法律與秩序 (政治)

法律與秩序^[1]^[2]（英語：law and order）在當代政治中意指要求政府採取更嚴厲的執法措施與罪刑，以降低犯罪的作法。^[3]支持者可能要求將犯罪者處以長期監禁、强制量刑（英语：mandatory sentencing）、三振出局法、在部份國家還會要求死刑等。

支持「法律與秩序」的人認為嚴刑能嚇阻犯罪。^[4]反對者則認為嚴刑的嚇阻效果不彰^[5]、苛刻對待弱勢群體、沒有解決犯罪的根本或成因。反對者更指出「法律與秩序」助長了美國的警察軍事化與大規模監禁問題。^[6]^[7]

儘管在1960至1980年代的美國，「法律與秩序」廣受歡迎、理查德·尼克松和罗纳德·里根也藉透過「嚴厲打擊犯罪」的綱領當選，但犯罪數據顯示該時代的犯罪率反而高升，到了1990年代才下滑。另外，在其他國家，犯罪也是重要的政治問題，但關注的程度並不相同。例如加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、南非、法國、德國、紐西蘭等。

美國

英國

批評

「法律與秩序」的批評者通常會指出這種政策，會使司法與警察機構濫用權力與/或其他社會問題，主要包含警察暴力、警察失職（英语：Police misconduct）、种族归纳、監獄超收（英语：prison overcrowding）、冤獄等。批評者以朱利安尼治理下的紐約市為例，說明當地犯罪率雖然下降，但警察暴力行為卻同時增加，並舉阿馬度·迪亞路（英语：Amadou Diallo）、西恩·貝爾（英语：Killing of Sean Bell）、押尼珥·路易瑪（英语：Abner Louima）等事件作為實例。^[8]^[9]^[10]

有關零容忍的批評則聚焦於種族問題：在該政策下，大量警方會基於種族主義种族归纳，使用攔截與搜身（英语：stop and frisk）等手段，大量拘留深色人種。^[11]「攔截與搜身」也是美國深色人種的拘捕率高於其他人種的主因——黑人和拉丁裔族群人口比例較低，但卻佔所有被攔截者的大多數。^[12]

許多主張「法律與秩序」的政客往往自己就涉及犯罪。美國賓州少年法庭法官Mark Ciavarella（英语：Mark Ciavarella）和Michael Conahan在2009年陷入「儿童换金钱丑闻」：當時私人監獄業者對兩位法官收賄，以便他們判處更多少年犯進監獄。估計共有一千多位青少年因此被判處監禁。兩位法官先後表示認罪協商。^[13]^[14]馬里科帕縣的治安官乔·阿尔帕约主張強硬的矯正政策、被視為嚴刑運動的代表。自2009年起，联邦调查局調查其濫用職權、恐嚇持不同意見的官員、以及其他相關爭議（英语：Maricopa County Sheriff's Office controversies）。^[15]^[16]2011年，美國最高法院在布朗訴普拉塔案（英语：Brown v. Plata）裁定加州必須減少囚犯人數。理由是該州的監獄超收違反美國憲法第八修正案。^[17]

喬治梅森大學的沙爾政策與政府學院（Schar School of Policy）教授傑瑞米·梅耶（Jeremy Mayer）指出，「法律與秩序」一詞在政治上常會突顯種族主義相關的政治反彈（英语：Backlash (sociology)）同時，又能避免種族主義用詞。^[18]2020年，在乔治·弗洛伊德之死和隨後的Black Lives Matter抗議後，唐納·川普和其支持者開始頻繁使用該詞。美國的評論家與左翼政治團體也因此批評「法律與秩序」成為狗哨用詞，並批評其虛偽。^[19]^[20]美國法學家Austin Sarat批評表示在美國歷史中，訴諸「法律和秩序」往往是為了捍衛特權、而非打擊犯罪；在政治選舉時，該詞也成為污名化特定種族、民族和宗教，抵制他們尋求社會正義的藉口。^[21]而在国会山骚乱時，美國有數位專欄評論，批評主張「法律和秩序」的美國共和黨在針對事件表態時，背棄了「法律和秩序」的原則，令該黨失去該主張的基礎。^[22] ^[23]^[24]^[25]

參見

威权主义
Back to Basics (campaign)（英语：Back to Basics (campaign)）
文化战争
Demagogy（英语：Demagogy）
法西斯主义
Peace, order and good government（英语：Peace, order and good government）
Peace (law)（英语：Peace (law)）
Penal harm（英语：Penal harm）
刑罰民粹主義
政治宣传
三振出局法
毒品戰爭
Wedge issue（英语：Wedge issue）
零容忍

參考資料

^ 卞中佩. 卞中佩／美國總統大選勝負關鍵：代表美國夢的城郊地區 - 報導者 The Reporter. www.twreporter.org. 2020-10-13 [2026-06-19] （中文（臺灣））. 以尼克森當年召喚「沉默的大多數」而賴以勝選的「法律與秩序」（Law and Order）口號
^ law and order. 劍橋英語-中文（繁體）詞典. 2026: 劍橋大學出版社.
^ Campbell, Michael C. Politics, Prisons, and Law Enforcement: An Examination of the Emergence of "Law and Order" Politics in Texas: Politics, Prisons, and Law Enforcement. Law & Society Review. 2011, 45 (3): 631–665. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00446.x .
^ Francis, David. Sentence Enhancements Reduce Crime. 1998.
^ GovInfo. www.govinfo.gov. [2025-11-12] （英语）.
^ Lepore, Jill. The Invention of the Police. The New Yorker. [2020-07-13]. （原始内容存档于July 17, 2020）（英语）.
^ Hinton, Elizabeth. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: the Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press. May 9, 2016. ISBN 978-0-674-96922-3. OCLC 984643598.
^ Rudy Giuliani on Crime. Ontheissues.org. [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于July 31, 2009）.
^ Giuliani and Violence in Pre-9/11 New York. Huffingtonpost.com. 2011-05-25 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于October 29, 2016）.
^ Trial Puts Giuliani, NYPD on Defensive. Washingtonpost.com. 1999-03-30 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于May 25, 2016）.
^ Tynan, Emma K.; Warren, Mark R. Mass incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline: the intergenerational transmission of criminalization. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 2025-12-31, 30 (1). ISSN 0267-3843. doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2435270 . 已忽略未知参数|article-number= (帮助)
^ New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU). "A Closer Look at Stop-and-Frisk in NYC." NYCLU Data & Analysis.(Citing the webpage or report that contains the full analysis for 2003-2024.)
^ Americas | US judges admit taking kickbacks. BBC News. 2009-02-13 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于February 16, 2009）.
^ US judges admit to jailing children for money. Stuff.co.nz（英语：Stuff.co.nz）. Reuters. 22 February 2009 [14 October 2011]. （原始内容存档于April 18, 2009）.
^ Wingett, Yvonne. Sources: FBI asking questions on Arpaio. Azcentral.com. 2009-05-22 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于February 25, 2022）.
^ Wingett, Yvonne. FBI expands Joe Arpaio probe to Maricopa County Attorney. Azcentral.com. 2010-03-05 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于February 25, 2022）.
^ Liptak, Adam. Justices, 5-4, Tell California to Cut Prisoner Population. The New York Times. 2011-05-23 [2011-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-05）.
^ Mayer, Jeremy D. Nixon Rides the Backlash to Victory: Racial Politics in the 1968 Presidential Campaign. The Historian. 2002, 64 (2): 351–366. JSTOR 24450414. S2CID 143272460. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2002.tb01487.x.
^ Schwartzapfel, Beth. What Trump Really Means When He Tweets "LAW & ORDER!!!". The Marshall Project. October 7, 2020 [July 7, 2021]. （原始内容存档于August 4, 2021）.
^ Smith, Erica D. Column: They're fed up with the 'tyranny' of face masks. But Portland? That's about 'law and order'. Los Angeles Times. July 26, 2020 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 9, 2021）. Whether they know it or not, many people are parroting Trump. Badly lagging in the polls and trailing Joe Biden as the election nears, the president has been desperate to create a distraction from his administration's abysmal handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. So he has doubled down on selling himself as the "law and order" commander in chief, arguing that a crackdown of the sort that's happening in Portland is needed in "out of control" Democrat-led cities — at any cost.
^ Sarat, Austin. Trump's law-and-order campaign relies on a historic American tradition of racist and anti-immigrant politics. The Conversation. September 8, 2020 [July 20, 2026]. （原始内容存档于July 9, 2021）.
^ Plott, Elaina. Trump's 'Law and Order': One More Deceptive Tactic Is Exposed. The New York Times. January 16, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 16, 2021）. But this month, it was a largely white mob trawling the Capitol grounds with Trump banners and zip ties, and killing a police officer. And yet the president did not preside over a tear-gas-fogged show of force, as he had during a protest for racial justice before the White House last summer. Instead, he praised these supporters on the evening of the riot — "you're very special," he assured them, "we love you" — before trotting out the "law and order" comment the next day under pressure from advisers.If Mr. Trump spent much of his presidency casting the G.O.P. as the party of law and order, he is concluding it by clarifying just who, in his view — and in his base's view — the law was designed to order. It's the Black Lives Matter protesters who are confronted and arrested by the police in Mr. Trump's law-and-order America; the white mob, on the other hand, can expect officers who pause for selfies.
^ Rubin, Jennifer. Opinion: The GOP should be held accountable for deserting law and order. The Washington Post. June 28, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 2, 2021）.
^ Editorial: The Republican Party's 'law and order' mantra has lost all credibility.. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. June 20, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 9, 2021）.
^ Bierschbach, Briana. Republicans' law-and-order message tarnished by U.S. Capitol breach. The Star Tribune. January 9, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于February 25, 2022）.

延伸閱讀

Flamm, Michael W. Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s. Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-231-11513-1.
Hameiri, Shahar. Governing disorder: The Australian Federal Police and Australia's new regional frontier. The Pacific Review. 2009, 22 (5): 549–574. S2CID 146275780. doi:10.1080/09512740903329707.
Niaz, Ilhan. The Debate on Law and Order and Development: Pakistani Elite's Orientations. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Summer 2009, 32 (4): 1–19.
Platt, Anthony M. The Politics of Law and Order. Social Justice. 1994, 21 (3). [[{{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}年]][[{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}}{{subst:CURRENTDAY}}日]]
Weatherburn, Donald James. Law and Order in Australia: Rhetoric and Reality. The Federation Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-86287-532-6.
賴擁連. 從西方社會成癮性監禁政策檢視我國當前的重刑化刑事政策. 刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集 (法務部司法官學院). 2013, 16.

[1] 卞中佩. 卞中佩／美國總統大選勝負關鍵：代表美國夢的城郊地區 - 報導者 The Reporter. www.twreporter.org. 2020-10-13 [2026-06-19] （中文（臺灣））. 以尼克森當年召喚「沉默的大多數」而賴以勝選的「法律與秩序」（Law and Order）口號

[2] w and order. 劍橋英語-中文（繁體）詞典. 2026: 劍橋大學出版社.

[3] Campbell, Michael C. Politics, Prisons, and Law Enforcement: An Examination of the Emergence of "Law and Order" Politics in Texas: Politics, Prisons, and Law Enforcement. Law & Society Review. 2011, 45 (3): 631–665. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00446.x .

[4] Francis, David. Sentence Enhancements Reduce Crime. 1998.

[5] GovInfo. www.govinfo.gov. [2025-11-12] （英语）.

[6] Lepore, Jill. The Invention of the Police. The New Yorker. [2020-07-13]. （原始内容存档于July 17, 2020）（英语）.

[7] Hinton, Elizabeth. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: the Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press. May 9, 2016. ISBN 978-0-674-96922-3. OCLC 984643598.

[8] Rudy Giuliani on Crime. Ontheissues.org. [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于July 31, 2009）.

[9] Giuliani and Violence in Pre-9/11 New York. Huffingtonpost.com. 2011-05-25 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于October 29, 2016）.

[10] Trial Puts Giuliani, NYPD on Defensive. Washingtonpost.com. 1999-03-30 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于May 25, 2016）.

[11] Tynan, Emma K.; Warren, Mark R. Mass incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline: the intergenerational transmission of criminalization. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 2025-12-31, 30 (1). ISSN 0267-3843. doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2435270 . 已忽略未知参数|article-number= (帮助)

[12] New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU). "A Closer Look at Stop-and-Frisk in NYC." NYCLU Data & Analysis.(Citing the webpage or report that contains the full analysis for 2003-2024.)

[13] Americas | US judges admit taking kickbacks. BBC News. 2009-02-13 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于February 16, 2009）.

[Stuff.co.nz_1400970-14] US judges admit to jailing children for money. Stuff.co.nz（英语：Stuff.co.nz）. Reuters. 22 February 2009 [14 October 2011]. （原始内容存档于April 18, 2009）.

[15] Wingett, Yvonne. Sources: FBI asking questions on Arpaio. Azcentral.com. 2009-05-22 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于February 25, 2022）.

[16] Wingett, Yvonne. FBI expands Joe Arpaio probe to Maricopa County Attorney. Azcentral.com. 2010-03-05 [2016-07-29]. （原始内容存档于February 25, 2022）.

[17] Liptak, Adam. Justices, 5-4, Tell California to Cut Prisoner Population. The New York Times. 2011-05-23 [2011-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-05）.

[18] Mayer, Jeremy D. Nixon Rides the Backlash to Victory: Racial Politics in the 1968 Presidential Campaign. The Historian. 2002, 64 (2): 351–366. JSTOR 24450414. S2CID 143272460. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2002.tb01487.x.

[19] Schwartzapfel, Beth. What Trump Really Means When He Tweets "LAW & ORDER!!!". The Marshall Project. October 7, 2020 [July 7, 2021]. （原始内容存档于August 4, 2021）.

[20] Smith, Erica D. Column: They're fed up with the 'tyranny' of face masks. But Portland? That's about 'law and order'. Los Angeles Times. July 26, 2020 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 9, 2021）. Whether they know it or not, many people are parroting Trump. Badly lagging in the polls and trailing Joe Biden as the election nears, the president has been desperate to create a distraction from his administration's abysmal handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. So he has doubled down on selling himself as the "law and order" commander in chief, arguing that a crackdown of the sort that's happening in Portland is needed in "out of control" Democrat-led cities — at any cost.

[21] Sarat, Austin. Trump's law-and-order campaign relies on a historic American tradition of racist and anti-immigrant politics. The Conversation. September 8, 2020 [July 20, 2026]. （原始内容存档于July 9, 2021）.

[22] Plott, Elaina. Trump's 'Law and Order': One More Deceptive Tactic Is Exposed. The New York Times. January 16, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 16, 2021）. But this month, it was a largely white mob trawling the Capitol grounds with Trump banners and zip ties, and killing a police officer. And yet the president did not preside over a tear-gas-fogged show of force, as he had during a protest for racial justice before the White House last summer. Instead, he praised these supporters on the evening of the riot — "you're very special," he assured them, "we love you" — before trotting out the "law and order" comment the next day under pressure from advisers.If Mr. Trump spent much of his presidency casting the G.O.P. as the party of law and order, he is concluding it by clarifying just who, in his view — and in his base's view — the law was designed to order. It's the Black Lives Matter protesters who are confronted and arrested by the police in Mr. Trump's law-and-order America; the white mob, on the other hand, can expect officers who pause for selfies.

[23] Rubin, Jennifer. Opinion: The GOP should be held accountable for deserting law and order. The Washington Post. June 28, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 2, 2021）.

[24] Editorial: The Republican Party's 'law and order' mantra has lost all credibility.. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. June 20, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于July 9, 2021）.

[25] Bierschbach, Briana. Republicans' law-and-order message tarnished by U.S. Capitol breach. The Star Tribune. January 9, 2021 [July 6, 2021]. （原始内容存档于February 25, 2022）.

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