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  Scientific Paper –Predatory Publisher and Hijacked Journals
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  Background: Author’s Perspective Motivationto publish: – Dissemination (54% 1st choice) – Career prospects (20% 1st choice) – Improved funding (13% 1st choice) – Ego (9% 1st choice) – Patent protection (4% 1st choice) – Other (5% 1st choice) Bryan Coles (ed.) The STM Information System in the UK, BL Report 6123, Royal Society, BL, ALPSP, 1993
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  Author Publishing Priorities •Quality and speed – Top items were • Refereeing speed • Refereeing standard • Journal reputation • Editor/board, physical quality and publication services
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  Author versus ReaderBehaviour • Author behaviour – Want to publish more – Peer review essential – Other journal functions crucial – Wider dissemination • Reader behaviour – Want integrated system – Browsing is crucial – Quality information important – Want to read less Elsevier study of 36,000 authors (1999-2002) presented by Michael Mabe at ALPSP Seminar on “Learning from users” 2003; www.alpsp.org
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  Reader’s priorities • Authoritativequality articles • Ease of access • Rapid delivery • Convenient format • Linking of information - clustering • Low or no cost • Up-to-date information
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  Differences: Authors andReaders • Authors are journal focused • Readers are article focused • Publish more/read less dichotomy
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  Priorities for Readersin Low-Income Countries (discussion) Rank on a Scale of 5:1 - 5 (very useful), 4 (somewhat useful), 3 (average), 2 (somewhat not useful), 1 (not useful) – Authoritative quality articles – Ease of access – Rapid delivery – Convenient format – Linking of information - clustering – Low or no cost (Open Access ) – Up-to-date information – Other
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  Gerald had begunto think that his methodology was too detailed.
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  Article Submission • Selectyour journal carefully • Read the aims and scope • Think about your target audience and the level of your work – do you have a realistic chance of being accepted? • Follow the guidelines in the notes for authors and include everything they ask – it makes the editor’s job easier… • Articles should not be submitted to more than one journal at a time See: Instructions to Authors in civil Eng. Publishing https://opencivilengineeringjournal.com/instructions-for- authors.php
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  Online Submission • Manypublishers now offer a completely electronic submission process • Article is submitted online and all of the review procedure also happens online • Speeds up the editorial process • Is invaluable for authors in low-income countries
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  Author Priorities forJournal Selection (Elsevier) • Key (Determining) factors – Impact Factor – Reputation – Access to the target audience – Overall editorial standard – Publication speed – International coverage – Open Access or HINARI participating publisher • Marginal (Qualifying) factors – Experience as a referee – Track record – Quality and colour illustrations – Service elements
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  Author Priorities forJournal Selection • Quality / prestige • Collection / specialisation • Habit / previous publication • Speed / time delay
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  Journal Selection forAuthors from Low-Income Countries (discussion) Rank on a Scale of 5:1 - 5 (very useful), 4 (somewhat useful), 3 (average), 2 (somewhat not useful), 1 (not useful) – Impact Factor – Reputation or quality/prestige – Access to the target audience or specialization – Overall editorial standard – Publication speed – International coverage – Habit/previous publication – Open Access – participating publisher – Other
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  Overview of PeerReview Process Paper Submitted Initial Decision by Editor Confirmation of Receipt Rejection Decide to Review Assign Reviewers Reviewers Accept Invite Reviews Completed Reject Accept Notification to Author Revise Paper sent to Publisher Accept Revise Revision Received Revision Checked
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  Call for Papers– Elsevier 06 2008 ELSEVIER: BUILDING INSIGHTS; BREAKING BOUNDARIES/MANUSCRIPTS SUBMISSION On behalf of all the Editors-in-chief of Elsevier journals, we wish to Communicate to you that we are currently accepting manuscripts in all fields of human endeavour. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts reporting recent developments in their fields. Papers submitted will be sorted out and published in any of our numerous journals that best fits… The submitted papers must be written in English and describe original research not published nor currently under review by other journals. Parallel submissions will not be accepted.
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  Our goal isto inform authors about their paper(s) within one week of receipt. All submitted papers, if relevant, will go through an external peer-review process. Submissions should include an abstract, 5-10 key words, the e-mail address of the corresponding author. The paper length should not exceed 30 double-spaced pages including figures and references on 8.5 by 11 inch paper using at least 11 point font. Authors should select a category designation for their manuscripts (article, short communication, review, etc.). Papers should be submitted electronically via email in Microsoft Word or PDF attachments and should Include a cover sheet containing corresponding Author's name, Paper Title, affiliation, mailing address, phone, fax number, email address etc. Would-be authors should send their manuscript to: elsevierpublications@live.co.uk Kind Regards, Philip Mcgregor (Prof.)
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  Predatory Publisher and HijackedJournals
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  (Bornmann and Mutz,http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4578, 2014) Total citing publications between 1980 and 2012 - 38,508,986 Total number of cited references from 1650 to 2012 - 755,607,107 (data source – Web of Science, Thomson Reuters) Paper publication and cited reference Paper publication and cited reference log2
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  Number of SCIpaper published in Different quartiles Number of SCI paper published in Different quartiles 8506 SCI journals are analyzed for 2021
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  Growth in numbersof active, peer-reviewed Open Access journals and Growth in numbers of active, peer-reviewed Open Access journals and papers papers Gold OA Journal: articles in pure OA journals (whether or not an article publication charge was paid) Green OA Journal : copies of article versions available in institutional or other repositories, or on authors’ web pages; often embargoed for a period following the publication date
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  Gold OA Journal:articles in pure OA journals (whether or not an article publication charge was paid) Green OA Journal : copies of article versions available in institutional or other repositories, or on authors’ web pages; often embargoed for a period following the publication date Open Access Journals Availability by discipline Open Access Journals Availability by discipline
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  English-language Wikipedia’s coverageof academic research Data – 311,947 papers cited in Wikipedia in 2014-11-15 data base Journal – 4721 journals indexed by Scopus, 355 of which are OA. IF – measured by 2013 SCImago Journal Rank including self-citations Societal Impact of Scientific Papers in disciplines – Wikipedia citation Societal Impact of Scientific Papers in disciplines – Wikipedia citation Summary Open access journal is referenced on the English Wikipedia are 47% higher compared to closed access journals. Moreover, in most of the world’s Wikipedias, a journal’s high status (impact factor) and accessibility (open access policy) both greatly increase the probability of referencing.
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  Criteria for DeterminingPredatory Open-Access Publishers and Journals Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers and Journals Publishers of the Predatory journal seem to be in the scholarly publishing business only in order to collect APCs (Article Processing Charges) and provide rapid publishing without proper peer review for authors who need publications in their CVs. The information on the Internet about the journals is often strongly misleading, and the publishers spam academics all over the globe with requests for submissions and reviews and for joining editorial boards. (Shen and Björk, BMC Medicine (2015) 13:230) Predatory Publishers (or Journals) solicit papers from authors for ‘publication’ in journals that lack acceptable peer review, editorial oversight, or established procedures to protect against plagiarism, data duplication or other unethical practices. The difference between acceptable open access publishers and predatory publishers is that, while both operate on a pay-to- publish business model, predatory publishers do not follow many if not all acceptable publication standards. Predatory publishers have been known to claim to be ‘leading’ publishers even though they may be just starting. They list contact information that does not clearly indicate where they are located or use free email services for contact. Often, multiple journals from the same publisher will have the same editor and editorial board, and there have been reports of board members being appointed to these panels without their application or knowledge. These publishers do not participate in or have membership of customary organizations such as the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE; http://publicationethics .org/) or the International Committee of Medical Journal. (Journal of Advancing Nursing: Editorial 2014) Definition and detailed (Beall’s) list of Predatory publishes and Journals can be found in website https://scholarlyoa.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/criteria-2015.pdf
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  High Tolerance forPlagiarism Fake Impact Factors http://scholarlyoa.com/2016/01/28/bogus- iran-based-journal-allows-up-to-40- plagiarism/
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  Examples of WebPage of Predatory Journals Examples of Web Page of Predatory Journals
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  Who publish thePredatory Journals
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  Who publishes inPredatory journals Who publishes in Predatory journals 68 journals from Beall’s predatory journal list to represent low-quality publications in various areas of biomedical science are selected, primarily pharmaceutical science, which is comparable to the subject of Bohannon’s false study. We chose to investigate biomedical science because (a) open access has been an established practice among biomedical scientists, (b) many biomedical projects are sponsored by grants that could fund OA publishing, making an author-pay model possible and popular, and (c) there are some recognized biomedical journals with the same or similar publishing models that can be used for the purpose of comparison. Group 1 – typical predatory journal with poor quality publication Group 2 – DOAJ journal with peer review Group 3 – high quality journal
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  Who publishes inPredatory journals (con.) Who publishes in Predatory journals (con.) Summary Those who publish in “predatory” journals are, for the most part, young and inexperienced researchers from developing countries.
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  Development of activePredatory Journals from 2010 to 2014 Development of active Predatory Journals from 2010 to 2014 Number of Journals Number of Articles
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  Distributions of otherpublication and citation for authors publishing Articles in Distributions of other publication and citation for authors publishing Articles in different groups of Journals different groups of Journals Published publications other than predatory journals
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  Distribution of activePredatory Journals by disciplines and regions Distribution of active Predatory Journals by disciplines and regions Publisher distribution Corresponding author distribution Summary– It is found that the problems caused by predatory journals are rather limited and regional, and believe that the publishing volumes in such journals will cease growing in the near future. Open access publishing is rapidly gaining momentum. This should create better opportunities for researchers from countries where predatory publishing is currently popular, to get published in journals of higher quality, in particular since most journals have a policy to waive the APCs for authors from developing countries.
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  Distribution of activePredatory Journals in 2014 by country Distribution of active Predatory Journals in 2014 by country
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  Global Network ofpredatory journal publishers, editors and banks for APCs
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  How Bad arethe Predatory Journals? - Publish non-sense and garbage papers -Hijack respected, authentic and legitimate journals -Fake impact factor to mislead scholars and students -And many others (e.g., ask high amount of page charge)
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  BOHANNON, J., 2013VOL 342 SCIENCE Bohannon’s Experiments Bohannon’s Experiments John Bohannon is a science journalist and a biologist based at Harvard University. He created a scientifically meaningless manuscript with different versions submitted to 121 predatory journals in the Beall’s list and 167 Open Access DOAJ Journals. The papers describe a simple test of whether cancer cells grow more slowly in a test tube when treated with increasing concentrations of a molecule. There are numerous obvious red flags in the papers. The graph’s caption claims that it shows a “dose-dependent” effect on cell growth, but the data clearly show the opposite. The molecule is tested across a staggering five orders of magnitude of concentrations, all the way down to picomolar levels, and the effect on the cells is modest and identical at every concentration.
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  Tom Spears’ Experiments TomSpears’ Experiments
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  Peter Vamplew’s Experiments PeterVamplew’s Experiments
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  Hijack (mimic) reputable,authentic and legitimate journals
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  Some Predatory Journalshijack respected and legitimate journal titles Some Predatory Journals hijack respected and legitimate journal titles to trick scholars to trick scholars Example 1 Journal of Depression & Anxiety - OMICS Grou p launched in 201 2 Depression and Anxiety - Wiley-LISS journal published since 1996 Example 2 J ournal of Multiple Sclerosis - OMICS Group launched in 2014 Multiple Sclerosis J ournal – SAGE journal published since 1995.
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  Spatial distribution ofseveral recently hijacked scientific journals Spatial distribution of several recently hijacked scientific journals
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  Hijacked Journal AuthenticJournal ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES D OUTRE-MER BULLET IN DES SEANCES Bulletin des séances- Académie royale des sciences d’out re-mer Acoreana Journal (Journal of Acoreana) Açoreana: revista de estudos açoreanos ACTA CIRURGICA BRASILEIRA Acta cirúrgica Brasileira Afinidad Afinidad AGROCHIMICA Agrochimica The Journal of Albertiana Albertiana Amoeba Journal Amoeba: NJN-mededelingenblad Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências Anare Research Notes ANARE Research Notes Archives des Sciences Archives des Sciences Aula Orientalis Aula Orientalis Ayer Also here Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea Baltica Journal Baltica BEITRAEGE ZUM NATURSCHUTZ IN DER SCHWEIZ(Switze rland Nature) Beiträge zum Naturschutz in der Schweiz Blue Jay Journal Blue jay Bothalia Journal Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation Bradleya Bradleya Buletin Teknologi Tanaman alsohere Buletin Teknologi Tanaman Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences Busqueret Es Busqueret Partial list of hijacked Journals Partial list of hijacked Journals (https://scholarlyoa.com/other-pages/hijacked-journals/) (https://scholarlyoa.com/other-pages/hijacked-journals/)
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  The most recentBeall’s List (http://scholarlyoa.com/publis hers/) includes 711 and 524 potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open access publishers and journals, respectively. Some examples of Predatory journals in Atmospheric Science discipline Some examples of Predatory journals in Atmospheric Science discipline •Scientific Research Publishing (SCIRP) •Atmospheric and Climate Sciences (Google-based IF 0.58) •American Journal of Climate Change (Google-based IF 1.18) •Open Journal of Air Pollution (Google-based IF 0.57) •Pak Publishing Group •Journal of Atmosphere •Cresco online publishing •Astronomy and Space Science: Open Access •Science Publishing Group •International Journal of Meteorology and Climatology •Frontiers •Astronomy and Space Sciences •OMICS International •Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change (IF* 1.16) •Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting (IF* 0.91)
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  Fake Journal ImpactFactor
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  Some websites thatprovide impact factors of dubious validity Some websites that provide impact factors of dubious validity Journal Impact Metrics with clear definition and description: JCR IF – Thomson Reuters (SCI+SSCI > 11,400 journals @2015) SCImago – Scopus index (> 22,000 titles @ 2015) Eigenfactor – University of Washington (based on journal in JCR) Others – h-index, G-index, SNIP, IPP, Altmetrics, etc.
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  Journal Impact Factorand Paper Rejection Rate Journal Impact Factor and Paper Rejection Rate No of Journals : 570 (about 5% of 2020 JCR)