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Aghul language
| Aghul | |
|---|---|
| агъул чӀал / Ağul ҫ̇al | |
| Native to | Russia, also spoken in Azerbaijan |
| Region | Southeastern Dagestan |
| Ethnicity | Aguls |
|
Native speakers
|
29,000 (2010 census)[1] |
| Cyrillic | |
| Official status | |
|
Official language in
|
Dagestan (Russia) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | agx |
| Glottolog | aghu1253[2] |
Aghul, also spelled Agul, is a language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 29,300[3] people (2010 census).
Contents
History[edit]
![[icon]](./?mortyurl=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170114065158%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) |
Classification[edit]
Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
Geographic distribution[edit]
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[4]
Official status[edit]
Aghul is not an official language, and Lezgian is used as the literary language.
Related languages[edit]
There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Phonology[edit]
Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[5] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some[which?] Aghul dialects have an especially large number[vague] of permitted initial tense consonants.[5]
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | rounded | |||
| Close | i (и) | y (уь) | ɨ (ы) | u (у) |
| Mid | e (е) | ø (оь) | o (o) | |
| Open | æ (аь) | ɑ (а) |
The vowels in bold are vowels that appears in «others letters combinations» in omniglot.
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||||
| voiceless | fortis | pː | tː | kː | qː | ||||||
| lenis | p | t | k | q | ʡ | ʔ | |||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||||||
| Affricate | voiced | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | ||||||||
| voiceless | fortis | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | t͡ʃːʷ | |||||||
| lenis | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | ||||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fortis | fː | sː | ʃː | ʃːʷ | xː | χː | |||
| lenis | f | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | χ | ʜ | ||||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j |
- The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.
- The epigottal stop is included by omnigrot in the phoneme list, but not by TITUS didactica.
- Omniglot says that the lenis voiceless stops are aspirated. It also says that the epiglottals are in fact pharyngeals.[6]
Alphabet[edit]
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | ГьI гьI | ГI гI | |
| Д д | Дж дж | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | |
| К к | Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | КI кI | Л л | М м | Н н | |
| О о | П п | Пп пп | ПI пI | Р р | С с | Т т | Тт тт | |
| ТI тI | У у | Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | ХI хI | |
| Ц ц | ЦI цI | Ч ч | Чч чч | ЧI чI | Ш ш | Щ щ | ъ | |
| I | ы | ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Grammar[edit]
|
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
Case[edit]
There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Adjectives[edit]
Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
Pronouns[edit]
Personal pronouns[edit]
| Singular (Aghul) | Plural (Aghul) | Singular (Tokip) | Plural (Tokip) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | zun | čin (ex), xin (in) | či (ex), xi (in) | či, xi |
| 2 | wun | čun | čun | ču |
Vocabulary[edit]
|
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
Writing system[edit]
|
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
Examples[edit]
Cyrillic writing[edit]
Іисайи пуная гебурис: – ДуьгІе акье миштти: «Дад, Ве ттур гирами хьурай; Ве Паччагьвел адирай. ТІалаб аркьая чин Вакес гьер ягьас гуни. Гъил гьушен че гунагьарилас, чинна гьил гьуршанду кІилди час Іайвелар аркьаттарилас. ХІа темехІера хьас амарта час».[8]
Transliteration[edit]
ˡisaji punaja geburisi: – Du’gˡe ak’e mištti: "Dad, Ve ttur girami x’uraj; Ve Paččag’vel adiraj. Tˡalab ark’aja čin Vakes g’er jag’as guni. G″il g’ušen če gunag’arilas, činna g’il g’uršandu kˡildi čas ˡajvelar ark’attarilas. Xˡa temexˡera x’as amarta čas." [6]
Translation[edit]
And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Aghul at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Aghul". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agx
- ^ Ethnologue entry for Aghul
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^ a b c http://www.omniglot.com/images/writing/aghul.gif
- ^ Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA
- ^ http://198.62.75.1/www1/pater/kuhl1/aghul-lp.jpg
- ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11&version=KJV
Bibliography[edit]
- Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. (Mouton grammar library; 9). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. – ISBN 3-11-013735-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Talibov, Bukar B. and Magomed M. Gadžiev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar’. Moskva: Izd. Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija.
External links[edit]
 |
Aghul language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Languages of the World report
- UCLA phonetics lab data for Aghul
- Aghul word lists from the UCLA phonetics lab archive
- Aghul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
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