɗe ko Defender Naajeeriya Fombinaari ummoriiɗo Warri (caggal mum Ibadan), Gardiiɗo Fuɗnaange (sosaaɗo e hitaande 1940, yaltinaa to Port Harcourt), e Kaaloowo Naajeeriya to Onitsha.[65] Ko e hitaande 1944, fedde ndee heɓti deftere Dusé Mohamed Ali wiyeteende La Comète. Jaaynde Azikiwe ko njulaagu, kadi ko kuutorgal ngam politik e wallitde.[66] Pilot oo ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yeeyde ko ɓuri heewde ko e circulation, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu firms expatriés ɓuri waawde faggudu leydi Najeriya.[67] Jaayɗe Azikiwe keewɗe teeŋtinii sensationalisme e daartol nafoore aadee ; the Pilot nastini yewtere fijirle e ta'irde rewɓe, ɓesdi yewtere dow kuuɗe Naajeeriya to ɗum hawti bee limngal limngal limngal limngal limngal Daily Times (ngal teddini limngal limngal yimɓe lesdi feere e limngal lesdi feere).[68] Doggol Pilot gadanol ngol ko 6 000 ekkol ñalawma kala ; e tolno mum ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1950, nde ina yaltina ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 ekkol.[69] Azikiwe sosi gollorɗe njulaagu goɗɗe (hono Banke Kontinental Afrik e Restoran Penny) e oon sahaa, o huutorii jaayɗe makko ngam yeeyde ɗe.[70]

Ko adii wolde adunaare ɗimmere, Pilot Afrik worgo[71] yiytaa ko no kaayitaaji etaade mahde tuugnorgal cirkulaasiyoŋ wonaa radikal peeñɗo. Editorialji ɓataake oo e yeewtere politik ndee ina teeŋtini tooñanngeeji baɗeteeɗi e Afriknaaɓe, e ñiŋde njuɓɓudi koloñaal e ballal miijooji eliteeji jannguɓe to Lagos.[70] Kono, e hitaande 1940, waylo-waylo seeɗa-seeɗa waɗi. No o waɗiri e jaaynde African Morning Post nii, Azikiwe fuɗɗii winndude lowre wiyeteende "Inside Stuff", nde o etotoo sahaa e sahaa fof ƴellitde hakkillaaji politik.[72]Editorialuuji jaaynde ndee ina noddi jeytaare Afrik, haa teeŋti noon caggal nde dille jeytaare Inndo ummii.[72] Hay so tawii kaayitaaji ɗii ina mballita Angalteer e nder wolde nde, ɗi ñiŋii peeje ustude ngalu ko wayi no ƴellitde cogguuli e ustude njoɓdi.[73] E hitaande 1943, Diiso Angalteer (Conseil britannique) wallitii rewooɓe Afrik worgo 8 (ina heen Azikiwe), kanko e rewooɓe 6 woɗɓe ɓe kuutoriima fartaŋŋe ngam humpitaade jeytaare politik potnde waɗeede. Jaayndiyankooɓe ɓee ciifi ɓataake ngam ɗaɓɓude peeje moƴƴe renndo-politik seeɗa-seeɗa, tawa ina jeyaa heen ittugol njuɓɓudi koloñaal korona, wakilaagu diiwaanuuji e jeytaare koloñaaluuji Afrik hirnaange Angalteer e hitaande 1958 walla 1960.[74] Memorandum oo, biro koloñaal oo yejjiti ɗum, ɗum ɓeydi fitinaaji Azikiwe.[75]

Omo jogii nafoore mawnde e jaayɗe ko ina tolnoo e 12 ñalnde kala, ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiylotoo. Binndanɗe Azikiwe ko faati e ngenndiyaŋkaagal Afrik, mawnikinaare ɓaleeɓe e doole mum en, njibinii politikaaji koloñaal en heewɓe, naftorii Afriknaaɓe heewɓe ŋakkiraaɓe.[76] Jaayɗe Fuɗnaange Afrik ina keewi yaltude e ɗemngal Suwahili, so wonaa jaayɗe kabaruuji ko wayi no East African Standard. Azikiwe wayliima no feewi e nder jaayɗe Afrik worgo, hollitii wonde jaayndeyaagal e ɗemngal Engele ina waawi dañde nafoore. E hitaande 1950, jaayɗe joy ɓurɗe mawnude ɗe Afrik toppitii e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange (ina heen jaaynde Nigerian Daily Times) ɓuri Pilot yeeyde. Ñalnde 8 lewru juko hitaande 1945, laamu leydi Najeriya haɗi Azikiwe Pilot Afrik hirnaange e Daily Comet ngam hollirde ko boni e humpitooji ko faati e seppo mawngo.[77] Azikiwe hay so jaɓii ɗum, o jokki e yaltinde binndanɗe ko faati e seppo ngoo e nder jaaynde wiyeteende Guardian (jaaynde makko Port Harcourt). O ardii seppo mawngo e hitaande 1945, o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya fuɗnaange gila 1954 haa 1959.[78] E kitaale 1960, caggal jeytaare leydi Najeriya, Pilot ngenndiijo Afrik hirnaange ina teskaa e fuɗnaange. Azikiwe ƴettii faandaare teeŋtunde e pelle politik ɗe njiɗnoo ko ittude. O ñiŋaama e fedde Yoruba en sabu huutoraade jaaynde makko ngam haɗde luulndaade miijooji makko. E maayde Azikiwe, jaaynde The New York Times wiyi wonde o "toowiima e geɗe ngenndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Afrik, o heɓi darnde jaambaaro ngenndiijo goonga, garɗo teskeede e nder diiwaanuuji e leƴƴi ceertuɗi leydi makko."[79]

Azikiwe e Sa'adu Zungur to Londres (1949)

Azikiwe olle politik

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wonti golloowo e nder fedde sukaaɓe Naajeeriya (NYM), fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore arandeere e nder leydi ndi.[80] Hay so tawii o walliino Samuel Akisanya ngam wonde kanndidaa NYM ngam heɓde jooɗorde wootere e nder Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1941, tawi diiso doosɗe suɓiima Ernest Ikoli.[81]

Azikiwe wurtini NYM, o tuumi ardungal ɓurngal ɗuuɗugo nder Yoruba'en ɗon ƴama yimɓe Ijebu-Yoruba'en e Igbo'en. Won e terɗe Ijebu ndewi e makko, pecci dille ɗee e laabi leƴƴi.[82] O naati nder siyaasaaku, o sosi kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya e lesdi Kameruun (NCNC) bee Herbert Macaulay nder hitaande 1944. Azikiwe laati hooreejo kawtal ngal nder hitaande 1946. NCNC hawti bee lanndaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, kawtal fina-tawaa, e kawtal kuugal lesdi Naajeeriya, Kawtal Rewbe Demokaraasi Naajeeriya ekn lannda woni lannda siyaasa tataɓal sosaangal nder leydi Naajeeriya ɓaawo lannda Democratic National Naajeeriya (kañum ne sosi ɗum Herbert Macaulay), e Mouvement Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. Terɗe lannda kaa teeŋtuɗe ina njeyaa heen; Fumilayo Ransome-Kuti, M.I.Okpara, J.O. Fadahunsi, Eyo Ita, Margaret Ekpo, Raymond Njoku, F.S. McEwen, Festus Okotie-Eboh,Timote Paul Birabi, A.K. Blankson, Denis Osadebay, e TOS Benson.[83]

Tuumeede fedde

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Sabu ballal Azikiwe e seppo mawngo e lewru suwee 1945 e njanguuji makko e laamu koloñaal, bayyinaango Pilot Afrik hirnaange dartinaama ñalnde 8 sulyee ndeen hitaande.[84] O yetti liggotooɓe seppooɓe ɓee e hooreejo maɓɓe, Michael Imoudu, o tuumi laamu koloñaal ina huutoroo liggotooɓe.[85] E lewru ut, jaaynde ndee jaɓaama fuɗɗaade yaltude.[86] E nder seppo ngo, Azikiwe ummini alarm ko faati e peeje warngooji ɗi yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, gollotooɓe e innde laamu koloñaal.[85] Daartol makko e tuumeede ko mesaas wireless mo jaayndiyanke Pilot nanngi.[68] Caggal nde o heɓi mesaas mo o taƴi oo, Azikiwe naati suuɗde to Onitsha. Pilot yaltinii binndanɗe yurmeende e sahaa nde o alaa, kadi Naajeeriyankooɓe heewɓe ina ngoongɗini daartol warngo ngoo.[87][88] Lowre Azikiwe, e cirƴam jaayndeeji makko, ɓeydii e ooɗoo sahaa. Tuume ɗee ina cikki won e Naajeeriyankooɓe, ɓe cikkatnoo ko o waɗi ɗe ngam ɓamtude darnde makko.[89] Sikke alaa ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko politikaaji Yoruba en ummoriiɓe e fedde sukaaɓe Naajeeriya, ko ɗum waɗi luural hakkunde pelle ɗee e hare jaayndeeji hakkunde Pilot Azikiwe e Daily Service NYM.

Terɗe fedde Zikist en

Diɗɗal Zikist en

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Sukaaɓe ɓee kawri ngam haɓaade laamu koloñaal Angalteer. Gooto e fedde sukaaɓe hono ndee ko Zikist en. Diɗɗal sukaaɓe ngal alaa ko bonnata – e gardagol Kolawole Balogun, Raji Abdallah, Osita Agwuna, M. C. K. Ajuluchukwu e Abiodun Aloba – sosaa ko e hitaande 1946 ngam daranaade nguurndam Azikiwe e miijooji mum laamu hoore mum.[85] [90][91]Kola Balogun woni hooreejo gadano dillere Zikist en. E lewru feebariyee 1946, Balogun neldi noddaango fotde sukaaɓe 20 to Lagos, ngam naamnaade miijo maɓɓe e geɗe ngenndiije. E nder capanɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, sappo e ɗiɗo njaabiima, ɗum addani sosde Diɗɗal Zikist, nde tawnoo ɓeen worɓe ngontii terɗe sosɗe maggal. Nwafor Orizu sinci helmere 'Zikism' diga Azikiwe nde laati innde diina man.[92] O wonaa tergal e dillere nde kono ko o sehil ɓadiiɗo e jiɗɗo Azikiwe, kadi omo jeyaa e sukaaɓe heewɓe ɓe Azikiwe doolni ngam janngude to Amerik, e sara Eyo Ita e KO Mbadiwe. Raji Abdallah wonti hooreejo ɗiɗaɓo fedde Zikist, caggal nde Balogun ummii Londres, o golliima gila 1948 haa 1949. O waɗii nafoore mawnde e heɓde ballal to bannge worgo e jeyeede e fedde nde. Abdallah e Osita Agwuna (jaagorde makko) ko ɓooyaani koo mbaɗi fedde wiyeteende “Anti-Colour Bar Mouvement” (ACBM) to Kano, fedde nde ina luulndii njiyaagu seerndude ɓaleeɓe e ɓaleeɓe e nder leydi Nijeer. ACBM caggal mum fusi e nder fedde Zikist ɓurnde mawnude.[93] No Balogun nii, e hitaande 1948, Abdallah riiwaa e golle mum e nder sarwiis jaayndeeji Kano, sarwiis jaayndeeji rajooji. Ko riiwtude mo addani mo ɓeydaade jokkondirde e Mouvement Zikist. O riiwaa sabu naatgol makko e dillere Zikist ina sikkaa ko politik ɓurɗo laaɓtude wonande golloowo laamu.

Abdallah ñaawaa caggal mum ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1948 to Ñaawirde Toownde Lagos, ɗo o waɗi konngol, o wiyi nii, "Ɗum ko ñalawma teeŋtuɗo no feewi. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude, ma a taw e nder daartol leydi men. Miɗo noddira ɗum ko ɓuri teeŋtude sabu ko hannde pot-ɗen fellitde, mbele eɗen poti anndude hol ko foti wonde freemen walla alaa?" "Miɗo yiɗi Union Jack e ɓernde am fof. Sabu so wonaa e nder leydi Angalteer, ɗo yahrata fof; woɗɗi hawrude, ina renndini yimɓe ɓee. Mi alaa ko njogiimi e laamɗo George VI mo Angalteer. Kono miɗo yiɗi Crown leydi Angalteer e ɓernde am fof. Ngam miin e banndiraaɓe am, ko maande tooñannge, maande tooñannge, maande tooñannge, ko juuti e inige petition. En njaltii e duuɓi dipolomasi. Ko ɗum waɗi, miɗo ɗoo jamma, ngam noddirde spade ko spade, e machete ko machete." "Hande, min, Habibu Raji Abdallah, bee mo'ere Allah, hooreejo lesdi Zikist Movement e Field Secretary NCNC, mi ɗon anndina hoore am mi ɓii lesdi Naajeeriya jeytaare e jeytaare. Mi walaa gooŋgaaku haa kala laamu jananndu, nden boo nder walaa' laamu lesdi Naajeeriya e heforth ngam yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya; haani ɗooftaade kala sariya, ko wonaa sariyaaji ɓiɗɓe leydi Najeriya, aadaaji e sariyaaji hakkunde leyɗeele.[94] Ko ɗum waɗi, mi yoɓataa njoɓdi ndii e ooɗoo laamu.Ngam so a yoɓii, ɓe kuutortoo ko kaalis ngam duumaade njiimaandi maɓɓe e dow maa."[citation needed] E dow ñaawoore makko, o jaabtii e mitigation Greggcitation, presitation,[95]

"so tawii aɗa gooŋɗini e goonga wonde ko bonannde haɓaade ndimaagu, ndeen noon, e kala sahaa, ñaaw am haa mi wara. So tawiino miɗo woppitee hannde, mi waawaa rokkude hoolaare ngam muusde ɗemngal am. Miin noon, ɓernde am ina laaɓi, miɗo weltii e accude ñaawoore sakkitiinde nde So rifatho, the fuverill to weltaare waɗɓe ma ɗoo mi acca ñaawoore sakkitiinde ndee e Alla.”

[96][97][98] Konnguɗi makko lolluɗi ɗii njahdi ko caggal keeri leydi Najeriya, ɗi njaɓaa ko e lannda leƴƴi kawral (CPP) mo Kwame Nkrumah to Cote d’Or (hannde Ganaa). Laamu koloñaal jaɓaani moƴƴere e les njiimaandi rewolison e nulal Abdallah. Ko ɗum waɗi Abdallah e ardiiɓe fedde Zikist en nayo nanngaa, ɓe tuumaama ko ɓe fitinaaji.[99] Ndeeɗoo ƴaañgal e ardorde Zikist en addani njuɓɓudi goɗndi e nder Diɗɗal Zikist en, addani Nduka Eze yaltude hooreejo leydi, caggal nde Abdallah sokaa, Mokwugo Okoye wonti sekreteruuji mawɗi. Zikist en, e nder yontaaji, njaltii e NCNC, ɓuri ngenndiyaŋkooɓe e njuɓɓudi jibinannde mum en. Ofiseeji koloñaal en njiyri dille Zikist en ko renndo ngo rewaani laawol, ɓe njaltini yamiroore (Order-in-Council), ɓe kaɗi dille Zikist en ñalnde 12 abriil 1950. Caggal ɗuum fedde nde fusi, terɗe mayre mbayli e politik, e njulaagu, e laamu aadaaji.[100][101]

Luulndaade doosgal leydi Richards

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E hitaande 1945, guwerneer leydi Biritaan biyeteeɗo Arthur Richards hollitii eɓɓooje ngam waylude doosɗe leydi Clifford ɗe hitaande 1922.[102] Ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ndee ɓeydugol terɗe Afrik toɗɗaaɗe e Diiso sarɗiiji. Kono waylooji ɗii ko ngenndiyankooɓe hono Azikiwe luulndii ɗum en.[103] Politiyankooɓe NCNC njaɓaani kuule ɗe Arthur Richards ƴetti, kam e kuulal doosgal leydi ndi ina ɗaɓɓi terɗe Afriknaaɓe nay cuɓaaɗe tan ; heddiiɓe ɓee maa ngona kanndidaaji toɗɗaaɗi.[104] Kanndidaaji Afriknaaɓe toɗɗaaɗi ɗii ko lolluɓe laamu koloñaal, tee ɓe njiɗaa laamu hoore maɓɓe e dow fenaande. Daartol luulndo ngoɗngol ko ŋakkeende nafoore ngam yahrude yeeso Afriknaaɓe e jappeere laamu toownde. NCNC ina hebli ngam haɓaade haala mum e laamu kesu nguu, hono Clement Attlee to leydi Angalteer.[105] Jaɓɓungal leydi ndi fuɗɗii ngam humpitaade ko woni e lannda ka, e dañde kaalis ngam seppo leydi Angalteer.[106]Hooreejo lannda NCNC, Herbert Macaulay maayi e nder njillu ngu, Azikiwe ƴetti ardaade lannda ka. O ardii delegaasiyoŋ oo haa Londres, ngam heblude njillu nguu, o yahi Amerik ngam ɗaɓɓude yurmeende e haala lannda kaa. Azikiwe hawri e Eleanor Roosevelt to Hyde Park, o haali ko fayti e "rimɗinde leydi Naajeeriya e maccungaagu politik, ŋakkeende kisal faggudu e ŋakkeende renndo".[107]

Delegaasiyoŋ Angalteer ina jeyaa heen Azikiwe, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Zanna Dipcharima, Abubakar Olorunimbe, P. M. Kale, Adeleke Adedoyin e Nyong Essien. Ɓe njilliima Biro Kolonial Fedde Fabian, Goomu Laamɗo Gollotooɓe e Dental Almudɓe Afrik Hirnaange ngam humpitaade eɓɓooji mum ngam waylude doosɗe leydi 1922. Ina jeyaa e eɓɓooje NCNC, jokkondirde e Afriknaaɓe ko faati e waylooji doosɗe leydi Najeriya, ɓeydude doole e nder suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo e ustude doole e nder suudu sarɗiiji hakkundeejo to bannge difagol, kaalis e geɗe caggal leydi.[108] Delegaasiyoŋ oo yettinii eɓɓaaɗe mum to gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koloñaal, kono ko seeɗa tan waɗi ngam waylude eɓɓaaɗe Richards. Doosgal Richards fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 1947, Azikiwe haɓa e gooto e jooɗorɗe Lagos ngam leeltinde golle mum.[109]

Tammborde Naajeeriya hitaande 1953

Duuɓi 1950 haa 1953

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E nder doosgal leydi Richards, Azikiwe suɓaama e nder Diisnondiral Legislatif e nder wooteeji municipaal Lagos ummoraade e lannda Demokaraasi ngenndiijo (fotde NCNC).[110] Kanko e wakiliijo lannda makko ɓe tawtoraaka batu gadano diisnondiral ngal, kadi agitaasiyoŋ ngam waylude doosgal leydi Richards addani doosgal leydi Macpherson.[111] Doosgal Macpherson fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 1951, hono no doosgal Richards nii, noddi wooteeji e nder suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo. Azikiwe saliima waylooji ɗii, o haɓanaaki fartaŋŋe waylude doosgal leydi kesal ngal.

Wooteeji limtaaɗi mbaɗaama tuggi lewru ut haa lewru desaambar 1951.[112] To Diiwaan Hirnaange (ɗo Azikiwe darinoo ɗoo), lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɓuri heen heewde : NCNC mo Azikiwe e Goomu golle. Woote Asaambele diiwaan Hirnaange mbaɗaama e lewru suwee e desaambar 1951 sabu doosgal leydi ndii ina ɗaɓɓi e kollirɗe woote ngam suɓaade terɗe suudu sarɗiiji ngenndi ; ko ɓuri heewde e Action Group e nder suudu nduu ina waawi haɗde Azikiwe yahde suudu sarɗiiji.[113] O heɓi jooɗorde asamblee diiwaan oo gila Lagos, kono lannda luulndo ngoo wiyi ina jogii ɓural e nder suudu sarɗiiji, Azikiwe kadi daranaaki Lagos e nder suudu sarɗiiji fedde nde. E hitaande 1951, o wonti hooreejo luulndo laamu Obafemi Awolowo to suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange. Azikiwe suɓaaka e nder batu ngenndi, waɗii jiiɓru e nder hirnaange.[114] Nanondiral hakkunde terɗe NCNC cuɓaaɗe ummoriiɗe Lagos ngam woppude Azikiwe so tawii o suɓaaka, yanii. Azikiwe tuumi doosgal leydi, o yiɗi ko waylooji mbaɗee. NCNC (mo jiimi e Diiwaan Fuɗnaange) jaɓi, e ƴettude peeje ngam waylude doosɗe leydi.[115]

Azikiwe ummiima to Diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1952[116][117] e batu diiwaan mo NCNC ɓuri heewde oo waɗi eɓɓooje ngam jaɓɓaade mo. Hay so tawii jaagorɗe diiwaan e hakkundeeje lannda kaa ɗaɓɓiraama yo njokku laamu e nder mbayliigu kabine, ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe njaɓaani ɗaɓɓaande ndee.[118] Ndeen asaambele diiwaan oo waɗii woote ngam waasde hoolaade jaagorɗe ɗee, kadi kuule appropriation neldaaɗe to ministeer oo njaɓaaka.[119] Ɗum addani diiwaan hee ŋakkere, lietnaa-guwerneer oo fusi galle diiwaan oo. Woote kese ngartiri Azikiwe e wonde tergal Asammbele Fuɗnaange. O suɓaama hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o laati hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1954 nde ɗum warti kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya.

Premier diiwaan Fuɗnaange

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Azikiwe wonti hooreejo leydi diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1954 caggal nde doosgal kesal waɗtaa e golle. Komisiyoŋ faggudu diiwaan Fuɗnaange Azikiwe gollondirii e Orop e Amerik worgo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare e nder diiwaan hee, e nder njulaagu, e nder njulaagu nebam leɗɗe, e nder njamndi e kemikal e nder diiwaan hee. O mahii sosiyetee semmbe Nijeer lolluɗo to Nkalagu e nder diiwaan Ebonyi hannde oo, o fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1955. O mahii gaas Nijeer. O sosi kadi sosiyetee gadano e nder leydi Nijeer, biyeteeɗo Niger Steel. O sosi banke ɓiɓɓe lesdi Naajeeriya arandeejo, Banke Afrik (ACB). Ummingo ACB waɗi ngomnati Hirnaange lesdi Naajeeriya sosde Banki lesdi Naajeeriya, ngomnati woylaare lesdi Naajeeriya darni banki woylaare. ACB ina waɗi nafoore e feeñde e fedde njulaagu mawnde to Fuɗnaange gila e kitaale 1950. Banki oo kadi waɗii geɗe keewɗe e ƴellitaare gonnooɗo Biafrannaaɓe e darnugol hareeji e hitaande 1970. O sosi porogaraam jaŋde baawɗo rokkude leydi Naajeeriya wontude leydi ɓurndi yaajde e yeeyde jaŋde caggal leydi e nder Afrik.

Azikiwe sosi fedde ƴellitaare fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, nde waɗii darnde mawnde e mahngo duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Naajeeriya to Nsukka, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde gadanal e nder leydi ndi, ngal timmungal, e hitaande 1960. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Naajeeriya sosaa ko ñalnde 18 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1955, caggal nde sariya ngam sosde duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e les njiimaandi Inter- Council Jaŋde e caggal leydi e njuɓɓudi gollondiral hakkunde leyɗeele (jooni USAID), J.W. Cook (VC mo Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Exeter), Dr John A. Hannah (Hooreejo Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Michigan State), e Dr Glen L. Taggart, Deenoowo Porogaraamuuji hakkunde leyɗeele (MSU), ngarii e leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1958. Goomu nguu ƴeewtindiima nokku oo to Nsukka, e wiɗtude no feewi geɗe keewɗe ceertuɗe jowitiiɗe e sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde kesal.

Nnamdi Azikiwe e P. L. Prattis, Earl Hord, Beverli Karter, e Bill Nunn mawɗo ina njooɗii bannge ñaamo, e nder suudu jaayndeeji, to Pittsbu

Hayre nden waɗaama wakkati juulde jeytaare lesdi Naajeeriya, nde laamiiɗo debbo Alexandra mo Kent, laamiiɗo debbo Elizabeth II, wadi ɗum. Kalaasuuji puɗɗii ko ñalnde 17 oktoobar 1960 e binnditagol 220 almuudo e 13 tergal gollordu jaŋde. Nde laati Jaami'aare arandeere nder Naajeeriya, jaami'aare arandeere nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya sosi, nden nder hitaande 1963, jaami'aare arandeere hokkata dipolomaaji lesdi Naajeeriya.[120]

E hitaande 1957, Azikiwe haaliino e nulaaɓe Angalteer e Naajeeriya e nder batu Lancaster House e hitaande 1957, ɗo doosɗe fedde nde ngam Naajeeriya jeytaare mum feewnaa. Joɗnde nde ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Biritaan ardii, waɗii won e nulaaɓe leydi Najeriya. Ardii dental ngal ko Abubakar Tafawa Balewa mo kawtal yimɓe woylaare, Obafemi Awolowo mo fedde Action, Eyo Ita mo lannda ngenndiijo jeytaare e Ahmadu Bello mo kawtal yimɓe woylaare.

Ñalnde 3 feebariyee 1959, Azikiwe jaɓɓiima Kwame Nkrumah (gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Gana keso toɗɗaaɗo) njillu to fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer. O yilli suudu joonde diiwaan fuɗnaange e wondude e wondiiɓe makko, Hon. Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe caggal leydi, hono Kodjo Botsio e wasiyaaji ko feewti e geɗe Afrik, hono George Padmore. Nnamdi Azikiwe huutoriima ñalngu nguu, to suudu sarɗiiji fuɗnaange, ngam waɗde konngol teddinoowo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi hono Nkrumah, o siftini no Kwame dartiniri golle Afrik.

Ahmadu Bello e Nnamdi Azikiwe.

Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1959, Azikiwe lomtii Michael Okpara, gardiiɗo diiwaan fuɗnaange. Ñalnde 28 oktoobar 1959, guwerneer seneraal Robertson habrii fusde suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, tawi ina waɗi 184 tergal, tuggi 1 noowammbar 1959, mbele woote jeytaare ina mbaɗee.

Ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959, woote parlemaa mbaɗaama to Nijeer ngam ƴamde 312 jooɗorde e nder suudu sarɗiiji. Diɗɗal lesdi Naajeeriya e Kamerun (NCNC) ngal Azikiwe woni arandeere nden heɓi 2,594,577 woote e 89 jooɗorde.

Fedde Awolowo (AG), woni 2ɓo e 1 992, 364 woote e 75 jooɗorde. Kongres yimɓe woylaare lesdi Tafawa Balewa (NPC) woni 3ɓo e 1 922 179 e 148 e nder 312 jooɗorde nder suudu sarɗiiji.

Lanndaaji tati mawɗi ɗi e nder woote ɗee mbaawaano heɓde jooɗorɗe keewɗe ngam sosde laamu. Guverneur général Robertson noddi Tafawa Balewa yo o dañ laamu ngu. Ñalnde 16 desaambar, Ahmadu Bello e Tafawa Balewa etinooma yettaade nanondiral ngam waawde jogaade laamu nguu hakkunde NPC e NCNC. Governor General humpitaama e kawral ngal, ko ɗum waɗi o jaɓi kabine sappo e jeegom mo Balewa suɓii.[121][122]

Banndiraawo lesdi lesdi Naajeeriya (1914-1960)
Banndiraawo kesum lesdi Naajeeriya, mo Michael Akinwunmi waɗi (1960)

Ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya

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Ñalnde 29 lewru juko hitaande 1960, parlemaa leydi Biritaan ƴetti kuulal jeytaare leydi Najeriya, hitaande 1960, ngal hokki ndimaagu leydi Najeriya. Jamma 30 suwee 1960, laana ndiwoowa British Union Jack jippinaa e kewu mawningol, tawi tedduɓe tawtoraama. Ñalnde 3 oktoobar 1960, laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alexandra lomtotooɗo laamɗo debbo oo, udditi Parlemaa gadano leydi ndii. Doosgal kesal, sosngal njuɓɓudi fedde nde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe cuɓaaɗo e hooreejo leydi kewu sosaa. Laamu kawtal NCNC e NPC woni laamu nde Naajeeriya heɓi ndimu mum e hitaande 1960, Sir Tafawa Balewa woni hooreejo leydi ndi, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe woni hooreejo Senaa.

Ɓooytaani, Azikiwe lomtii Sir James Robertson, wonti Guwerneer Seneraal gadano e nder leydi ndii. Kono e nder doosɗe leydi Najeriya, guwerneer jeneral ko hooreejo leydi tan. Darnde Guwerneer-General e terɗe Diisnondiral Laamɗo debbo, mbaɗti Azikiwe dow politik lannda. Kabinee hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya arandeere Tafawa Balewa hawti bee; M Johnson, Bukar Dipcharima, Ayo Rosiji, Aja Wachukwu, Kolawole Balogun, e Victor Mukete (Kamerun), Samuel Akintola, Raymond Njoku, Alhaji Ribadu, Kingsley O. Mbadiwe, Festus Okotie-Eboh, e Allaji Inua Wada.[123][124]

Sir Tafawa Balewa waɗii konngol mum to nokku biyeteeɗo Race Course (hannde ko nokku Tafawa Balewa) to Lagos e nder ñalɗi jeytaare leydi ndii. E nder konngol makko o wiyi, "Kewu hannde oo ko ñalngu nguu, ko ñalngu nguu fuɗɗii duuɓi sappo e joyi jooni, ngu yettiima ɗo haaɗi. Ko e manngu laaɓtungu, min mbiyata ko keɓgol Jeytaare men ngol alaa ko nanndi e mum e nder annals daartol. Kala taƴre men nde ina waɗi planfuncelly e dow doosgal men e kaaldigal udditiingal, wonaa tan hakkunde wakili’en denndaangal nafooje ceertuɗe e nder leydi Najeriya kono ko e ballondiral e laamu njuɓɓudi ndi hannde woppi laamu mum."[125]

Gomnajo lesdi Naajeeriya

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Nde ngon-mi suka mi yi’i gite: gite Naajeeriya wonta leydi mawndi e nder duunde Afrik ummotoonde; visions of Nigeria hokkata ndimu haa ɓe nder maccungaaku, e heɓugo laawol demokaraasi ngam ɓe ɗonno lulla nder illusion of security les laamu koloñaal..Miɗo hooli mi hoyɗan koyɗi am nder jam e ɓeydaari cemmbiɗinki yimɓe leydi am Naajeeriya. Motto fedde jeytaare leydi Naajeeriya woni Kawtal e Nuɗɗinki. Miɗo ñaagii nde ndeenten ngootaagu men, ndeentoo goonɗinal men.

— Nnamdi Azikiwe (duuɓi 1960, Londres)

Azikiwe ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Angalteer, hono Harold Macmillan, wasiyii mo yo lomto Sir James Robertson, e nder njillu makko to Lagos e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1960. Joɗnde Guwerneer-Jeneral fedde nde e nder haala tiitoonde, waɗi mo wakiliijo laamɗo leydi Angalteer to leydi Nijeer. Udditgol Azikiwe e lewru noowammbar 1960, seedtiima yoga e gollodiiɓe makko e nder Atlantik ɓaleejo, won heen ko Martin Luther King Jr. Du Bois, Sirli Graham Du Bois, Ami Jak Garvey, e Joorji S. Suyler.[126]Martin Luther King Jr. hollitii wonde hareeji ndimaagu e nder leydi Nijeer e nder leyɗeele Afrik goɗɗe ina njogii batte keewɗe e dille jojjanɗe aadee Amerik, o siftini wonde Azikiwe e ardiiɓe Afrik woɗɓe ko "jaambaarooji ɓurɗi lollude e ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Negro en aduna o."

Haa timminorde haala maako, Zik wi'i, "min, ɓe mbaawata siftoreede no haanirta nii, min mbaɗi Naajeeriya hannde, ɓe ngaddi ndimu nder leydi men, ɓe ndewi kawtal men bana lenyol", ko "taariiha hokki yam geɓe mawɗe ngam mi heɓa batte duumotooɗe e ngam wadduki haaje yimɓe men." O wiyi kadi "mi jogaaki miijo e wellitaare am walla hay kisal walla hay nguurndam e hoore mum, so tawii ko ɗeen ngoni coggu ngu pot-mi yoɓde ngam ardaade ngam hisnude ndimaagu e ngootaagu leydi am."[127]

Azikiwe tawtoraama batu diiwaan Afrik gadano Fedde Adunaare Golle (OIT), ngu yuɓɓinaa to Lagos, leydi Nijeer e lewru Duujal 1960. Tawtoraama heen: Mr. Johnson, jaagorgal golle leydi Nijeer e hooreejo batu nguu, Mr. Demby, jaagorgal golle leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, e David Director A-G19,[ ILO.19].[128] E lewru desaambar 1961 Fedde Ameriknaare Pinal Afrik (AMSAC) yuɓɓinii ñalngu mawngu e nder wuro Lagos, to leydi Nijeer. Yimɓe Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ko wayi no Nina Simone, Langston Hughes, e Lionel Hampton njahii e yahdu AMSAC timmundu ngam semmbinde jokkondiral hakkunde Afriknaaɓe e Ameriknaaɓe/Afriknaaɓe. Ɓe njaɓɓaama e Azikiwe to Lagos.[129]

Azikiwe e Doktoor John A. Hannah (naamo) e Doktoor George Johnson (nyaamo) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Nijeer, hitaande 1961

Ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1961, e nder konngol makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Najeriya to Nsukka, Zik hollitii eɓɓaande mum ngam Najeriya ƴettude doosgal leydi republique tawa ina heddii e tergal Commonwealth. E hitaande 1962, Azikiwe eeriima ardiiɓe Afrik e nder batu Lagos, yo cos fedde dowlaaji Afrik. Koolol Lagos ngol winnditii sarɗiiji eɓɓaaɗi ngam "Fedde hakkunde Afrik e Malagasi" e gardagol Azikiwe. Caggal ɗuum, nde jaɓaa e lewru mee 1963 e Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik.[130]

E hitaande 1963, Azikiwe yamiri gollorde gadane nde Guinness mahi caggal leydi Irlannda e Angalteer to Lagos

Siile hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya
Hooreejo leydi Azikiwe ina waɗa hunnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe e jaagorɗe kabine, hitaande 1964

Hooreejo leydi (1963-1966)

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Leydi Naajeeriya sosaa ko ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1963, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa woni gardiiɗo jaagorɗe (hooreejo laamu) e Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe woni hooreejo (hooreejo leydi) e hooreejo konu. Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi hono Tafawa Balewa hollitii waylude doosgal leydi ndi 1960 ngam waylude Azikiwe e wonde Guwerneer Jeneral, e waylude tiitoonde makko e wonde hooreejo leydi kewu. Balewa hollitii wonde Azikiwe ina foti innireede hooreejo leydi e nder doosɗe leydi 1963 sabu leydi Naajeeriya meeɗaani yoɓde Dr. Ko zuum wazi, kuulal 157 doosgal leydi Najeriya 1963, tiitoonde mum ko Nnamdi Azikiwe ngam wonde hooreejo leydi, ina winndaa heen "Nnamdi Azikiwe ina foti wonde hooreejo leydi e ñalngu ngu doosgal leydi ndi fuzzii."[131][132]

Ñalnde 30 lewru Duujal hitaande 1964, wooteeji feddeeji gadani e nder leydi Nijeer gila nde heɓi jeytaare mum. Woote ɗee njoofiima jonte keewɗe sabu luural hakkunde limoore inɗe gonɗe e doggol wooteeji ɗii e doggol binnditagol ngol. Lebbi jeegom caggal wooteeji ɗii, fotde 2 000 neɗɗo maayi e fitinaaji baɗnooɗi e nder diiwaan hirnaange.[133]

1964 kiris e kuudetaa

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Nigerian Daily Express wi'i nyande 3 mars 1964, "Haa heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1960, eɓɓoore amin arandeere ngam anndugo ɗuuɗal yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya laati kuugal limngal yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1962. Hooreejo komitiiru limngal lesdi Naajeeriya wakkati man woni J. J. Warren. Njeñtudi limngal yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ko ɓuri miliyon ha Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa salii njeñtudi ndi o woppi Mr. Warren, o yamiri yo o riiwtu e hitaande 1963.[134][135] Caggal nde o waɗi manipulaasiyoŋ, njeñtudi binnditagol ngol hollitii wonde Fuɗnaange ina les limtaa e miliyoŋaaji 8,5 e nder hitaande 1962 gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ɓeydii dow limoore ndee haa 65,66 miliyoŋ woote fedde ndee e lewru desaambar 1964 ngaddi caɗeele mawɗe, ruppitii laamu kawral NPC e NCNC. Wooteeji ɗii mbaɗii boykotuuji keewɗi, njulaagu, hulɓinaare, njulaagu e fitinaaji ɗi Azikiwe waɗi haa o salii noddude gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono Balewa ngam sosde laamu kesu. Balɗe seeɗa, jokkere enɗam apokaliptik ina jokki e dow leydi ndii haa nde Azikiwe ƴetti konngol e dow doosɗe leydi ndii.[136]

Mrs Flora Azikiwe (Laamɗo leydi Naajeeriya 1960 - 1966)

Nguurndam neɗɗo

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Azikiwe resi debbo mum gadano biyeteeɗo Flora Azikiwe ñalnde 4 abriil 1936 to Akra, to Cote d’Or nde o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde Afrik subaka. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo, ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto e ɓiɓɓe worɓe tato.

E hitaande 1973 Azikiwe resi debbo mum ɗiɗaɓo Uche Azikiwe nde o yahrata e duuɓi 26. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo.

Gen.Yakubu Gowon

Posto hooreejo leydi e duuɓi cakkitiiɗi

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Laamu leydi Najeriya momti diiwanuuji feddeeji nay ɗii ñalnde 24 lewru mbooy hitaande 1966. Won e leƴƴi fuɗnaange fotde 115 neɗɗo mbaraama e nder fitinaaji politik ñalnde 28 lewru mbooy-2 lewru juko hitaande 1966 ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966. Fotde 30 neɗɗo mbaraama e hareeji politik to Lagos ñalnde 29 sulyee-1 ut 1966, fotde 250 000 leñol fuɗnaange ndogi ummoraade e diiwaan Fuɗnaange fayde e diiwaan fuɗnaange caggal kuudetaa konu. Lietnaa Kolonel Yakubu Gowon huniima wonde hooreejo laamu konu fedde nde caggal kuudetaa konu, o artiri diiwanuuji fedde ndee nay ñalnde 31 ut 1966. Fotde 2 000 leñol Igbos mbaraama e nder fitinaaji politik e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange to4ctober L69 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, guwerneer konu diiwal fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, anndinii dow diiwal ngal natti jaɓugo Gowon bana hooreejo laamu konu lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 2 mars 1967. Lietnaa Kolonel Gowon hoosi bawɗe timmuɗe bana komandaajo mawdo laamu e hooreejo laamu militaari7 ngam ardungal 1967. Gowon anndini laamu nguu ñalnde 28 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1967. Ojukwu bayyini jeytaare leydi Biafra to fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer ñalnde 30 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1967 caggal nde laamu fedde ndee teddinaani nanondiral Aburi.[137]

[138] [139] [140][141][142].

Azikiwe e fuɗɗoode ina wallitnoo Biafra e anndinde ɗum e nder winndere ndee. O huutoriima doole makko politik ngam ardaade delegaasiyoŋ Biafra caggal leydi ngam jaɓde dowla jeytaare. E hitaande 1968, nde o yiyi batte hare ndee, o ñaagii Ojukwu nde o joofnata kaaldigal e Gowon, tawi o dañaani heen nafoore. Azikiwe woɗɗitii politik caggal wolde. O woniino hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos tuggi 1972 haa 1976. Jokkugol laamu konu e rokkude laamu laamu demokaraasi e hitaande 1979 rokki Azikiwe fartaŋŋe wartaade politik. O naati nder lanyol yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1978, o waɗi ɗaɓɓaande ardiiɗo leydi Naajeeriya nde o heɓi nasaraaku nder hitaande 1979 e hitaande 1983. O acci siyaasaaku haa abada ɓaawo kuudetaa konu nder hitaande 1983 nde Muhammadu Buhari ardii

Duuɓi cakkitiiɗi

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Fitinaaji meeɗaay wonde kuutorgal ngal min kuutortoo, minen sosɓe leydi Najeriya, ngam safrude caɗeele politik. E nder aadaaji Angalteer, min kaaldii e Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde caɗeele amen ngam ŋakkeende e moƴƴere haala amen ngam laamu hoore mum. Caggal batuuji jeegom doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, e 1960, Angalteer rokkii en hakke ngam tabitinde jeytaare men politik gila 1 oktoobar 1960. Hay gooto e lanndaaji politik leydi Najeriya ɗi meeɗaani ƴettude jeytaare men politik e men happy violed to en meeɗaani jaɓde jeytaare men politik wonde hay toɓɓere ƴiiƴam Angalteer walla Najeriya rufaaka e nder hare men ngenndiire ngam nokku men e naange. Ndee ɗoo hujja daartol addani mi wiyde e yeeso yimɓe fof e nder leydi Najeriya wonde laamu nguu rokkii en laamu hoore mum e dow lowre kaŋŋe. Ko goonga, yonta am ina cemmbina mi, kono geɗe daartol ɗee ko ɗe njiyataa. Miɗo sikki ko ɓuri mettude ko ‘Sukaaɓe Turki’ men pellitii naatnude elemen mbayliigu bonngu e nder politik leydi Najeriya. No ɓe e renndo men fof mbaawirta ustude politikaaji tiiɗɗi, ma a taw nannguɗi, ko politik mo alaa hakkille. Mi jokki bee Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi, Ofiisaajo Seneraal Ardiido sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya, mo mi faami, jooni o hoosi kuuɗe laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Miɗo sakka golle am ngam kala udditgol jam ngam haɗde ƴiiƴam ɓeydaade, ngam weltinde ofiseeji muusɗi ɗii, e artirde sariya e deeƴre. So mi nanii haala makko tan, mi waɗa peeje ngam hootde galle. Ko fayti e am, miɗo jogori warde ardiiɓe men politik e konu ko musiiba ngenndiijo.

— Jaabawol hooreejo leydi Nnamdi Azikiwe e kuudetaa konu gadano, hitaande 1966.

Ñalnde 8 noowammbar 1989, jaayɗe ciifi e fenaande wonde Azikiwe maayii, sabu naamne jaayndiyanke BBC jowitiiɗe e ngonka makko. O artiri o wiyi "mi yaawaani yaltude oo aduna, sabu ko kañum tan woni tagofeere nde nganndu-mi." E hitaande 1991, Azikiwe yahiino e udditgol nokku Nnamdi Azikiwe to Zungeru, nokku ɗo o jibinaa ɗoo, e juuɗe hooreejo leydi Ibraahiima Babangida. E nder ndunngu 1995, o rokki yeewtere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Pennsylvania e gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal.

Azikiwe maayi haa ñalnde 11 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1996, to opitaal janngirde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya to Enugu caggal nde o rafi ko juuti. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 91. Azikiwe rokkaama wirwirnde dowla e laamu Sani Abacha, caggal fotde jonte ɗiɗi kewuuji ngenndiiji. Ɓanndu makko nawaama e gure keewɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndi ngam sunaare e teddungal. O wirnaa e wuro makko Onitsha ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1996, ñalnde wonnde ñalngu ngu o heɓi duuɓi 92. E maayde Azikiwe, jaaynde wiyeteende New York Times teskiima,

"O toowii dow geɗe ngenndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Afrik, o heɓi darnde jaambaaro ngenndiijo goonga, garɗo teddineede e nder diiwaanuuji e leƴƴi ceertuɗi leydi makko."

E hitaande 2019, laamu hooreejo leydi Muhammadu Buhari ƴettii golle timminde suudu ndu Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, ndu anndinaama ndu nokkuure nden.

Innde e ndonu daartol

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E nder teeminannde 19ɓiire, ƴaañgal Afrik seediima laamuuji Orop ina peccii Afrik, ina kuutoroo jawdi aadee e tago. Ƴellitaare miijo politik Afrik feeñi ko e anniya yiylaade eɓɓoore miijo jaɓgol hoore mum e ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal cemmbinngal. Ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe Pan Afrik, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Pilot ndimaagu leydi Nijeer. Nokku Azikiwe nder cosmology Naajeeriya ɗon yaaji haa darnde maako nde o jogi. O rokki ngenndiyaŋkaagal e hare jeytaare maanaa keso. Zik, e oon sahaa to duɗal Hope Waddel, ina anndi miijooji Marcus Garvey ko fayti e Pan-Afrik, teeŋtinoowo doole Afriknaaɓe, e rimɗinde Afrik e juuɗe Afriknaaɓe. Ɗum addani Zik naamnaade laawɗingol koloñaal e nder Afrik, tee ina jeyaa e ko Garvey wiyi ngam rimɗinde Afrik e laamuuji koloñaal. E wakkati nde Naajeeriya woni haa jooni mooɓre diiwalji feere-feere, anndalji e dente nokkuuje, Zik fuɗɗi ƴamɗe ngam heɓugo ndimu Naajeeriya e ngam sosde senngooji ɗi ngalaa lenyol, ɗi ngalaa leƴƴi ngam yidde lesdi Naajeeriya e yidde lesdi maɓɓe.[143][144]

Azikiwe yahiino to Amerik ɗo o janngi e jannginde e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ceertuɗe to Fuɗnaange, o yi’i weeyo ngo njiyaagu e ƴellitaare `Negro' radikal. O heɓi kadi ballal e hooreejo leydi Amerik e teeminannde 19ɓiire, hono James A Garfield, e dow huɗo ngam weltinde njiimaandi politik. Nde o arti e Afrik worgo, ko ɓuri teeŋtude e ngoƴa makko, ko ɗum waɗi, wonaa hare leydi, ngenndiyaŋkoore, kono ko hare winndereyankoore, winndereyankoore ngam leñol ɓaleejo. Ko o gardiiɗo jaaynde African Morning Post to Accra, tuggi 1935 haa 1937, Azikiwe heɓi ɗoon e ɗoon innde sabu jaayndeyaagal makko toowngal `American style' e ñiŋde cuusal makko e njuɓɓudi koloñaal, e ardiiɓe koloñaal kam e ardiiɓe Afrik nokkuuji ɗii. Semmbe makko ina yaaji e nder leyɗeele koloñaal Biritaan en fof, ko kanko woni doole guurɗe won e ardiiɓe Afrik hono Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Dauda Jawara, Kenneth Kaunda e Milton Obote e woɗɓe.[145][146]

Jaayndeyaagal Azikiwe kaɓanngal e ƴattooje ko kañum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude e darnde makko e doole makko, kadi ko kañum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude e ummital Naajeeriya. Azikiwe sosi fedde jaayndeyaagal wiyeteende Zik Group, nde o sosi e nde o yuɓɓini Pilot West African, nde o inniri « kaayitaaji ngenndiyaŋkooji ñaamooɓe yiite, doolnuɗi, ɓurɗi toowde ». E les njiimaandi Zik Group o wayli golle jaayɗe Afrik hirnaange, o hollitii wonde jaayndeyaagal e ɗemngal Engele ina waawi dañde nafoore, o yaajtini nafoore makko e jogaade ko ina tolnoo e jaayɗe 12 ñalnde kala, ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiylotoo. Pilot Afrik hirnaange mawni no feewi gila e doggol adanngol ngol 6 000 ekkol ñalnde kala, haa e doggol ko ina ɓura 20 000 ekkol e tolno mum e kitaale 1950.[147][148][149]Kaayitaaji keertiiɗi ɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo, ɗon mari haaje nder suudu defte maako haa Nsukka, Naajeeriya. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen binndanɗe keertiiɗe, eɓɓaande ciimtol makko, binndanɗe dowla ummoraade e gardagol makko, binndanɗe politik jowitiiɗe e Republique Biafra, kaɓirɗe ummoraade e kampaañ Azikiwe e hitaande 1979 e 1983, kam e defte e jaayɗe seeɗa ɗe keewaani. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Vanderbilt, e ballal kaalis e porogaraam defte binndaaɗe e nder defterdu UCLA, waɗii ɗeen geɗe dijital ngam sosde mooɓondiral geɗe puɗɗaaɗe jowitiiɗe e jaŋde leydi Najeriya e leydi Biafra [150]. Ndee ɗoo deftere ina heɓoo e dijital rewrude e defterdu UCLA.[151]

Teddungal

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Leydi Biritaan : Tergal e Diiso doosɗe leydi Biritaan, ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1960.[152]

Komanda mawɗo fedde nde (GCFR).[153]

Azikiwe e Thurgood Marshall, Chester Bowles e Roy Williston Jibinaa ko heɓde seedantaagal mum teddungal e hitaande 1954 fuɗɗoode duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard

Degreeji teddungal

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Azikiwe heɓi dipolomaaji teddungal 14 ummoraade e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Najeriya, Amerik e Liberiya, teeŋti noon :

Pennsylvanie 1946: Doktoor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln

Virginia Hirnaange 1947: Doktoor ɓataakeeji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer

Washington, D.C. 1950: Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Howard heɓi Doktoraa mum to bannge sariya

Michigan 1959: Doktoor tedduɗo e sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Michigan[154]

Naajeeriya 1961: Doktoor tedduɗo e ɓataakeeji (D.Litt.) to Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Naajeeriya[155]

Liberiya 1969 : Doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liberiya

Pennsylvanie 1980 : Doktoor tedduɗo e ɓataakeeji aadee to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvanie

Woɗɓe ina mbaɗi dipolomaaji ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, UNIZIK, e FUTO.[156]

Azikiwe/DMGS gonɗo e laawol, Onitsha

Siftorde e monumndaaji

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[157][158][159][160]

Nnamdi Azikiwe, Onitsha

Kaalis e tammborɗe posto

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Natal Azikiwe feeñii e kaalis ₦500 leydi Naajeeriya gila hitaande 2001. Natal makko ina tawee e limlebbi postooji ɗi ɓe peeñnini e hitaande 1964, gila ndeen kadi feeñii e limlebbi goɗɗi.[161]

E nder pinal leñol

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Nguurndam Azikiwe gadana ko kanko winndi, yaltinaa e hitaande 1970, tiitoonde mum ko Odyssey am: nguurndam am.

Laamu leydi Naajeeriya sosi njeenaari Zik, njeenaari ardungal hitaande kala, e hitaande 1995, ngam teddinde Azikiwe.

E hitaande 2006, Ben Obi fuɗɗii yeewtere hitaandeere Zik ngam maayde golle moƴƴe e ndonu Azikiwe.[162]

Saal Azikiwe-Nkrumah, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln

Filoosofi jaŋde Azikiwe hollitaama e nder filmo binndaaɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya.[163]

E hitaande 2023, Fedde Duke Shomolu yaltinii pijirlooji tuugiiɗi e nguurndam e jamaanu Azikiwe.

Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Michigan State sosi ‘Fedde janngooɓe Afriknaaɓe hakkunde leyɗeele Nnamdi Azikiwe’ e hitaande 2023, ngam wallitde janngooɓe Afriknaaɓe hakkunde leyɗeele MSU to Afrik ngam wiɗtooji. Njeenaari ndii ko ngam teddinde Azikiwe mo gollodii e jannginooɓe MSU ngam mahde duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde (Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Naajeeriya) to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya.

Yiyngo nder, Catal Zik, Enugu

Teddungal aadaaji

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Azikiwe naatnaa e renndo Agbalanze Onitsha e innde Nnanyelugo e hitaande 1946, ko ɗum anndinde worɓe Onitsha jogiiɓe golle maantiniiɗe. E hitaande 1962, o wonti mawɗo leydi ɗiɗaɓo (Ndichie Okwa) hono Obi Oziziani.[164] Mawɗo Azikiwe toɗɗaama bana Owelle-Osowa-Anya mo Onitsha nder hitaande 1972, ɗum waɗi mo ardiiɗo ronkaaku arandeejo (Ndichie Ume) nder caltal Igbo nder laamiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya.[165]

Yiyngo yaasi, Catal Zik, Enugu
Nnamdi azikiwe laana ndiwoowa hakkunde leyɗeele Abuja
Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nnamdi Azikiwe Akwa

Miijooji politik

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Zikism; ko miijo politik ɓurngo lollude e Nnamdi Azikiwe, faandaare mum ko ustude hakkillaaji sukaaɓe Afriknaaɓe. E sahaa nde dowlaaji Afrik ngonnoo e les njiimaandi Angalteer, Zik ƴetti filosof mum politik, hono miijo mbayliigu. Canons jowi Zikism woni "Balans Ruuhu", "Regeneration Sociale", "Determinism Faggudu", "Emancipation Mentale", e "Ummital Politik". E werlaade annoore ɓurnde laaɓtude e canons, Azikiwe teeŋtinii, "Ko adii fof, mi ƴettii konngol balance spirituel ngam hollirde ndimaagu teskinngu e nder ɓernde, miijo e miijo... Ɗiɗaɓere, mi mahii ƴellitaare renndo ngam hollirde ndimaagu fedde e ndimaagu diisnondiral .. Tataɓol, mi ventured e nder faggudu taprocie so I goongɗini Mi lootii hono ngool ngonka nguurndam determinism faggudu, sabu miɗo gooŋɗini miijo Karl Marx e firo faggudu daartol e nder lewru e nder Afrik fof... Nayaɓol ngol, mi fellitii waɗde yah-ngartaa e nder fannuuji hakkille ... Ko ɗum waɗi mi ƴetti tesis wonde emancipaasiyoŋ hakkille ina haani wonande Afriknaaɓe jannguɓe bonɓe. Joyaɓere ... alaa ko waawi sikkeede e Risorgimento politik Afriknaajo, nde tawnoo wellitaare ɗeen sarɗiiji ina ɗaɓɓi ndimaagu nguurndam, ndimaagu, e jokkude wellitaare."

Weltaare Neo; Azikiwe huutoriima pinal Afriknaaɓe e faggudu Afriknaaɓe ko adii koloñaal ngam ƴellitde miijo makko faggudu Neo-Welfarist, o wasiyii eklektisism e pragmatism ngam wonde tuugnorgal filosofi wonande neo-welfarism.[166]

Pragmatisme eklektik; Eklektik-pragmatism wonande Azikiwe ko feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam haɓaade haa teeŋti e goongaaji keewɗi fannuuji faggudu e politik. Ko feere etaade yuɓɓinde miijooji nannduɗi e luurondirɗi, wonaa e safrude luural, kono ko e suɓaade e hawrude e ko nafata e ko waawi huutoreede e kala heen ngam heɓde paandaale yiɗde. Nii woni, pragmatisme eklektik ina wayi no ko feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam haɓaade caɗeele Afrik e nder ƴeewndorɗe ceertuɗe e teskinɗe ɗe njiylotonoo ɗe.[167]

Nnamdi Azikiwe Hall, Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan
Nnamdi Azikiwe, dowla Imo
Azikiwe tonngoode hitaande 1964
Azikiwe on 500 naira note

Golle

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Zik (1961)

Odiseeji am (1971)

Afrik keso (1973)

Liberiyaa e nder politik winndere (1931)

——— (hitaande 1966). Teemedere Ciimtol Ciimtol e Yimre Rt. Hon. Doktoor Nnamdi Azikiwe. Duɗal njuɓɓudi e karallaagal. ISBN 978-2736-09-0.

Sifaa siyaasaaku ngam lesdi Naajeeriya (1943)

Faggudu leydi Naajeeriya (1943)

Zik: Cuɓagol konnguɗi Doktoor Nnamdi Azikiwe (1961)

Daartol warngo: Goonga walla fenaande? (1946)

Ko adii men ina woodi yanaande udditiinde (1947)

Jaango Pan-Afrik (1961)

Goongaaji ngootaagu Afrik (1965)

Iwdi wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya (1969)

Mi ɗon nuɗɗina Naajeeriya gooto (1969)

Eɓɓooje jam ngam joofnude wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya (1969)

Kaaldigal dow Laamorde Kesum ngam Naajeeriya (1974)

Taggol lesɗe ɗuuɗɗe nder Naajeeriya, limngal siyaasaaku (1974)

Demokaraasi e jeertinaango konu (1974)

Reorientaasiyoŋ miijooji Najeriya : yeewtere ñalnde 9 lewru Duujal hitaande 1976, e ñalngu udditgol kaalis dokkal UNN (1976)

Hare men ngam Ndimaagu; Kiriis luumo Onitsha (1976)

Njaafoɗen Ɓiɓɓe Men. Eeraango feewde e ardiiɓe e yimɓe Onitsha e nder caɗeele luumo (1976)

Koolol jimɗi (1977)

Soliloquies wolde nder leydi: Ko ɓuri heewde e jimɗi (1977)

Teemedde e nder miijo renndo e politik Afrik (1978)

Gartirgol Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (1978)

Golle ɓennuɗe ɗe ngalaa nanndo: Jaabawol am e caɗeele mawɗo Awolowo (1979)

Haala ɓernde (1979)

——— (hitaande 1980). Miijo ngam Naajeeriya: Kapitaalisma, Sosiyaalisma walla Weltaare?. Makmilan leydi Nijeer. h. 196. ISBN 9789781325212.

——— (hitaande 1983). Bonannde Hoolaare e NPN.

——— (hitaande 1983). Daartol Maa Ƴeewto Goongɗinɓe.

Ƴeew kadi

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Ngenndiyankaagal Afrik

Filoosofi Zikist

Njeenaari Zik

Tuugnorgal

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  1. ↑ "Nnamdi Azikiwe | president of Nigeria". Britannica (in Engeleere). Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  2. ↑ French, Howard W. (1996-05-14). "Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91". The New York Times (in Engeleere). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  3. ↑ "Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political". The Guardian (in Engeleere). Lagos, Nigeria. 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  4. ↑ "On this day in 1904 Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe, was born in Zungeru, Niger State, North-Central Nigeria". Jay FM (in Engeleere). 2017-11-16. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  5. ↑ Crowcroft, Barnaby (2020), Kumarasingham, H. (ed.), "The Radical Nationalist as Constitutional Head of State: Nigeria, 1960–66", Viceregalism: The Crown as Head of State in Political Crises in the Postwar Commonwealth, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series (in Engeleere), Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 179–202, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46283-3_7, ISBN 978-3-030-46283-3, S2CID 226564363
  6. ↑ chuku, gloria (2011), "Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi", Dictionary of African Biography (in Engeleere), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.013.0239 (inactive 1 July 2025), ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, retrieved 2023-12-13CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Morso 2025 (link)
  7. ↑ Aguolu, C. C.; Aguolu, L. E. (1997). "Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, First President of Nigeria: A Force in Library Development in Nigeria". World Libraries (in Engeleere). 7 (2). ISSN 2155-7896.
  8. ↑ Flint, John E. (1999). "'Managing nationalism': The colonial office and Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1932–43". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 27 (2): 143–158. doi:10.1080/03086539908583061.
  9. ↑ "Azikiwe fights for Africa". New York Amsterdam News. 7 January 1950. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  10. ↑ Thomas A. Johnson (1972-09-14). "Nigerian Urges Uses of the Past". The New York Times (in Engeleere). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  11. ↑ "I: My Genealogy and Nativity". Nnamdi Azikiwe: My Odyssey. Spectrum Books. 1970. p. 4.
  12. ↑ University, Nnamdi Azikiwe (2021-11-16). "Profile of NNamdi Azikiwe". Zik's Lecture Series (in Engeleere). Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  13. ↑ "Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75". Philadelphia Tribune. 22 February 1958. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  14. ↑ "Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75". Philadelphia Tribune. 22 February 1958. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ↑ "Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75". Philadelphia Tribune. 22 February 1958. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ↑ Aguolu and Aguolu, C.C and L.E (1997). "Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, first president of Nigeria: A force in Library development in Nigeria". World Libraries. 7 (2). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  17. ↑ Oha, Obododimma. "Heroes of knowledge versus dragons of ignorance: language, identity construction, and intertextuality in Nnamdi Azikiwe's "My Odyssey"". motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  18. ↑ "Accord concodiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (2)". The Sun (in Engeleere). Lagos, Nigeria. 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Orji 2013, p. 68.
  20. ↑ "history – MGHS" (in Engeleere). Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  21. 1 2 3 Tonkin 1990, p. 37.
  22. ↑ "Benjamin Nnamdi "Zik" Azikiwe (1904–1996)" (in Engeleere). 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  23. ↑ "Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe". Leadership (in Engeleere). 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  24. ↑ "Nnamdi Azikiwe". The Times. London, England. 14 May 1996. p. 19. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  25. ↑ Nigeria Year Book 1962. Daily Times. 1962. p. 112.
  26. ↑ Esele, Amos (21 November 1994). "Ninety hearty cheers!". The Week. Lagos, Nigeria. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  27. ↑ Orji 2013, p. 69.
  28. ↑ "Commencement address at Storer delivered by African alumnus". New Journal and Guide. 14 June 1947. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  29. ↑ "Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe". Leadership (in Engeleere). 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  30. ↑ "Heroes of the Past – Nnamdi Azikiwe – Everything But Coffee" (in Engeleere). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  31. ↑ Azikiwe, Nnamdi (January 1966). Ivy, James W. (ed.). "A teacher remembered". Crisis. New York: The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. 73 (1): 54–55.
  32. ↑ "Biography of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe". [www.onlinenigeria.com]. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  33. ↑ Getachew, Adom (2019). Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton University Press. p. 7. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg. ISBN 978-0-691-17915-5. JSTOR j.ctv3znwvg.
  34. ↑ "Politics and Leadership". Phi Beta Sigma. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  35. ↑ "Alumni, Faculty, and Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Who Have Served as Heads of State or Government". University Archives and Records Center University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  36. ↑ "Nigeria – Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe". www.onlinenigeria.com.
  37. 1 2 Tonkin 1990, p. 41.
  38. ↑ "Azikiwe May Accept Position in Liberia". The New York Amsterdam News. 21 July 1934. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  39. ↑ Azikiwe, N. (1 January 1965). "Nigerian pioneer". The New York Times. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  40. ↑ Azikiwe, N. (1 January 1965). "Nigerian pioneer". The New York Times. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  41. ↑ "Anike" (PDF). repository.unizik.edu.ng.
  42. ↑ Azikiwe, Nnamdi (January 1966). Ivy, James W. (ed.). "A teacher remembered". Crisis. New York: The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. 73 (1): 54–55.
  43. ↑ "Nnamdi Azikiwe". Nigeria News Update. (in Engeleere). Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  44. ↑ Olusegun, Obasa (2015). "Sports and the Modernity of Leisure in Nigeria: Stadium Space and the Symbolisms of Expressions, 1930–1980" (PDF). repositories.lib.utexas.edu.
  45. ↑ "Nationalist Period". Sports and Politics in British West/Central Africa. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  46. ↑ "Nnamdi Azikiwe Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  47. ↑ Abioye, Joseph Adegboyega (1980). "The Establishment and the Achievements of the National Sports Commission in Nigeria". etd.ohiolink.edu.Template:Dead link
  48. ↑ "Nigerians Love For Football; is it too much?". Soccernet.ng (in Engeleere). 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  49. ↑ "Pictures & Documents: FIFA at 114, How Nigeria Became a Member". Sports Village Square (in Engeleere). 2018-05-21. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  50. ↑ Alegi, Peter (2010). African Soccerscapes: How a Continent Changed the World's Game. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-278-0.
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  116. ↑ "A brief walk into the life of Nigeria's first president". Pulse Nigeria (in Engeleere). 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
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  122. ↑ Burns, Alan (January 1, 1964). "The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959". African Affairs. 63 (250): 80–81. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095185. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  123. ↑ "NIGERIA: PRIME MINISTER SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA AND OTHER CABINET MINISTERS SWORN-IN BY PRESIDENT AZIKIWE". British Pathé.
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  131. ↑ "From Nnamdi Azikiwe | The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute". kinginstitute.stanford.edu.
  132. ↑ Nigeria's Forgotten Heroes: Nnamdi Azikiwe – "Father of the Nation" (Part 2).
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  153. ↑ "Baraje and the Title of CON". www.ilorin.info. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  154. ↑ "MSU Honorary Degree Recipients: Alphabetical List | Office of Research and Innovation". research.msu.edu.
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  157. ↑ "Gov Ugwuanyi honours Zik, converts premier lodge to monuments centre". 3 December 2022.
  158. ↑ "Azikiwe-Nkrumah Hall | Lincoln University". www.lincoln.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  159. ↑ "Things You May Not Know About University of Ibadan... Number One will Shock You". 16 March 2017.
  160. ↑ "Home". Nnamdi Azikiwe Library.
  161. ↑ "Welcome to the New Central Bank of Nigeria Website".
  162. ↑ "Benefactor". Zik's Lecture Series.
  163. ↑ "UNN Documentary Film". 22 June 2017.
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  165. ↑ "A brief walk into the life of Nigeria's first president". Pulse Nigeria (in Engeleere). 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
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  167. ↑ "A Philosophical Appraisal of Azikiwe's Neo-Welfarism Introduction" (PDF).
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