Sarikoli language
| Sarikoli | |
|---|---|
| tujik ziv | |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
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Native speakers
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16,000 (2000)[1] |
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Indo-European
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| Arabic[citation needed] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | srh |
| Glottolog | sari1246[2] |
| Linguasphere | 58-ABD-eb |
Xinjiang province. Light blue are areas where Sarikoli is spoken.
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The Sarikoli language (also Sariqoli, Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the north-eastern Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Tajiks in China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language", although it is different from the language spoken in Tajikistan.
Contents
Nomenclature[edit]
Sarikoli is officially referred to as "Tajik" (塔吉克语 Tǎjíkèyǔ) in China.[3] However, it is not closely related to Tajik as spoken in Tajikistan.[4] It is also referred to as Tashkorghani,[5] after the ancient capital of the Sarikoli kingdom (now Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, China); however, this usage is not widespread among scholars.
The earliest written accounts in English, from the 1870s, generally use the name "Sarikoli".[6]
Distribution of speakers[edit]
The number of speakers is around 35,000; most reside in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in southern Xinjiang Province, China. The Chinese name for the Sarikoli language, as well as the usage of Sarikol as a toponym, is Sèlèkùěr yǔ (色勒庫爾語). Speakers in China typically use Uyghur and Chinese to communicate with people of other ethnic groups in the area. The rest are found in the Pakistani-controlled sector of Kashmir, closely hugging the Pakistan-Chinese international borders.
It is mutually unintelligible with the related Wakhi language.[7]
Orthography[edit]
The language has no official written form. Gawarjon, publishing in China, used IPA to transcribe the sounds of Sarikoli in his book and dictionary,[4][8] while Pakhalina, publishing in Russia, used an alphabet similar to that of the Wakhi language in hers.[9][10] The majority of Sarikoli-speakers attend schools using Uyghur as the medium of instruction.
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
Sarikoli vowels as used in Russian works (IPA values in brackets):
a [a], e [e], ɛy [ɛi̯] (dialectal æy or ay [æi̯ / ai̯]), ɛw [ɛu̯] (dialectal æw or aw [æu̯ /au̯]), ə [ə], i [i], o [o / ɔ], u [u], ы [ɯ] (dialectal ů [ʊ]). In some dialects also long variants of those vowels can appear: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ы̄, ǝ̄.
Consonants[edit]
Sarikoli has 29 consonants:
Sariqoli consonants according to Russian Iranologist transcription (IPA values in bracelets): p /p/, b /b/, t /t/, d /d/, k /k / c/, g /ɡ ~ ɟ/, q /q/, c /ts/, ʒ /dz/, č /tɕ/, ǰ /dʑ/, s /s/, z /z/, x̌ /x/, γ̌ /ɣ/, f /f/, v /v/, θ /θ/, δ /ð/, x /χ/, γ /ʁ/, š /ɕ/, ž /ʑ/, w /w/, y /j/, m /m/, n /n / ŋ/, l /l/, r /r/
Stress[edit]
Most words receive stress on the last syllable; however, a minority receive stress on their first syllable. Also, several noun declensions and verb inflections regularly place stress on their first syllable, including the imperative and interrogative.[4]
Vocabulary[edit]
Although to a large extent the Sarikoli lexicon is quite close to those of other Eastern Iranian languages, but a large number are words are special to Sarikoli and the closely related Shughni, that are not found in other Eastern Iranian languages like Wakhi, Pashto or Avestan.
| English gloss | Persian | Tajik | Wakhi | Pashto | Shughni | Sarikoli | Avestan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | jæk (یک) | jak (як) | ji | jaw (يو) | jiw | iw | aēva- |
| meat | ɡuʃt (گوشت) | ɡuʃt (гушт) | ɡuʂt | ɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa (غوښه) | ɡuːxt | ɡɯxt | ? |
| son | pesær (پسر) | pisar (писар) | putr | zoi (زوی) | puts | pɯts | putra |
| fire | ɒteʃ (آتش) | otaʃ (оташ) | rɯχniɡ | or (اور) | joːts | juts | âtar |
| water | ɒb (اب) | ob (об) | jupk | obə (اوبه) | xats | xats | aiwyô, ap |
| hand | dæst (دست) | dast (даѕт) | ðast | lɑs (لاس) | ðust | ðɯst | zasta |
| foot | pɒ (پا) | po (по) | pɯð | pxa, pʂa (پښه) | poːð | peð | pad |
| tooth | dændɒn (دندان) | dandon (дандон) | ðɯnðɯk | ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ (غاښ) | ðinðʉn | ðanðun | ? |
| eye | tʃæʃm (چشم) | tʃaʃm (чашм) | tʂəʐm | stərɡa (سترګه) | tsem | tsem | cashman |
| horse | æsb (اسب) | asp (асп) | jaʃ | ɑs (آس) | voːrdʒ | vurdʒ | aspa |
| cloud | æbr (ابر) | abr (абр) | mur | urjadz (اوريځ) | abri | varm | maēγa- |
| wheat | ɡændom (گندم) | ɡandum (гандум) | ɣɯdim | ɣanam (غنم) | ʒindam | ʒandam | ? |
| many | besjɒr (بسيار) | bisjor (бисёр) | təqi | ɖer, pura (ډېر، پوره) | bisjoːr | pɯr | paoiri, paoirîsh, pouru |
| high | bolænd (بلند) | baland (баланд) | bɯland | lwaɻ (لوړ) | biland | bɯland | berezô, berezañt |
| far | dur (دور) | dur (дур) | ðir | ləre (لرې) | ðar | ðar | dûra, dûrât |
| good | χub (خوب) | χub (хуб) | baf | xə, ʂə (ښه) | χub | tʃardʒ | vohu |
| small | kutʃik (کوچک)) | χurd (хурд) | dzəqlai | ləɡ, ləʐ (لږ) | dzul | dzɯl | ? |
| to say | ɡoft (گفت) | ɡuft (гуфт) | xənak | wajəl (ويل) | lʉvd | levd | aoj-, mrû-, sangh- |
| to do | kærd (کرد) | kard (кард) | tsərak | kawəl (کول) | tʃiːd | tʃeiɡ | kar- |
| to see | did (ديد) | did (дид) | wiŋɡ | winəm (وينم) | wiːnt | wand | dî- |
References[edit]
- ^ Sarikoli at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Sarikoli". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ A wide variety of transcriptions of the name "Sarikoli" are used in linguistic discussions, such as 萨里库尔语 Sàlǐkùěryǔ, 萨雷阔勒语 Sàléikuòlèyǔ, 色勒库尔语 Sèlèkùěryǔ, or 撒里科里语 Sǎlǐkēlǐyǔ.
- ^ a b c d Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985). Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
- ^ Rudelson, Justin Jon (January 2005). Lonely Planet Central Asia Phrasebook: Languages Of The Silk Road. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74104-604-1.
- ^ Shaw, Robert (1876). "On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhi and Sarikoli)". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Asiatic Society of Bengal. XIV.
- ^ Arlund, Pamela (2006). An Acoustic, Historical, and Developmental Analysis of Sarikol Tajik Diphthongs. Arlington, Texas: The University of Texas. p. 8.
- ^ Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1996). 塔吉克汉词典 (Tǎjíkè-Hàn Cìdiǎn) Tujik ziv – Hanzu ziv lughot. Sichuan: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House. ISBN 7-5409-1744-X.
- ^ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (1966). The Sarikoli Language (Сарыкольский язык/Sarykol'skij Jazyk). Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
- ^ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (1971). Sarikoli-Russian Dictionary (Сарыкольско-русский словарь/Sarykol'sko-russkij slovar'). Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
Further reading[edit]
- Arlund, Pamela S. (December 2006). "An Acoustic, Historical, and Developmental Analysis of Sarikol Tajik Diphthongs". Ph.D. dissertation. Arlington: University of Texas. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
- Xiren Kurban; Zhuang, Shuping (January 2008). "中国塔吉克语色勒库尔方言概述/A Probe into China-Tajik Selekur Dialect" (PDF). Language and Translation: 13–19. ISSN 1001-0823. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
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