Latin epsilon
| Latin epsilon | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ɛ ɛ | |||
 | |||
| Usage | |||
| Writing system | Latin script | ||
| Type | Alphabetic and logographic | ||
| Sound values | |||
| In Unicode | U+0190, U+025B | ||
| History | |||
| Development |
| ||
| Other | |||
| Writing direction | Left-to-Right | ||
Latin epsilon or open E (majuscule: Ɛ, minuscule: ɛ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, based on the lowercase of the Greek letter epsilon (ε). It was introduced in the 16th century by Gian Giorgio Trissino[1] to represent the pronunciation of the "open e" (the letter e pronounced as the open-mid front unrounded vowel) in the Italian language; this use of the letter has since become the standard in IPA notation[1] . Since the 20th century, the letter also occurs in the orthographies of many Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages, such as Ewe, Akan, Lingala, Dinka and Maasai, for the vowel [ɛ] or [e̙], and is included in the African reference alphabet.
In the Berber Latin alphabet used in Algerian Berber school books,[2] and before that proposed by the French institute INALCO, it represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]. Some authors use ƹayin ⟨ƹ⟩ instead;[citation needed] both letters are similar in shape with the Arabic ʿayn ⟨ع⟩.
Usage
[edit]The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) uses various forms of the Latin epsilon:
- U+025B ɛ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel
- U+025C ɜ LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E represents the open-mid central unrounded vowel
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E was historically used between 1907–1979
- U+025D ɝ LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E WITH HOOK represents the rhotacized open-mid central vowel
- U+025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E represents the open-mid central rounded vowel
- U+029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E was historically used in 1921 and 1993
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the Latin epsilon:[3]
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN E
There are capital forms for usage in standard alphabets:
- U+0190 Ɛ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E
- U+A7AB Ɜ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E
List of languages that use Latin epsilon
[edit]Niger–Congo
[edit]Akan, Bambara, Baule, Dagbani, Dogon, Douala. Ewe, Fante, Frafra, Fon, Ga, Jula, Kabiye, Kpelle, Kuya, Lingala, Loma, Mende, Moore, Soninke, Twi, Vai, Yoruba (in Benin)
Nilo-Saharan
[edit]Unicode
[edit]Latin epsilon is called "Open E" in Unicode.[4]
| Preview | Ɛ | ɛ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E | LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 400 | U+0190 | 603 | U+025B |
| UTF-8 | 198 144 | C6 90 | 201 155 | C9 9B |
| Numeric character reference | Ɛ | Ɛ | ɛ | ɛ |
See also
[edit]- Open O
- Writing systems of Africa (section on Latin script)
- Open-mid front unrounded vowel which utilises the letter
- Greek Epsilon
- Cyrillic Epsilon Ԑ in the Cyrillic script
References
[edit]- 1 2 Concise History of the Language Sciences. 2014. p. 154.
- ↑ "Tamazight-Dzayer". Archived from the original on 2020-11-21.
- ↑ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
- ↑ Asmus Freytag; Rick McGowan; Ken Whistler (2006-05-08). "Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names". The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
This is actually a Latin epsilon and should have been so called.