¹ For an overview of the recent historiography, see my “Religion and the Mexican Revolution: Toward a New Historiography,” in Martin Austin Nesvig, ed., Religious Culture in Modern Mexico (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), pp. 223–254. First and foremost, we should mention the pioneering work of Meyer, Jean, La Cristiada, 3 vols. (Mexico City: Siglo 21, 1973–Google Scholar1974); Bastian, Jean-Pierre, Los disidentes. Sociedades Protestantes y Revolución Social en México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1989);Google Scholar and Blancarte, Roberto, Historia de la Iglesia Católica en México (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992).Google Scholar Recent examples of such work include the essays in Nesvig, ed., Religious Culture; Butler, Matthew, Popular Piety and Political Identity in Mexico’s Cristero Rebellion: Michoacán, 1927–29 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004);CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Wright-Rios, Edward, Revolutions in Mexican Catholicism: Reform and Revelation in Oaxaca, 1887–1934 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² For an important exception, see the essays in Butler, Matthew, ed., Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 21–56,Google Scholar especially Knight, Alan, “The Mentality and Modus Operandi of Revolutionary Anticlericalism.” An early culturalist interpretation is my “Idolatry and Iconoclasm in RevolutionaryMexico: The De-Christianization Campaigns, 1929–1940,” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 13:1 (1997), pp. 87–120 Google Scholar; For a revisionist interpretation that largely dismisses revolutionary anticlericalism, see Reich, Peter Lester, Mexico’s Hidden Revolution: The Catholic Church in Law and Politics since 1929 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995).Google Scholar

³ See Voekel, Pamela, Alone before God: The Religious Origins of Modernity in Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ Rémond, René, L’anticléricalisme en France de 1815 à nos jours (Paris: Fayard, 1976), pp. 10–12,Google Scholar 21–30, 33.

⁵ Rémond, , L’anticléricalisme, pp. 33–34.Google Scholar

⁶ Rémond, René, Religion and Society in Modem Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 143–44.Google Scholar

⁷ Mecham, J. Lloyd, Church and State in Latin America. A History of Politico-Ecclesiastical Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966 [First ed., 1934]), p. 417.Google Scholar

⁸ Neither term appears in the OED with this meaning.

⁹ Grande Larousse de la langue française (Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1975), vol. 4, p. 2928.

¹⁰ Rémond, , Religion, p. 11.Google Scholar

¹¹ Le Grand Dictionnaire Hachette-Oxford (Paris: Hachette Livres; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 479.

¹² Blancarte, Roberto, “Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach,” Journal of Church and State 35: 4 (Autumn 1993), pp. 781–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ , accessed August 10, 2008.

¹⁴ (Mexico City: UNAM, 2008). See for his recent statements: , accessed August 10, 2008.

¹⁵ Rémond, , L’anticléricalisme, pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid., p. 19.

¹⁷ Ibid., pp. 41–43.

¹⁸ Ibid., p. 57.

¹⁹ Hale, Charles A., “The Revival of Political History and the French Revolution in Mexico,” in Klaits, Joesph and Haltzel, Michael H., eds., The Global Ramifications of the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 159–161.Google Scholar

²⁰ Blancarte, Roberto, “Laicidad y laicismo en América Latina,” Estudios Sociológicos 26: 78 (2008), pp. 139–164.Google Scholar

²¹ Rémond, , Religion, pp. 128–129,Google Scholar 141–142, 170; For an overview of the situation in Latin America, see Blancarte, , “Laicidad.”Google Scholar

²² Mecham, , Church and State, pp. 418–421.Google Scholar

²³ See the excellent essays in Butler, Faith.

²⁴ Knight, , “The Mentality,” pp. 29–31.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid., pp. 41–42.

²⁶ Butler, Matthew, “Introduction: A Revolution in Spirit? Mexico, 1910–40,” in Butler, , ed., Faith, pp. 5–6.Google Scholar

²⁷ Bastian, Los disidentes.

²⁸ Butler, , “Introduction,” p. 15.Google Scholar

²⁹ Moreno, Alejandro, Nuestros valores: Los mexicanos en México y en Estados Unidos al inicio del siglo XXI (Mexico City: Banamex, 2005), pp. 51–52.Google Scholar

³⁰ For statistical data, see , accessed August 11, 2008; Ai Camp, Roderic, Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 5;Google Scholar On religious change, notably the rise of evangelicalism, and the persistence of religious beliefs, see Cahn, Peter S., All Religions are Good in Tzintzuntzan: Evangelicals in Catholic Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), pp. 8–9,Google Scholar passim.

³¹ Bastian, Los disidentes.

³² Smith, Benjamin, “Politics and Freemasonry in Mexico, 1920–1940,”Google Scholar in this issue.

³³ Butler, Matthew, Sotanas Rojinegras:Google Scholar Catholic Anticlericalism and Mexico’s Revolutionary Schism,” in this issue.

³⁴ Robert Curley, “Anticlericalism and the Public Sphere in the Mexican Revolution: Considerations from Jalisco,” in this issue.

³⁵ Ben Fallaw “Varieties of Mexican Revolutionary Anticlericalism: Radicalism, Iconoclasm, and Otherwise, 1914–1935,” in this issue.

³⁶ Reich, Mexico’s Hidden Revolution.

³⁷ See my “Saints, Sinners, and State Formation: Local Religion and Cultural Revolution,” in Vaughan, Mary Kay and Lewis, Stephen, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 137–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁸ See, for example, La lucha entre el poder civil y el clero. Estudio histórico y jurídico del señor licenciado don Emilio Portes Gil, Procurador General de la República (Mexico City, 1934).

³⁹ . “Laicidad” does not appear in the most recent edition of the Diccionario de la Lengua Española.

⁴⁰ Blancarte, , “Laicidad,” p. 140.Google Scholar The original reads “un régimen de convivencia diseñado para el respeto a la libertad de conciencia, en el marco de una sociedad crecientemente plural o que reconoce una diversidad existente.”

⁴¹ Ibid., p. 143. The original reads “un régimen de convivencia social cuyas instituciones políticas ya no están legitimadas por lo sagrado o las instituciones religiosas, sino por la soberanía popular.”

⁴² Ibid., p. 145. The original reads “un marco institucional necesario para el desarrollo de las libertades religiosas, particularmente la libertad de creencias y la de culto.”

⁴³ Ibid., p. 145.

⁴⁴ Monsiváis, , El Estado, p. 15.Google Scholar The original reads, “a grosso modo como lo que se implanta y desarrolla con la separación de la Iglesia…y el Estado”.

⁴⁵ Monsiváis, , El Estado, p. 15.Google Scholar The original reads “el rechazo de las pretensiones hegemónicas del clericalismo, y como el enfrentamiento al pensamiento conservador ya en franca retirada, sustituido por la emisión de acciones y consignas autocráticas y por las falsas profecías que hacen las veces de dictámenes ‘de la moral.’”

⁴⁶ Blancarte, , “Laicidad,” pp. 139–140,Google Scholar 143.

⁴⁷ Ibid., pp. 158–60.

⁴⁸ De la superstición al ateísmo (Meditaciones antropológicas) (Madrid: Taurus, 1974), pp. 252–253.

⁴⁹ Monsiváis, , El estado, pp. 37–38.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Camp, , Crossing Swords, pp. 4,Google Scholar 124.