Naval and Maritime Activities of Alexander the Great in South Mesopotamia and the Gulf

References (232)

1. 2.10) Nearchos' return trip from the mouth of the Euphrates to meet Alexander -78 (2.11) Alexander's trip from Susa to Opis -Identification of the site of Alexandria on the Tigris -80 (2.12) Construction and transport of warships from Phoenicia to Babylon -86 (2.13) Construction of harbour at Babylon -94 (2.14) Alexander's first Babylonian War Fleet -95 (2.15) Construction of river fleet of small punts Inspection of waterways and canals -99 (2.16) Alexandria on the Tigris -104 (2.17) Alexandria on the Euphrates or in Babylonia -105 (2.18) Alexander's plans to conquer Arabia -108 (2.19) The strength of the expeditionary force against Arabia -116 (2.20) Food and water needs for the army and navy, logistics and communication lines -117 went to Medios' drinking party that led to his death. The last we hear of him is in 313/312 B.C. with Demetrios Poliorketes. Most probably, afterwards he retired to write his memoirs. For further details and information on Nearchos, the reader is referred to Heckel (1992), pp. 228-233.
2. The naval commander of the navy was Onesikritos [Heckel (1992), p. 230]. According to Ernst Badian: "Nearchus was in overall command. Onesicritus was in charge of navigation; i.e. it would be Nearchus' job to decide where the expedition was going and Onesicritus' to see that it got there." [Potts (1990 Vol. II), p. 3, note 9]
3. Hauben (1976), p. 92: "The number of vessels that took part in the expedition is unknown but may, as Tarn believes (n. 99), have been in the vicinity of 100 to 150 (n. 100)."
4. Arr. Indica 19.7; Arr. 6.18.3
5. Arr. Indica 18.1-10
6. Lane Fox (1986), p. 386
7. Hammond (1980), p. 238: Hammond believes that "the marines hardly exceeded a thousand".
8. Arr. Indica 40.11; Hammond (1980), p. 239
9. Arr. Indica 32.10-12
10. Arr. Indica 36-37.10. According to Arrian (Indica 38.1), the length of the voyage along the Karmanian coast was 3,700 stades.
11. Brunt (1983), p. 403
12. Arr. Indica 37.2; Str. 16.3 NOTES
13. Dr. Fahed Al-Wohaibi; Potts (2009), p. 38
14. Huntingford (1976), p. 104
15. Huntingford (1976), p. 105. Semiramis might be Larak island some 40 km north of Cape Musandam at the entrance of the Gulf.
16. The length of the voyage was 4,400 stades (Arr. Indica 40.2).
17. For more details on the trip, see Potts (2014), pp. 135-145.
18. Brunt (1983), p. 420, note 1
19. Potts (2009), p. 38, note 133
20. Whitehouse (1996), p. 342
21. Arr. Indica 40-42.10
22. The length of the voyage was 2,000 stades (Arr. Indica 42.4-5).
23. Cole and Gasche (2007), p. 41, note 213
24. Cole and Gasche (2007), p. 41, note 211. Pliny moves Teredon more to the north, when Euphrates was emptying into the Tigris (Plin. 6.32.145);
25. Potts (1990 Vol. II), p. 7, note 25 and p. 8, note 30. Although trade through Teredon was greatly reduced due to Alexander's and Seleukid foundations. According to Juba, Teredon was still visited by Parthian merchants around his time (Plin. 7.145).
26. Salles (2012), p. 299
27. Cole and Gasche (2007), p. 42, Fig. 73
28. Arr. Indica 41.8. The distance of 3,300 stades agrees with today's actual distance of about 600 km from Babylon to the southern tip of Khawar Sabiya.
29. Cole and Gasche (2007), p. 45, note 216
30. Arr. 7.7.6-7. This is also attested in Strabo: "[…] on account of the cataracts, purposely constructed, the rivers cannot receive the merchandise that comes in from the sea nor bring down any either, and that all traffic is carried on by land."
31. Potts (1990 Vol. II), p. 2
32. Parpas (2014), p. 191, note 6 and p. 193, note 20
33. Curt. 10.1.19. The septemremes were introduced for sea warfare by the Phoenicians at a later date. They were used extensively in the Roman wars. It is highly unlikely that Alexander had taken delivery of such warships at that time.
34. "Aristobulus says that Alexander also found the fleet at Babylon; the part which was with Nearchus had sailed up the Euphrates from the Persian Sea, but the rest had been brought up from Phoenicia, two Phoenician quinqueremes, three quadriremes, twelve triremes and some thirty triacontoroi, which had been broken up and carried across from Phoenicia to the Euphrates, to the city of Thapsacus, put together again there, and sailed down to Babylon." (Arr. 7.19.3-6)
35. penteres = singular, pentereis = plural, same for dieres, trieres and tetreres)
36. triakontoros = singular, triakontoroi= plural, same for pentekontoros) 105) Meijer (1986), p. 14
37. Parpas (2013), pp. 194-199
38. Murray (2012), p. 24
39. Parpas (2013), pp. 199-201 110) Meijer (1986), p. 119
40. Murray (2012), p. 30
41. Murray (2012), p. 15
42. Cole and Gasher (2007), p. 47 NOTES have taken 100 to 500 tons." [Available at: https://www.academia.edu/21391893/ Phoenician_Shipwrecks_of_the_8_th_to_the_6_th_century_B.C._Overview_ and_Interim_Conclusions (Accessed 10 May 2016)]
43. Meijer (1986), pp. 227-228
44. Engels (1978), Appendix 5, Table 7, p. 153
45. Engels (1978), p. 15 188) Engels (1978), p. 145
46. C H A P T E R I I I HELLENISTIC NAVAL PRESENCE IN THE GULF
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48. Potts (2009), p. 32
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50. Plut. Alex. 34.1; Parpas (2014), pp. 141-155
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