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Topical Hemostatic Agents

Aka: Topical Hemostatic Agents

I. See Also

  1. Tourniquet (Pneumatic Tourniquet, Windlass Tourniquet)
  2. Hemorrhage Management
  3. Chitosan Dressing (Chitin)
  4. Kaolin Mineral Dressing (Kaolin)
  5. Zeolite Mineral Dressing (Zeolite)

II. Mechanism

  1. Topical Hemostatic Agents

III. Indications: Extremity Hemorrhage

  1. Indicated for rapid non-extremity bleeding not controlled with direct manual pressure (sites where Tourniquets cannot be used)

IV. Precautions

  1. Newer agents (Chitosan, Zeolite and mineral dressings) are not widely available outside of military and large Trauma Centers as of 2013

V. Preparations: Aluminum Chloride (e.g. Drysol, Xerac)

  1. Indications
    1. Hemostasis of minor bleeding typically following skin procedures (e.g. Shave Biopsy)
  2. Mechanism
    1. Hydrolyzes to form hydrogen chloride which has hemostatic and Vasoconstrictive properties
  3. Adverse Effects
    1. Local Paresthesias at application site

VI. Preparations: Ferric Subsulfate (e.g. Monsel's solution, AstrinGen)

  1. Indications
    1. Control of bleeding from small wounds on skin or mucosa (e.g. Colposcopy biopsy)
  2. Background
    1. One of the oldest Hemostatic Agents (described by Monsel in the 1850s)
  3. Mechanism
    1. Denatures and coagulates proteins to form a membrane over small blood vessels
  4. Technique
    1. Clean bleeding site and apply local pressure
    2. Insert cotton swab into Monsel's solution and stir to mix
    3. Apply cotton swab to bleeding site
  5. Adverse Effects
    1. May cause discoloration of tissue to which it has been applied

VII. Preparations: Silver Nitrate

  1. Indications
    1. Hemostatic agent for small wounds
  2. Mechanism
    1. Silver Nitrate sticks applied to small bleeding sites release silver that binds tissue proteins
    2. Bound protein precipitates into a black eschar that obstructs small blood vessels
  3. Technique
    1. Clean bleeding site and apply local pressure
    2. Apply Silver Nitrate stick to bleeding site
  4. Adverse Effects
    1. Exercise care to avoid tattooing (e.g. on face) and to avoid local spread and damage to adjacent tissue

VIII. Preparations: Gelatin (Gelfoam, Surgifoam)

  1. Indications
    1. Small vessel bleeding typically from bone
  2. Mechanism
    1. Gelatin based network traps platelets and Clotting Factors, facilitating clotting
    2. Gelatin is absorbant, swelling and compressing small bleeding sites
  3. Technique
    1. Various forms may be applied to bleeding sites including plugging bleeding open wounds
  4. Adverse Effects
    1. Risk of local infection at application site

IX. Preparations: Regenerated Oxidized Cellulose (Surgicel)

  1. Indications
    1. Small vessel bleeding typically following surgical procedure
  2. Technique
    1. Absorbable Fabric cut to size and applied to bleeding site
    2. May not be used with thrombin

X. Preparations: Thrombin

  1. Indications
    1. Control of minor bleeding (e.g. tongue Laceration) in patients with prolonged INR (e.g. Warfarin)
    2. Used in combination with gelatins
  2. Mechanism
    1. Thrombin facilitates Fibrinogen conversion to fibrin in the formation of clot
  3. Preparations
    1. Bovine-derived thrombin (Thrombin-JMI)
      1. Contraindicated in cow allergies
    2. Human plasma-derived Thrombin (Evithrom)
    3. Recombinant human thrombin (rhThrombin)

XI. Preparations: Chitosan Dressing

  1. Derived from Chitin is shellfish exoskeletons
  2. Mechanism
    1. Local Vasoconstriction
    2. Mobilizes Clotting Factors and platelets
    3. Mechanical sealing
  3. Efficacy
    1. Stops bleeding in 97% of wounds not stopped with direct pressure
    2. However, bleeding restarts within 1 hour in up to 70% of cases (and nearly all arterial Hemorrhage)

XII. Preparations: Zeolite Mineral Dressing

  1. Mechanism
    1. Increases Clotting Factor and platelet concentration at wound sites via water absorption
  2. Efficacy
    1. Stops bleeding in 92% of wounds not stopped with direct pressure
  3. Adverse effects
    1. Prior formulation caused severe local burns (no longer an issue with newer bead formulations)

XIII. Preparations: Mineral Dressing with Impregnated Kaolin

  1. Mechanism (similar to Zeolite Mineral Dressings)
    1. Increases Clotting Factor and platelet concentration at wound sites via water absorption
  2. Efficacy
    1. Slower control of bleeding
    2. Significantly increased survival in animal models
  3. Advantages
    1. Available as gauze rolls (3 inch wide, 4 yard long) that are now primary hemostatic agent used on battlefield

XIV. References

  1. Kheirabadi (2011) US Army Med Dep J p. 25-37
  2. Swaminathan and van de Leuv (2013) Crit Dec in Emerg Med 27(8): 11-17

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Ontology: Hemostatic Agents (C0019120)

Definition (NCI) An agent that promotes hemostasis.
Definition (MSH) Agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. Absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. These agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming arterial or venous bleeding under any significant intravascular pressure.
Definition (CSP) agent that arrests the flow of blood.
Concepts Pharmacologic Substance (T121)
MSH D006490
SnomedCT 261366004, 26370007, 372681003
English Hemostatics, hemostatic, Haemostatic, Hemostatic, Hemostatic agent, NOS, Hemostatic drug, NOS, Haemostatic agent, NOS, Haemostatic drug, NOS, Hemostatic Agents, hematological agents hemostatics, hemostatics (medication), hemostatics, Haemostatic (qualifier value), Antihemorrhagic, Anti-Hemorrhagic Agent, Hemostatic Agent, hemostatic agent, drugs haemostatic, substances that stop bleeding, agents hemostatic, hemostatic agents, haemostatic, haemostatics, Hemostatic drug, Haemostyptic, Hemostyptic, Haemostatic drug, Hemostatic agent (product), Hemostatic agent (substance), Hemostatic agent, Haemostatic agent
French Agents hémostatiques, Médicaments hémostatiques, Hémostatiques
Swedish Blodstillande medel
Czech hemostatika
Spanish Hemostatic, Haemostatic, agente hemostásico, agente hemostásico (sustancia), agente hemostático (sustancia), agente hemostático (producto), agente hemostático, droga hemostática, fármaco hemostático, Hemostaticos, Hemostáticos
Finnish Hemostaatit
Russian KROVOOSTANAVLIVAIUSHCHIE SREDSTVA, GEMOSTATICHESKIE SREDSTVA, ГЕМОСТ�ТИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВ�, КРОВООСТ���ВЛИВ�ЮЩИЕ СРЕДСТВ�
Japanese 止血剤, 止血薬
Croatian Not Translated[Hemostatics]
Polish Åšrodki hemostatyczne, Hemostatyki, Åšrodki hamujÄ…ce krwawienie
German Blutstillende Mittel, Hämostyptika
Italian Emostatici
Portuguese Hemostáticos
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

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