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造

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
造 U+9020, 造
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020
← 速
[U+901F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 逡 →
[U+9021]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

[edit]

造 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 10 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, Cangjie input 卜竹土口 (YHGR), four-corner 34306, composition ⿺辶告)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional derived characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1258, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38898
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1746, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3841, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+9020

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 造
simp. # 造
alternative forms 艁

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 造
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
造 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
慥 *skʰuːɡs
艁 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
糙 *skʰuːɡs
告 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
誥 *kuːɡs
郜 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
祰 *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ
靠 *kʰuːɡs
浩 *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb
晧 *ɡuːʔ
皓 *ɡuːʔ
窖 *kruːɡs
簉 *skʰruɡs
梏 *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ
硞 *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ
牿 *kuːɡ
鵠 *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
酷 *kʰuːɡ
焅 *kʰuːɡ
嚳 *kʰuːɡ
頶 *ɡuːɡ

Unclear. Generally considered to be unrelated to 告 in its original form.

The bronze script forms are identified by 漢語多功能字庫 as being Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ): semantic 辵 (“to walk”) + phonetic 屮 (sʰuːʔ) + semantic 口 – “to go, to arrive”.

Shuowen incorrectly identifies it as a Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ): semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

Etymology 1

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • chǒ - vernacular;
    • chǒ͘ - literary.
Note:
  • zau5 - used in 造孽 (“pitiful; pitiable”).
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 造
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡sɑu⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡sau⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡sɑu⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡sɔ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡sɔ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡sau³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡sʰau⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡sɔ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡sɔ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡sɔ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡sɔ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰau³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡sʰau¹³/
    /t͡sau¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰao²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡sɔo⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
    /t͡sɔ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰau⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡sɔ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /zɔ²³/
    Suzhou /zæ³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡zɔ¹³/
    Wenzhou /zɜ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰɔ²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰau⁵⁵/ 建～
    /t͡sau¹¹/ ～孽
    Xiangtan /t͡sʰaɯ⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɑu²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰau⁵³/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sou²²/
    Nanning /t͡su²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sou²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰo²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sau⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sau³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /tau³³/
    Rime
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 豪 (89)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 昨早切
    Baxter dzawX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zawX/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱɑuX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zào
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zou6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zào
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzawX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dzˁ]uʔ/
    English make

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 3803
    Phonetic
    component         		告
    Rime
    group         		幽
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		皁
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sɡuːʔ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. to make; to build; to manufacture
      造船  ―  zàochuán  ―  to build a ship
      仿造  ―  fǎngzào  ―  to produce something after a model; to copy
      創造／创造  ―  chuàngzào  ―  to create
      造房子  ―  zào fángzǐ  ―  to build a house
      造輿論／造舆论  ―  zào yúlùn  ―  to manufacture public opinion
      造軍艦／造军舰  ―  zào jūnjiàn  ―  to manufacture a warship
    2. to make up; to fabricate
      造假賬／造假账  ―  zào jiǎzhàng  ―  to cook the books
      造謠／造谣  ―  zàoyáo  ―  to fabricate stories
    3. (literary) to start
    4. (literary) to establish
    5. (dialectal) harvest of crops
      早造  ―  zǎozào  ―  early crops
    6. (dialectal) Classifier for harvests.
      一年種兩造米 [Cantonese, trad.]
      一年种两造米 [Cantonese, simp.]
      jat1 nin4 zung3 loeng5 zou6 mai5 [Jyutping]
      to grow two rice crops per year
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 蓋 (“to build; to construct (a building)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 蓋, 建, 建造, 建築, 興建, 修建
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 蓋
    Taiwan 蓋
    Harbin 蓋
    Malaysia 起, 建
    Singapore 建
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 蓋
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 蓋
    Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 蓋
    Xi'an 蓋
    Xining 蓋
    Xuzhou 起
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 蓋
    Lanzhou 蓋
    Ürümqi 蓋, 起
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 修, 起
    Guiyang 起, 修
    Guilin 起
    Liuzhou 起
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 蓋, 造
    Yangzhou 蓋
    Cantonese Guangzhou 起
    Hong Kong 起
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 起
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 起
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 起
    Taishan 起
    Dongguan 起
    Rongxian 起
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 起
    Hepu (Shatian) 做
    Guiping 起
    Guiping (Mule) 起, 整
    Pingnan 起
    Guigang (Gangcheng) 起
    Guigang (Pingdong) 起
    Beihai 起
    Beihai (Nankang) 起
    Beihai (Yingpan) 起
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 起, 做
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 起
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 做
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 起, 搭
    Penang (Guangfu) 起
    Singapore (Guangfu) 起
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 起
    Móng Cái 起
    Bangkok (Guangfu) 起
    Betong (Rongxian) 起
    Gan Nanchang 起
    Lichuan 做
    Pingxiang 起
    Hakka Meixian 起, 做
    Yudu 做
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 起
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 起
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 起
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 起
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 起
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 起
    Hong Kong 起
    Senai (Huiyang) 起
    Huizhou Jixi 起
    Jin Taiyuan 蓋
    Xinzhou 蓋
    Northern Min Jian'ou 開
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 起
    Matsu 起
    Southern Min Xiamen 起
    Quanzhou 起
    Zhangzhou 起
    Tainan 起
    Singapore (Hokkien) 起
    Manila (Hokkien) 起
    Chaozhou 起
    Shantou 起
    Jieyang 起
    Bangkok (Teochew) 起
    Chiang Mai (Teochew) 起
    Hat Yai (Teochew) 起
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 起
    Singapore (Teochew) 起
    Leizhou 作
    Haikou 作
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 起
    Wu Shanghai 造
    Shanghai (Chongming) 造, 起
    Suzhou 造
    Danyang 砌
    Hangzhou 造
    Ningbo 起
    Jinhua 起
    Xiang Changsha 起
    Loudi 起

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 清 (14)
    Final (韻) 豪 (89)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 七到切
    Baxter tshawH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/t͡sʰawH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		cào
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		cou3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zào
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tshawH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*(mə-)tsʰˁuʔ-s/
    English go to

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 3799
    Phonetic
    component         		告
    Rime
    group         		奧
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		操
    Old
    Chinese         		/*skʰuːɡs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. (literary) to go to; to visit; to reach
      造訪／造访  ―  zàofǎng  ―  to pay a visit; to call on
      登峰造極／登峰造极  ―  dēngfēngzàojí  ―  to reach great heights; to reach the peak of perfection
    2. (literary) attainments; achievements
      造詣／造诣  ―  zàoyì  ―  attainments; achievements
    3. (literary) to train
      深造  ―  shēnzào  ―  to pursue advanced studies
      可造之材  ―  kězàozhīcái  ―  a promising talent deserving training
    4. (literary) to give a life
      再造之恩  ―  zàizàozhī'ēn  ―  great benevolence of saving one's life
    5. (literary) era
    6. (law) party concerned in the suit
      對造／对造  ―  duìzào  ―  opposing side in a court case

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    A colloquial pronunciation of 作 (MC tsak) (Zhang, 2020).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. (regional Mandarin) A delexical verb.
      1. to eat
        □□狂造兩碗飯 [MSC, trad.]
        □□狂造两碗饭 [MSC, simp.]
        kūkū kuáng zào liǎng wǎn fàn [Pinyin]
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      2. to use or spend recklessly; to ruin
        再有錢也禁不住這樣造啊 [MSC, trad.]
        再有钱也禁不住这样造啊 [MSC, simp.]
        zài yǒu qián yě jīn bù zhù zhèyàng zào a [Pinyin]
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
        這玩意兒□造！ [MSC, trad.]
        这玩意儿□造！ [MSC, simp.]
        Zhèi wányìr káng zào! [Pinyin]
        This thing is durable!
      3. (alt. form 躁) to trample

    Etymology 4

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. used in 新造 (xīnzào, “Xinzao, a town in Guangzhou”)

    Etymology 5

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. (Mandarin, chiefly Taiwan, slang) contraction of 知道 (zhīdào)
      你造嗎？／你造吗？  ―  Nǐ zào ma?  ―  Didja know?
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 知道 (“to know (something)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 知
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 知道, 知曉
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 知道
    Taiwan 知道, 造5
    Harbin 知道
    Malaysia 知道, 知, 懂
    Singapore 知道, 知, 懂
    Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 知道
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 知道
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 知道
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 知道
    Wanrong 曉得
    Xi'an 知道
    Xuzhou 知道
    Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 知道
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 曉得, 知道, 懂了
    Wuhan 曉得, 找得到
    Guiyang 曉得
    Guilin 曉得, 曉得信
    Liuzhou 曉得
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 知道, 曉得
    Yangzhou 曉得
    Hefei 曉得
    Chuzhou 曉得
    Huanggang 曉得
    Cantonese Guangzhou 知, 知道, 曉
    Hong Kong 知, 知道
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 知
    Macau 知
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 知, 曉
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 知道
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 知
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 知
    Foshan 知
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 知
    Foshan (Shunde) 知
    Foshan (Sanshui) 知道
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 知道
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 知
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 知
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 知
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 知
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 知
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 知, 知隨
    Taishan 知隨
    Kaiping (Chikan) 知, 知隨
    Enping (Niujiang) 知
    Dongguan 知, 知道
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 知
    Qingyuan 知
    Fogang 曉得
    Yingde (Hanguang) 知道
    Yangshan 曉, 知, 知得
    Lianshan (Butian) 曉
    Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) 曉知
    Shaoguan 知
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 知道
    Renhua 曉得, 知
    Lechang 知
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 知道
    Sihui 知道, 知
    Guangning 知
    Deqing 知道
    Huaiji 知
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 知
    Yunfu 知道
    Xinxing 知道
    Luoding 知
    Yunan (Pingtai) 知
    Yangjiang 知, 知得
    Xinyi 知
    Lianjiang 知
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 知, 知道
    Singapore (Guangfu) 知, 知道
    Gan Nanchang 曉得
    Pingxiang 曉得
    Hakka Meixian 知, 知得, 曉得
    Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 知
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 知, 知道
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 知
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 知
    Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 知得
    Yudu 曉得
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 知, 知得
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 知, 知得
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 知, 知得
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 知, 知得, 知著
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 知, 知得
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 知
    Senai (Huiyang) 知
    Kuching (Hepo) 知
    Huizhou Jixi 曉得
    Jin Taiyuan 知道, 曉得
    Xinzhou 知道
    Northern Min Jian'ou 得知, 曉得
    Songxi 學得
    Zhenghe 學得
    Jianyang 曉識
    Wuyishan 曉識
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 捌, 捌傳, 曉
    Fuzhou (Changle) 捌
    Lianjiang 捌
    Fuqing 捌
    Pingtan 捌, 會曉
    Yongtai 捌, 曉
    Minqing 捌
    Gutian 捌
    Pingnan 捌傳
    Luoyuan 捌傳
    Fu'an 捌傳
    Ningde 捌傳
    Xiapu 曉得
    Zherong 曉得
    Zhouning 曉得
    Fuding 曉得
    Southern Min Xiamen 知, 知影, 知頭, 知機
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 知
    Quanzhou 知, 知影, 知頭, 知機
    Jinjiang 知影
    Nan'an 知影
    Shishi 知影
    Hui'an 知影
    Anxi 知影
    Yongchun 知影
    Dehua 知影
    Zhangzhou 知, 知影, 知頭
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 知影
    Hua'an 知影
    Nanjing 知影
    Pinghe 知影
    Zhangpu 知影
    Yunxiao 知影
    Zhao'an 知影, 知
    Dongshan 知影
    Taipei 知影
    New Taipei (Tamsui) 知影
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 知影
    New Taipei (Pingxi) 知影
    Kaohsiung 知影
    Kaohsiung (Cijin) 知影
    Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 知影
    Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 知影
    Yilan (Toucheng) 知影
    Kinmen 知, 知影
    Penghu (Magong) 知, 知影
    Penghu (Xiyu) 知, 知影
    Penang (Hokkien) 知, 知影
    Singapore (Hokkien) 知, 知影
    Manila (Hokkien) 知, 知影
    Longyan 知
    Zhangping 知
    Datian 知, 曉
    Chaozhou 知
    Shantou 知
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 知
    Jieyang 知, 知影, 知影跡
    Haifeng 知
    Bangkok (Teochew) 知
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 知
    Singapore (Teochew) 知
    Leizhou 知
    Wenchang 知
    Haikou 知
    Qionghai 知
    Singapore (Hainanese) 知
    Puxian Min Putian 知曉
    Xianyou 知曉
    Central Min Yong'an 得知
    Sanming (Sanyuan) 得知
    Sanming (Shaxian) 得知
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 知道
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 曉得
    Wu Shanghai 曉得
    Shanghai (Chongming) 曉得
    Suzhou 曉得
    Wuxi 曉得
    Hangzhou 曉得
    Ningbo 曉得
    Wenzhou 曉得
    Lishui 曉得
    Jinyun 曉得, 得知
    Jinhua 曉得, 曉著
    Xiang Changsha 曉得
    Loudi 曉得
    Shuangfeng 曉得

    Etymology 6

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of 造 – see 𢲵 (“(Sichuan) to stir; to flip over; to rummage”).
    (This character is a variant form of 𢲵).

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]
    Shinjitai 造
    Kyūjitai
    [1][2][3]
    造󠄁
    造+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    造󠄃
    造+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    造󠄄
    造+&#xE0104;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

    [edit]
    造

    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. create, make, physique, structure

    Readings

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    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX); compare Mandarin 造 (zào):

    • Go-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)←ざう (zau, historical)
    • Kan-on: そう (sō)←さう (sau, historical)

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH); compare Mandarin 造 (zào, cào):

    From native Japanese roots:

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    References

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    1. ^ “造”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
    2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914), 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2107 (paper), page 1105 (digital)
    3. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1214 (paper), page 620 (digital)

    Korean

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    Etymology 1

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    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

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    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    造 (eumhun 지을 조 (jieul jo))

    1. hanja form? of 조 (“to create; to make”)
    2. hanja form? of 조 (“physique; structure”)

    Compounds

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    Etymology 2

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    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]

    造 (eumhun 이룰 조 (irul jo))

    1. (literary) hanja form? of 조 (“to achieve”)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

    [edit]

    造: Hán Nôm readings: tạo, xáo, xạo, tháo

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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