Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat Tē-14 Siu-chèng-àn

The two pages of the Congressionally-signed original of the Fourteenth Amendment in the National Archives, written with iron gall ink on parchment. It was last publicly displayed in 2013. As of 2025, it is stored in the research wing of the archives inside a boxed book of Acts of Congress from its 39th session.^[1]

Bí-kok Hiàn-huat Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn (Fourteenth Amendment; kán-tshing Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn (Amendment XIV)) teh 1868 Tshit-gue̍h 9 thong-kuè, sī Tiông-kiàn Siu-tsìng-àn tsi-it. Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn hông jīn-uî sī íng-hióng siōng tshim-uán ê siu-tsìng-àn tsi-it, siu-tsìng-àn i pó-tsiong kong-bîn ê kuân-lī í-ki̍p kok-kip tsìng-hú teh huat-lu̍t thâu-tsîng lâng-lâng pîng-tíng. Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn tsí-tsāi huê-ìng Bí-kok Luē-tsiàn (American Civil War) liáu-āu hi̍k-tik sik-hòng lôo-lē sóo biān-lîm ê būn-tê, Siu-tsìng-àn pan-pòo ê kuè-tîng bat ín-huat kik-lia̍t ê tsing-gī. Tsiàn-pāi ê Lâm-hong Pang-liân (Confederacy) kok tsiu pit-su phue-tsún tsit-ê Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn tsiah ē-tàng tiông-sin hi̍k-tik Kok-huē si̍k-tshù (representation in Congress). Tsit-ê Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn, iû-kî sī i-ê tē-1 pōo-hūn, sī Hiàn-huat tang-tiong siōng-ū tsing-gī ê pōo-hūn tsi-it, mā sī Tsuè-ko Huat-īnn tsiânn-tsē lí-tîng-pī phuànn-kuat ê ki-tshóo, tsu-jû Brown sòo Board of Education àn (Brown v. Board of Education (1954); kìm-tsí kong-li̍p ha̍k-hāu tsióng-tso̍k keh-lī), Loving sòo Virginia àn (Loving v. Virginia (1967); tiong-tsí khuà tsióng-tso̍k hun-in kìm-līng), Roe sòo Wade àn (Roe v. Wade (1973); sîng-jīn liân-pang huat-lu̍t hù-û ê "tuī-thai kuân" (right to abortion), it-ti̍t kàu 2022-nî hîng thui-huan uî-tsí), Bush sòo Gore àn (Bush kuat-tīng 2000-nî tsóng-thóng suán-kú kiat-kó), Obergefell sòo Hodges àn (Obergefell v. Hodges (2015); kā hun-in kuân khok-tián tsì tông-sìng phuān-lū), í-ki̍p Students for Fair Admissions sòo Harvard àn (Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023); kìm-tsí tāi-to-sòo tāi-ha̍k tsiau-sing tang-tiong ê pîng-kuân hîng-tōng).

Tē-14 Siu-tsìng-àn ê tē-1 pōo-hūn的 pau-hâm Kong-bîn Tiâu-khuán (Citizenship Clause), Ti̍k-kuân hi̍k-tsiá Huat-bián-kuân Tiâu-khuán (Privileges or Immunities Clause), Tsìng-tong Tîng-sū Tiâu-khuán (Due Process Clause) kah Pîng-tíng Pó-hōo Tiâu-khuán (Equal Protection Clause). Kong-bîn Tiâu-khuán (Citizenship Clause) tuì kong-bîn-kuân tsìn-hîng kóng-huàn ê tīng-gī, thui-huan Tsuè-ko Huat-īnn teh Dred Scott sòo Sandford àn (Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)) tang-tiong ê phuànn-kuat. Tsit-ê phuànn-kuat jīn-tīng, Bí-kok ê Hui-tsiu lôo-lē ê āu-ì (descent) bē-tàng tsiânn-tsò Bí-kok kong-bîn. Huat-bián-kuân Tiâu-khuán (Privileges or Immunities Clause) teh ti-tsàu àn (Slaughter-House Cases (1873)) tang-tiong hông kái-sik uī-tio̍h hông-tsí kok tsiu tsóo-gāi liân-pang ê kuân-lī, pí-jû tshian-suá tsū-iû. Tsìng-tong Tîng-sū Tiâu-khuán (Due Process Clause) í Tē-5 Siu-tsìng-àn uî ki-tshóo, kìm-tsíkok-kip tsìng-hú teh bī-king si̍t-tsit hām tîng-sū tsìng-tong (procedural due process) ê tsîng-khóng tsi-hā pak-tuat kong-bîn ê sènn-miā, tsū-iûsing hi̍k-tsiá tsâi-sán. Tshú-guā, Tsìng-tong Tîng-sū Tiâu-khuán (Due Process Clause) tsi-tshî la̍p-ji̍p guân-tsik, tsik-sī Kuân-lī Huat-àn (Bill of Rights) ê pōo-hūn luē-iông sik-iōng teh kok tsiu. Pîng-tíng Pó-hōo Tiâu-khuán (Equal Protection Clause) iau-kiû kok tsiu teh i-ê kuán-hat huān-uî lāi, uī-tio̍h sóo-ū ê kong-bîn (pau-kuat hui kong-bîn) thê-kiong huat-lu̍t siōng ê pîng-tíng pó-hōo.

Tē-2 pōo-hūn tshú-tāi "5-hun tsi-3 (3/5) thò-hia̍p", kin-kì kok tsiu sîng-liân lâm-sìng jîn-kháu pí-lē hun-phuè Tsiòng-gī-īnn (House of Representatives) hām Suán-kú-thuân (Electoral College) ê si̍k-uī. Tsit-ê pōo-hūn ún-tsún kok tsiu í "tsham-ú puān-luān, hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann huān-tsuē" (for participation in rebellion, or other crime) tsò lí-iû lâi pak-tuat kong-bîn ê tâu-phiò kuân, tsū-án-ne jīn-khó tuìtiōng-tsuē-huān pak-tuat suán-kú kuân ê tsò-huat. Tē-3 pōo-hūn kui-tīng, huân "tsham-ú puān-luān hi̍k-tsiá bôo-huán" (have engaged in insurrection or rebellion) ê liân-pang hām tsiu ê hāu-suán-jîn lóng put-tik tsham-suán, m̄-ku teh Trump sòo Anderson àn (Trump v. Anderson (2024)) tang-tiong, Tsuè-ko Huat-īnn tshâi-tīng, tsit-ē tiâu-khuán teh liân-pang suán-kú tang-tiong sik-iōng kui-kuân (left) Kok-huē, teh tsiu suán-kú tang-tiong ê sik-iōng-kuân kui tsiu tsìng-hú. Tē-4 pōo-hūn khak-jīn Kok-huē siū-kuân ê kong-kiōng tsè-bū; m̄-ku kī-tsua̍t hiòng lôo-lē tsú-lâng (slaveholders) tsi-hù kái-hòng lôo-lē ê póo-siông. Tē-5 pōo-hūn hù-ū (provide) kok-huē tsip-huat kuân; m̄-ku Kok-huē kàm-kuán su-jîn hîng-uî ê kuân-lī í-king tsuán-î tsì Siong-gia̍p Tiâu-khuán (Commerce Clause), m̄-koh huán ting-iōng guân-tsik tsik hān-tsè liân-pang tsìng-hú tuì tsiu huat-lu̍t ê tshap-tshiú.

Tsù-kái

↑ Garrett, Luke (7 February 2024). "I Went Hunting for the 14th Amendment, the Document that Could Bar Trump From Ballots". NPR. 9 May 2025 khòaⁿ--ê.

Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

Barnett, Randy E. (2011). "Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment". Journal of Legal Analysis. Georgetown Public Law Research Paper No. 10-06. 3: 165–263. doi:10.1093/jla/3.1.165. SSRN 1538862 .
Bogen, David S. (2003). Privileges and Immunities: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313313479. March 19, 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
Foner, Eric (2019). The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-35852-0.
Graber, Mark A. (2011). "Foreword: Plus or minus one: the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1): 12–20. Pdf.

See also: Symposium: the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze special issue of the Maryland Law Review.

Graber, Mark A. (2023). Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3503-0.
Graber, Mark A. (2025). Originalism as Novelty and Originalism as Authentic: Trump v. Anderson v. the Reconstruction's Fourteenth Amendment 93 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. Arguendo 41.
Halbrook, Stephen P. (1998). Freedmen, the 14th Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866–1876. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0275963316.
Magliocca, Gerard N. (2013). American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6145-8.
McConnell, Michael W. (May 1995). "Originalism and the desegregation decisions". Virginia Law Review. 81 (4): 947–1140. doi:10.2307/1073539. JSTOR 1073539.

Response to McConnell: Klarman, Michael J. (October 1995). "Response: Brown, originalism, and constitutional theory: a response to Professor Mcconnell". Virginia Law Review. 81 (7): 1881–1936. doi:10.2307/1073643. JSTOR 1073643.

Response to Klarman: McConnell, Michael W. (October 1995). "Reply: The originalist justification for Brown: a reply to Professor Klarman". Virginia Law Review. 81 (7): 1937–1955. doi:10.2307/1073644. JSTOR 1073644.

tenBroek, Jacobus (June 1951). "Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment". California Law Review. 39 (2): 171–203. doi:10.2307/3478033. JSTOR 3478033.

Tsham-ua̍t

Jus soli
Equality before the law
United States labor law
Aelia Eudocia

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Wikiquote

Wikiquote ū Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat Tē-14 Siu-chèng-àn ê ín-iōng-kù.

Wikiquote-Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
"Amendments to the Constitution of the United States" (PDF). GPO Access. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī September 18, 2005 hőng khó͘-pih. September 11, 2005 khòaⁿ--ê. (PDF, providing text of amendment and dates of ratification)
CRS Annotated Constitution: Fourteenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress
Congressional Debates of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Archived 2021-02-14 at the Wayback Machine., provides a transcript of the debates in Congress.
Galloway, Russell W. Jr. (1989). "Basic Equal Protection Analysis". Santa Clara Law Review. 29 (1). February 8, 2021 khòaⁿ--ê.

[1] Garrett, Luke (7 February 2024). "I Went Hunting for the 14th Amendment, the Document that Could Bar Trump From Ballots". NPR. 9 May 2025 khòaⁿ--ê.

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