¹ Noreen, Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik^4, §126.2.

² Noreen §498 Anm. 1: ‘Neben eta tritt éta (iéta §103), wo die vokallänge wol aus dem prät. át (got. fr-ēt, lat. ēdi, gr. ) herübergenommen ist, schon seit dem anfange des 13. jahrhs. auf’.

³ The leveling of the vowel in the plural fíandr in favor of the a in the singular fíand-i, -a cannot, however, be correlated with the vowel æ in the nd-stem frændr pl. frændi sg. ‘kinsman’, derived from the verb fría ‘to love’, since the origin of this æ is still problematical. According to the current view, the æ (through i-umlaut of *ā) originally belonged only to the plural but was later transferred to the singular. But Sievers pointed out (Beitr 18.410) that the æ could originally have belonged also to the singular: ‘PI > PN *fræjand- : *fræjind-‘.

⁴ Noreen §422 Anm. 1. Noreen assumes here that the vowel a in such Old Norwegian forms as bóandr ‘peasants’, hafnandr ‘missbilliger’ may be phonetically correct through lack of accentuation. But there is no reason to assume that in Old Icelandic gefendr < *gefand-iR the accentuation was different from that in *fíendr < *fíand-iR (cf. fríendr).

⁵ Cf. §498 Anm. 7: ‘báð* ... sát ... vár ... zu usw. neugebildet (nach àt¿ : ...)‘.

⁶ Cf. §126.1 under Vokaldehnung: ‘Vor tautosyllabischem, aus urn. R (urgerm. z) entstandenem r ... präpos. ór, úr ... prät. vár (No. Hom. 8 mal ... gew. var weil unbetont) war ... und ér (gew. er) verb’.

⁷ Beitrāge 18.436.