Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies, differences, and the role of flexibility

  • Review
  • Published:
Save article
View saved research
European Journal of Forest Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Various approaches have been developed to achieve sustainability in forestry, under changing social needs and, consequently, changing definitions of sustainability. This has led to the confusing situation in which various groups have different understandings of the meaning of ‘sustainability’. Likewise, the concepts utilized to achieve sustainability, often with a poorly defined objective, are sometimes not clear and/or inconsistent as a systematic overview regarding definitions and concepts is lacking. Based on a literature review, this paper discusses related terms such as sustainability, sustained yield management, sustainable forestry, sustainable forest management and sustainable development: their history, concepts and relationships, from a European perspective. Finally, flexibility is proposed as a solution to overcome the identified shortcomings at all scales, while focussing on the enterprise level. The origin of the sustainability concept in forestry was first driven by forest experts, while participatory elements have been considered since the more recent idea of sustainable development. Since then, much effort has been made to achieve intragenerational fairness by creating an improved participatory process. Concurrently, the original idea of sustainable forestry as long-term and future-oriented management, considering future generations’ needs fell behind. An increasing standing timber volume in Europe and the discussion on climate change brought new interest in how to cope with risks in the context of pervasive future uncertainties within the scope of promoting sustainable development. Although the consideration of risk has been concentrated on as a topic in forest science in recent years, studies have mainly focused on the enhancement of forest resistance against disturbances. However, precaution and risk avoidance alone are probably insufficient to achieve an improved sustainable development that focuses on intergenerational fairness, as these more defensive approaches may disregard important management opportunities involved with an uncertain future. A perhaps more promising approach, the idea of future options and the ability to respond to changing social and biophysical circumstances (i.e. flexibility) as criteria for sustainable development have only shown a shadowy existence up to now. To further develop the consistency of sustainability concepts, a shift of sustainability approaches from continuity towards flexibility options is proposed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

Notes

  1. Institutional changes can push the implementation of fairness. By way of example, the bottom-up process of participation was catalysed by a top-down effect through the employment of non-forestry experts for e.g. wildlife, water, or geological expertise in the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (Sabatier and Loomis 1995).

  2. As just established techniques are reviewed, timber yield to be sustained is in the main focus.

  3. Only if the simulated timber price exceeded the historical average, a harvest operation was allowed.

  4. The authors took note of the dispute distinguishing between ‘precautionary approach’ and ‘precautionary principle’ (Weed 2002; Cooney 2005). However, the focus of this article is less theoretical and more about forestry implications. In line with others, no differentiation between both terms is carried out here (Cooney 2005).

  5. According to the definition in the online version of the Oxford English dictionary (Oxford University Press 2009) adaption is used synonymously with adaptation.

  6. According to Hirshleifer and Riley 2002, probabilities are not distinguished in ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ ones. In the consequence, as probability is just seen as degree of belief, risk would mean the same thing.

  7. For a more detailed review on the theory of resilience, see Gunderson (2000) and Carpenter et al. (2001).

References

  • Adams MD (2002) The precautionary principle and the rhetoric behind it. J Risk Res 5:301–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adger WN, Agrawala S, Mirza MMQ et al (2007) Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP et al (eds) Climate change 2007—impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 717–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TF, Hoekstra TW (1995) Sustainability. A matter of human values in a material setting. In: Aguirre-Bravo C, Eskew L, González-Victente CE et al (eds) Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem management. Fifth Mexico/U.S. biennial symposium, 1994 October 17–20. United States Department of Agriculture; Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, pp 5–10

  • Alrøe HF, Kristensen ES (2003) Toward a systematic ethic. In search of an ethical basis for sustainability and precaution. Environ Ethics 25:59–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammann SA (2003) Strategisches Management im Forstbetrieb. Dissertation, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich

  • Amram M, Kulatilaka N (2003) Real options. Managing strategic investment in an uncertain world. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby WR (1979) An introduction to cybernetics. Methuen, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker S (2006) Sustainable development. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • B.A.U.M. e.V. (German Environmental Management Association) (2010) B.A.U.M.-Firmenmitglieder. German Environmental Management Association (B.A.U.M. e.V.). Available via http://www.baumev.de/default.asp?Menue=185. Accessed 13 Jan 2010

  • Bayerische Staatsforstverwaltung (2004) Statistikband 2003, München

  • BaySF (Bayerische Staatsforsten AöR) (2007a) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht 2007. Regensburg. Available via http://www.baysf.de/uploads/media/BaySF_NHB07_Internet_01.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • BaySF (Bayerische Staatsforsten AöR) (2007b) Nachhaltigkeitskonzept Bayerische Staatsforsten. Regensburg. Available via http://www.baysf.de/uploads/media/Baysf_NHKbericht_9.5_01.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • BaySF (Bayerische Staatsforsten AöR) (2008) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht 2008. Regensburg. Available via http://www.baysf.de/uploads/media/BaySF_NHB_2008_Einzelseiten_kl2_01.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • BaySF (Bayerische Staatsforsten AöR) (2009) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht 2009. Regensburg. Available via http://www.baysf.de/uploads/media/SF_NHB_2009_27.10.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • Ben-Haim Y (2006) Info-gap decision theory. Decisions under severe uncertainty, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettinger P, Boston K, Siry JP et al (2009) Forest management and planning. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • BMELV (Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft) (ed) (2005) Die zweite Bundeswaldinventur—BWI². Der Inventurbericht. Berlin

  • BMLFUW (Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft) (2008) Österreichischer Waldbericht 2008, Vienna. Available via http://publikationen.lebensministerium.at/publication/publication/view/3105/28525. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • Bolte A, Ammer C, Löf M et al (2009) Adaptive forest management in central Europe. Climate change impacts, strategies and integrative concept. Scand J For Res 24:473–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann BT, Haynes RW, Martin JR (2007) Adaptive management of forest ecosystems. Did some rubber hit the road? BioSci 57:186–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brang P, Bugmann H, Bürgi A et al (2008) Klimawandel als waldbauliche Herausforderung. Schweiz Z für Forstwes 159:362–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bücking M (2002) Über Flexibilität als Entscheidungskriterium im produktionswirtschaftlichen Bereich des Forstbetriebes. Kessel, Remagen-Oberwinter

  • Carpenter S, Walker B, Anderies JM et al (2001) From metaphor to measurement. Resilience of what to what? Ecosystems 4:765–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colfer CJ (2005) The complex forest. Communities, uncertainty, and adaptive collaborative management. RFF Press, Washington D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney R (2005) From promise to practicalities. The precautionary principle in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. In: Cooney R, Dickson B (eds) Biodiversity and the precautionary principle. Risk and uncertainty in conservation and sustainable use. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey SM, Hoare JR, Rumba KE (2003) Sustainable forest management and the ecosystem approach. An Australian perspective. Unasylva 54:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis LS, Johnson KN, Bettinger PS et al (2001) Forest management. To sustain ecological, ecocnomic, and social values, 4th edn. McGraw Hill, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitriov RS (2005) Precaution in global environmental politics. Int J Glob Environ Issues 5:96–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dresner S (2002) The principles of sustainability. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Drielsma JH, Millar JA, Burch WR Jr (1990) Sustained yield and community stability in American forestry. In: Lee RG, Field DR, Burch WR (eds) Community and forestry. Continuities in the sociology of natural resources. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 55–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley N (2005) The emerging role of forest quality in setting perspectives in forest management. In: Innes JL, Hickey GM, Hoen HF (eds) Forestry and environmental change. Socioeconomic and political dimensions. CABI Publ. in association with the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Wallingford, p 15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eastaugh C, Reyer C, González Moreno P et al (2009) Forest agencies’ early adaptations to climate change, Vienna. Available via www.iufro.org/download/file/4375/3753/op23.pdf/. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • Elliott JA (2006) An introduction to sustainable development, 3rd edn. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Endres A, Querner I (2000) Die Ökonomie natürlicher Ressourcen, 2nd edn. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans A, Perschel R (2009) A review of forestry mitigation and adaptation strategies in the Northeast U.S. Clim Change 96:167–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations) (2009) What is sustainable forest management? Available via http://www.fao.org/forestry/sfm/24447/en/. Accessed 15 Dec 2009

  • Fiskel J (2006) Sustainability and resilience. Towards a systems approach. Sustain Sci Pract Policy 2:14–21

    Google Scholar 

  • FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) (2004) Arbeitsgruppe Deutschland e.V. Deutscher FSC-Standard. Vom FSC anerkannt am 28. November 2001, Fassung vom 28. Juli 2004, Freiburg im Breisgau. Available via http://www.fsc-deutschland.de/infocenter/instand.htm. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • Fujimori T (2001) Ecological and silvicultural strategies for sustainable forest management. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Gethmann CF (2005) Partizipation als Modus sozialer Selbstorganisation? GAIA: Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 14:32–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie AR (1995) Methods for monitoring sustainability. In: Aguirre-Bravo C, Eskew L, González-Victente CE et al (eds) Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem management. Fifth Mexico/U.S. biennial symposium, 1994 October 17–20. United States Department of Agriculture; Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, pp 24–32

  • GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) (2007) GRI Reports List. Available via http://www.globalreporting.org/GRIReports/GRIReportsList/. Accessed 13 Jan 2010

  • Grober U (2000) Der Erfinder der Nachhaltigkeit—Hans Carl Edler von Carlowitz. Introduction to reprint. In: TU Bergakademie Freiberg (ed) Hannß Carl von Carlowitz: Sylvicultura oeconomica (reprint of edition Braun, Leipzig, 1713). Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht. TU Bergakademie, Freiberg

  • Grunwald A, Kopfmüller J (2006) Nachhaltigkeit. Campus-Verl., Frankfurt am Main

  • Gunderson LH (2000) Ecological resilience. In theory and application. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:425–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn EA (2005) Sustainable forest management. Control, adaptive management, hierarchical planning. In: Bevers M, Barrett TM (eds) System analysis in forest resources. Proceedings of the 2003 symposium. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-656, Portland, OR, pp 7–14

  • Hahn A (2008) Zum Begriff der forstlichen Nachhaltigkeit. Forstliche Identität, Gerechtigkeit und betriebliche Effizienz. Allg. Forst Z. Waldwirtsch. Umweltvorsorge 63:902–904

  • Harremoës P (2001) Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896—2000. Off. for Off. Publ. of the Europ. Communities, Luxembourg

  • Hattemer HH, Gregorius H (1996) Bedeutung der biologischen Vielfalt für die Stabilität von Waldökosystemen. In: Müller-Starck G (ed) Biodiversität und nachhaltige Forstwirtschaft. ecomed, Landsberg, pp 1–10

  • Heinrichs H (2005) Partizipationsforschung und nachhaltige Entwicklung. GAIA: Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 14:30–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller A (1998) Brockhaus—die Enzyklopädie. In vierundzwanzig Bänden, 20th edn. Brockhaus, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemmati M, Dodds F (2002) Multi-stakeholder processes for governance and sustainability. Beyond deadlock and conflict. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Higman S, Bass S, Judd N et al (2000) The sustainable forestry handbook. A practical guide for tropical forest management on implementing new standards. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt P, Knoke T (2009) Optimizing the shares of native tree species in forest plantations with biased financial parameters. Ecol Econ 68:2825–2833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirshleifer J, Riley JG (2002) The analytics of uncertainty and information, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Höllerl S (2009) Auswirkungen von waldbaulichen Maßnahmen auf die Stabilität (Resistenz und Elastizität) von Fichtenreinbeständen in der Bergmischwaldstufe der Bayerischen Alpen. Eine Analyse aus waldbaulich-forstökonomischer Sicht. Dissertation, Technische Universität München

  • Holling CS (1978) Adaptive environmental assessment and management. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Holvoet B, Muys B (2004) Sustainable forest management worldwide. A comparative assessment of standards. Int For Rev 6:99–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingham A, Ma J, Ulph A (2006) Theory and practice of economic analysis of adaption. Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research. Available via http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/tr55.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • Innes JL, Hickey GM (2005) Certification of forest management and wood products. In: Innes JL, Hickey GM, Hoen HF (eds) Forestry and environmental change. Socioeconomic and political dimensions. CABI Publ. in association with the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Wallingford, pp 143–167

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Innes JL, Hoen HF (2005) The changing context of forestry. In: Innes JL, Hickey GM, Hoen HF (eds) Forestry and environmental change. Socioeconomic and political dimensions. CABI Publ. in association with the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Wallingford, pp 1–14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Irland LC (in press) Assessing sustainability for global forests. A proposed pathway to fill critical data gaps. Eur J For Res. doi:10.1007/s10342-009-0285-3

  • Jacobsen JB, Helles F (2006) Adaptive and nonadaptive harvesting in uneven-aged beech forest with stochastic prices. For Pol Econ 8:223–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen JB, Thorsen BJ (2003) Danish example of optimal thinning strategies in mixed-species forest under changing growth conditions caused by climate change. For Ecol Manage 180:375–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kant S (2004) Economics of sustainable forest management. Editorial. For Pol Econ 6:197–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinhückelkotten S, Calmbach M, Glahe J et al (2009) Kommunikation für eine nachhaltige Waldwirtschaft. Schlussbericht zum Projekt “Social Marketing für eine nachhaltige Waldwirtschaft”. M&W-Bericht 09/01, Hannover

  • Klemperer WD (1992) Sustained yield of what? A forestry dilemma in the United States. In: Kurth H (ed) Forest management planning and management science. Guarantors of sustainability. Proceedings of the IUFRO Centennial Meeting, Division IV, Group S 4.04, Berlin/Eberswald 31.08.-04.09.1992, pp 66–74

  • Klemperer WD (1996) Forest resource economics and finance. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemperer WD (2001) Incorporating risk into financial analysis of forest management investments. In: Gadow K von (ed) Risk analysis in forest management. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 149–170

  • Knoke T, Wurm J (2006) Mixed forests and a flexible harvest policy. A problem for conventional risk analysis? Eur J For Res 125:303–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Koeck W, Hansjürgens B (2002) Das Vorsorgeprinzip. Refine it or Replace it? GAIA: Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 11:42–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Korf B (2005) Partizipation als Tyrannei? Reaktion auf zwei Beiträge zum Thema „Partizipation”. GAIA: Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 14:224–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriebel D, Tickner J, Epstein P et al (2001) The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ Health Perspect 109:871–876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krott M (2001) Politikfeldanalyse Forstwirtschaft. Eine Einführung für Studium und Praxis. Parey, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Krysiak F (2009) Risk management as a tool for sustainability. J Bus Ethics 85:483–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange H (2008) Radikaler Wandel? Drei Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit einem sozialwissenschaftlichen Kernthema. In: Lange H (ed) Nachhaltigkeit als radikaler Wandel. Die Quadratur des Kreises? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, pp 13–42

  • Lee RG (1990) Sustained yield and social order. In: Lee RG, Field DR, Burch WR (eds) Community and forestry. Continuities in the sociology of natural resources. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindner M, Lasch P, Erhard M (2000) Alternative forest management strategies under climate change. Prospects for gap model applications in risk analyses. Silva Fennica 34:101–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Linser S (2002) Critical analysis of the basics for the assessment of sustainable development by indicators. Dissertation, Forstwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 2001. Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanst. Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg (Breisgau)

  • Lohmander P (1993) Economic two stage multi species management in a stochastic environment. The value of selective thinning options and stochastic growth parameters. Syst Anal Model Simul 11:287–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Loy M (2009) Politisch-historische Analyse des Ressourcenmanagements im Benediktbeurer Klosterland von 1648-1803. Nachhaltige Entwicklung im Wandel der Zeit. Dissertation, Technische Universität München

  • Ludwig D (2002) A quantitative precautionary approach. Bull Mar Sci 70:485–497

    Google Scholar 

  • LWF (Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft) (ed) (2004) Erfolgreich mit der Natur. Ergebnisse der zweiten Bundeswaldinventur in Bayern, Freising

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado HR (1995) Sustainability: How much? In: Aguirre-Bravo C, Eskew L, González-Victente CE et al (eds) Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem management. Fifth Mexico/U.S. biennial symposium, 1994 October 17–20. United States Department of Agriculture; Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, p 12

  • Marmorek DR, Greig L, Murray C et al (2006) Enabling adaptive forest management. Final report prepared for the National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry by ESSA Technologies Ltd, Vancouver, Canada. Available via http://ncseonline.org/CMS400Example/uploadedFiles/NCSSF/NCSSF%20Project%20D1_Adaptive%20Forest%20Mgmt%20Final%2018%20May%2006.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • McClellan MH (2008) Adaptive management of young stands on the Tongass National Forest. In: Deal RL (ed) Integrated restoration of forested ecosystems to achieve multiresource benefits. Proceedings of the 2007 National Silviculture Workshop, Portland, OR, pp 225–232

  • McDonald GT, Lane MB (2004) Converging global indicators for sustainable forest management. For Pol Econ 6:63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • MCPFE (Ministerial Conference on Protection of Forests in Europe) (2006) The Pan-European understanding of the linkage between the ecosystem approach and sustainable forest management. Joint position of the MCPFE and the EfE/PEBLDS. Available via http://www.mcpfe.org/files/u1/publications/pdf/SFM_EA.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2009

  • MCPFE (Ministerial Conference on Protection of Forests in Europe) (2007) Fifth ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe. Conference proceedings, 5–7 November 2007, Warsaw, Poland

  • Mendoza GA (2005) Recent developments in decision analysis for forest management. In: Innes JL, Hickey GM, Hoen HF (eds) Forestry and environmental change. Socioeconomic and political dimensions. CABI Publ. in association with the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Wallingford, pp 239–256

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza GA, Prabhu R (2000) Development of a methodology for selecting criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. A case study on participatory assessment. Environ Manage 26:659–673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar CI, Stephenson NL, Stephens SL (2007) Climate change and forests of the future. Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecol Appl 17:2145–2151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mog JM (2006) Managing development programs for sustainability. Integrating development and research through adaptive management. Soc Nat Res 19:531–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moog M, Borchert H (2001) Increasing rotation periods during a time of decreasing profitability of forestry. A paradox? For Pol Econ 2:101–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Mössner GU (1982) Planung flexibler Unternehmensstrategien. Dissertation, Technische Universität München. Florentz, München

  • Munier N (2005) Introduction to sustainability. Road to a better future. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray C, Marmorek DR (2004) Adaptive management. A spoonful of rigour helps the uncertainty go down. Society for Ecological Restoration, Victoria, Canada. Available via http://www.essa.com/documents/Murray_Marmorek_adaptive_management_SER_conference.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2010

  • Newton A, Oldfield S (2005) Forest policy, the precautionary principle and sustainable forest management. In: Cooney R, Dickson B (eds) Biodiversity and the precautionary principle. Risk and uncertainty in conservation and sustainable use. Earthscan, London, pp 21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitschke CR, Innes JL (2005) The application of forest zoning as an alternative to multiple-use forestry. In: Innes JL, Hickey GM, Hoen HF (eds) Forestry and environmental change. Socioeconomic and political dimensions. CABI Publ. in association with the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Wallingford, pp 97–124

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Norton T (2001) Challenges to ecosystem management and some implications for science and policy. In: Handmer JW (ed) Ecology, uncertainty and policy. Managing ecosystems for sustainability. Pearson Education, Harlow, pp 26–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton BG (2005) Sustainability. A philosophy of adaptive ecosystem management. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Riordan T (1996) Environmental science on the move. In: O’Riordan T (ed) Environmental science for environmental management. Longman, Harlow, pp 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • öbu (Sustainable Business Network) (2010) Die öbu-Mitglieder. Sustainable Business Network (öbu). Available via http://www.oebu.ch/de/mitglieder.php?id=5. Accessed 13 Jan 2010

  • Oesten G (1993) Anmerkungen zur Nachhaltigkeit als Leitbild für naturverträgliches Wirtschaften. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 112:313–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ÖGUT (Austrian Society for Environment and Technology) (2010) ÖGUT—Mitglieder. Available via http://www.oegut.at/de/portrait/mitglieder.php. Accessed 13 Jan 2010

  • Ohlsen DW, McKinnon GA, Hirsch KG (2005) A structured decision-making approach to climate change adaptation in the forest sector. For Chron 81:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Olschewski R, Bebi P, Gret-Regamey A et al (2008) Wald und Klimawandel. Ansätze für eine ökonomische Bewertung. Schweiz Z für Forstwes 159:374–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott K (2009) Leitlinien einer starken Nachhaltigkeit. Ein Vorschlag zur Einbettung des Drei-Säulen-Modells. GAIA: Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 18:25–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto H (1994) Waldökologie. Ulmer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Oxford University Press (2009) Oxford English dictionary online. Available via http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50067782?query_type=word&queryword=diversity&first=1&max_to_show=10&single=1&sort_type=alpha&case_id=U8PK-d1dsPt-544&p=1&d=1&sp=1&qt=1&ct=0&ad=1&print=1. Accessed 29 Sept 2009

  • Patwardhan A, Downing T, Leary N et al (2009) Towards an integrated agenda for adaptation research. Theory, practice and policy. Strategy paper. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 1:219–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce DW, Putz FE, Vanclay JK (2002) Is sustainable forestry economically possible? In: Pearce DW, Pearce C, Palmer C (eds) Valuing the environment in developing countries. Case studies. Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 447–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce D, Putz FE, Vanclay JK (2003) Sustainable forestry in the tropics. Panacea or folly? For Ecol Manage 172:229–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) (2006) PEFC-Standard für Deutschland. Leitlinie für nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung zur Einbindung des Waldbesitzers in den regionalen Rahmen, Stuttgart

  • Petrini C, Vecchina P (2002) International statements and definitions of the precautionary principle. Technol Soc Mag 21:4–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phrabu R, Ruitenbeek HJ, Boyle TJ et al (2001) Between voodoo science and adaptive management. The role and research needs for indicators of sustainable forest management. In: Raison RJ, Brown AG, Flinn DW (eds) Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. CABI Publ.[u.a.], Wallingford, pp 39–66

  • Pretty JN (1998) Supportive policies and practices for scaling up sustainable agriculture. In: Röling NG, Wagemakers MAE (eds) Facilitating sustainable agriculture. Participatory learning and adaptive management in times of environmental uncertainty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 23–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Puettmann KJ (2000) Ecosystem Managment als neue Grundlage für die Waldbewirtschaftung in Nordamerika. Forstarch 71:3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Puettmann KJ, Coates KD, Messier C (2009) A critique of silviculture. Managing for complexity. Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Rametsteiner E (2000) Sustainable forest management certification. Framework conditions, system designs and impact assessment; a policy analysis of certification of forest management as a policy instrument to promote multifunctional sustainable forest management conducted in the context of the EU research project FAIR CT95-766. Ministerial Conference on Protection of Forests in Europe, Vienna

  • Rat von Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen (ed) (2000) Waldnutzung in Deutschland. Bestandsaufnahme, Handlungsbedarf und Maßnahmen zur Umsetzung des Leitbildes einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Metzler-Poeschel, Stuttgart

  • Renn O (2005) Partizipation—ein schillernder Begriff. Reaktion auf drei Beiträge zum Thema ‚Partizipation’. GAIA: Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 14:227–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Renn O, Pfenning U (2004) Erarbeitung von Maßstäben für die Bewertung umweltrelevanter externer Kosten und Entwicklung von Vorschlägen zur Nutzung der Schätzungen. Berücksichtigung des Vorsorgeprinzips und qualitativer Risikomerkmale bei der Ermittlung umweltrelevanter externer Kosten. UFOPLAN-Vorhaben 20314127

  • Resilience Alliance (2009) Adaptive management. Available via http://www.resalliance.org/600.php. Accessed 25 Jun 2009

  • Rigling A, Brang P, Bugmann H et al (2008) Klimawandel als Prüfstein für die Waldbewirtschaftung. Schweiz Z für Forstwes 159:316–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röling NG, Wagemakers MA (eds) (1998) Facilitating sustainable agriculture. Participatory learning and adaptive management in times of environmental uncertainty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabatier PA, Loomis J (1995) Hierarchical controls, professional norms, local constituencies, and budget maximization. An analysis of U.S. Forest Service planning decisions. Am J Pol Sci 39:204

    Google Scholar 

  • Sample VA (2004) Sustainability in forestry. Origins, evolution and prospects. Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandin P (2007) Common-sense precaution and varieties of the precautionary principle. In: Lewens T (ed) Risk. Philosophical perspectives. Routledge, London, pp 99–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Schanz H (1994) ‘Forstliche Nachhaltigkeit’ aus der Sicht von Forstleuten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau

    Google Scholar 

  • Schanz H (2001) Forstliche Nachhaltigkeit. Kessel, Remagen-Oberwinter

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt U (2002) Der Wald in Deutschland im 18. Und 19. Jahrhundert. Eine historisch-politische Analyse. Conte, Saarbrücken

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher W (1996) Voraussetzungen und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten einer nachhaltigen Waldbewirtschaftung. In: Linckh G, Sprich H, Flaig H (eds) Nachhaltige Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Expertisen. Springer, Berlin, pp 329–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitschek O (1991) Mischwald als Ziel des Waldbaus. Auch Vorsorge für den Waldschutz. Allg. Forst Z. Waldwirtsch. Umweltvorsorge 46:1246–1251

    Google Scholar 

  • Seppäiä R (2009) A global assessment on adaptation of forests to climate change. Scand J For Res 24:469–472. http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/02827580903378626

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaby R (2006) Sustainable wood biomass management in the Czech Republik. Available via http://www.zgs.gov.si/fileadmin/zgs/main/img/CE/biomasa/BIOMASA_ANG_PROJEKTI/PDF_predstavitve/Czech_Republic.pdf. Accessed 12. Feb 2010

  • Spiecker H (2003) Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe. Temperate zone. J Environ Manage 67:55–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Splittlehouse DL (2005) Integrating climate change adaptation into forest management. For Chron 81:691–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Splittlehouse DL, Stewart RB (2003) Adaption to climate change in forest management. BC J Ecosyst Manage 4:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankey GH, Bormann BT, Ryan C et al (2003) Adaptive management and the Northwest Forest Plan. Rhetoric and reality. J For 101:40–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinlin H (1985) Vorsorge als ökonomisches Prinzip. Der Begriff der forstlichen Nachhaltigkeit und seine Übertragung auf andere Wirtschaftsbereiche. In: Krems G (ed) Ökologie und Markt. Überlegungen zu einer zukunftsorientierten Wirtschaftsordnung. Dokumentationen Nr. 14. Eigenverlag, Schwerte, pp 5–18

  • Steurer R (2001) Paradigmen der Nachhaltigkeit. Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik Umweltrecht, ZfU 10:537–566

  • Stuber M (2008) Wälder für Generationen. Konzeptionen der Nachhaltigkeit im Kanton Bern (1750-1880). Böhlau, Köln, Weimar, Wien

  • Suda M, Zormaier F (2002) Anmerkungen zur Rolle der Forstwirtschaft im Diskurs der Nachhaltigkeit. Forst Holz 57:322–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Usbeck T, Wohlgemuth T, Pfister C et al (2009) Wind speed measurements and forest damage in Canton Zurich (Central Europe) from 1891 to winter 2007. Int J Climatol. doi:10.1002/joc.1895

  • von Carlowitz HC (1713) Sylvicultura oeconomica. Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht. Braun, Leipzig

  • Voß J (2008) Nebenwirkungen und Nachhaltigkeit. Gestaltungsansätze zum Umgang mit sozial-ökologischen Ko-Evolutionsprozessen. In: Lange H (ed) Nachhaltigkeit als radikaler Wandel. Die Quadratur des Kreises? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, pp 237–260

  • Wang S (2004) One hundred faces of sustainable forest management. Economics of sustainable forest management. For Pol Econ 6:205–213

    Google Scholar 

  • WCED (World Commission on Environment, Development) (1987) Our common future. University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber-Blaschke G, Mosandl R, Faulstich M (2005) History and mandate of sustainability. From local forestry to global policy. In: Wilderer PA, Schroeder Edward D, Kopp H (eds) Global sustainability. The impact of local cultures. A new perspective for science and engineering, economics and politics. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 5–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Weed DL (2002) Is the precautionary principle a principle? Technol Soc Mag 21:45–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedemann PM, Schütz H (eds) (2008) The role of evidence in risk characterization. Making sense of conflicting data. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijewardana D (2008) Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. The road travelled and the way ahead. Ecol Indic 8:115–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie ML, Holmgren P, Castañeda F (2003) Sustainable forest management and the ecosystem approach. Two concepts, one goal. Food and Agriculture Organization, Forest Resources Development Service, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkel G (2006) Waldnaturschutzpolitik in Deutschland. Bestandsaufnahme, Analysen und Entwurf einer Story-Line. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

  • Wintle BA, Lindenmayer DB (2008) Adaptive risk management for certifiably sustainable forestry. For Ecol Manage 256:1311–1319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zürcher U (1965) Die Idee der Nachhaltigkeit unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der Gesichtspunkte der Forsteinrichtung. Dissertation, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich. Beih Schweiz Z für Forstwes 41:93-218

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for all participation in discussing former versions of the paper. Special thanks for helpful remarks to Dr. Lloyd Irland and Mrs. Kristin Dzurella for language editing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Forest Management, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München (TUM), Freising, Germany

    W. Andreas Hahn & Thomas Knoke

Authors
  1. W. Andreas Hahn
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas Knoke
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. Andreas Hahn.

Additional information

Communicated by T. Knoke.

This article belongs to the special issue “Linking Forest Inventory and Optimisation”.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hahn, W.A., Knoke, T. Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies, differences, and the role of flexibility. Eur J Forest Res 129, 787–801 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0385-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0385-0

Keywords

Morty Proxy This is a proxified and sanitized view of the page, visit original site.