Journal of the Society for Psychical Research

[Vol. 75.1, No. 902

DISCARNATE ENTITIES AND DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE (DMT): PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, PHENOMENOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY
by DAVID LUKE

ABSTRACT
The highly psychoactive molecule A^.iV-dimethyltryptamine (or simply DMT), is found naturally occurring in the brains of humans, mammals, and some other animals, as well as in a broad range of species of the plant kingdom. Although speculative, neurochemical research suggests that DMT may be made in the pineal gland, and it is hypothesised that, as much as melatonin helps activate sleep cycles, DMT activates- dreaming, and may also be implicated in other natural visionary states such as mystical experience, near-death experience (NDE), spontaneous psi and psychosis. Amazonian shamans may have made use of this chemical for its visionary properties for thousands of years, and take it as part of a decoction frequently called ayahuasca, which translates from Quechua as "vine of the spirits" or "vine of the dead". The psychedelic brew is taken because it gives rise to extraordinary mental phenomena that have shamanic and supposed healing qualities, such as synaesthesia, ostensible extra-dimensional percepts, out-of-body experiences, psi experiences and, perhaps most commonly, encounters with discarnate entities. When described by independent and seemingly naïve DMT participants the entities encountered tend to vary in detail hut often helong to one of a very few similar types, with similar behavioural characteristics. For instance, mischievous shapeshifting elves, praying mantis alien brain surgeons and jewel-encrusted reptilian beings, who all seem to appear with baffling predictability. This opens up a wealth of questions as to the ontology of these entities. The discussion of the phenomenology and ontology of these entities mixes research from parapsychology, ethnobotany amd psychopharmacology — the fruits of science — with the foamy custard of folklore, anthropology, mythology, cultural studies and related disciplines. Hopefully, however, given the varied readership of this journal, it won't prove to be a trifie too interdisciplinary. INTRODUCTION

Rarely does any one molecule excite as much sense of intellectual possibility as that of N.A^-dimethyl tryptamine (styled N,N-'DMT, or simply DMT): a psychedelic Índole alkaloid of the tryptamine family, much like its more notorious cousin LSD, but one which is found to occur naturally in trace quantities in the human body, as well as in many plants and animals, and— unlike LSD—also has a long history of shamanic use among many indigenous cultures, particularly in South America. When administered by Amazonian shamans it is usually ingested orally from stewed plant-matter and gives rise to an intoxication that lasts for 4-6 hours (Shanon, 2002). When smoked, DMT is generally more intense and extremely fast-acting—taking only a matter of seconds—and makes extremely profound temporary changes to consciousness, lasting about 12-15 minutes (Strassman, 2001), Zen philosopher Alan Watts smoked DMT to demonstrate his ability as a monk to maintain rational control and verbal fluency in the most exotic states of consciousness, but failed and
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The parapsychological and transpersonal experiences reported by users are increasingly becoming the focus of research and DMT neurochemistry has been called on in the explanation of phenomena such as psi (e. 2001). The extraordinary phenomena reported by users include extra-dimensional geometric visions. cited in Strassman. psychedelic commentators to assume it to be true. synaesthesia. One hypothesis holds that DMT manufacture occurs at the pineal gland (e. which "consisted of moving. or 5HT). however. someone recently suggested to me that smoking DMT was "like God punching a hole in the back of your head". 1977).g.e. Lopez-Ramos & Walker.g. 1957. who synthesised DMT in his lab and injected it into himself in 1956. made within the body). one of whom reported that. THE SPECULATED PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF DMT. Its identity as an endogenous 'psychedelic' was discovered by the Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szára. 1977) given that all the necessary chemical building blocks and enzymes are available. . although Hanna (2010) reminds us that the pineal-DMT hypothesis remains unproven despite the tendency of many. and in 1972 the Nobel-prize-winner Julius Axelrod reported finding DMT in human brain tissue (Strassman.January 2011] Discarnate Entities and Dimethyltryptamine commented afterwards that it was like attempting to give "a moment-tomoment description of one's reactions while being fired out the muzzle of an atomic cannon with neon-byzantine barrelling" (Leary. Such biosynthesis has been observed in plants and is speculated to occur in humans (Mandel et al. AND THE PINEAL GLAND ITS RELATED COMPOUNDS The production of DMT in the body is speculated to occur through the conversion of the simpler molecule tryptophan into tryptamine and then into DMT (Mandel. while another noted that. HISTORY OF DMT BIOCHEMISTRY First synthesised in the laboratory in 1931 by the Canadian chemist Jeremy Manske. "in front of me are two quiet. The common neurotransmitter serotonin (5 hydroxy tryptamine. Currently. this biosynthesis occurs. psi (particularly telepathy and clairvoyance). the tryptophan being available from the diet as an essential amino acid. so the current paper is overdue in presenting an — albeit brief—overview of the psychopharmacology. . Prasad. afterwards describing his "hallucinations". for certain. out-of-body experiences. DMT was isolated from a plant source {Mimosa hostilis) in 1946 by the Brazilian chemist and ethnobotanist Gonçlaves de Lima (Shulgin & Shulgin. Roney-Dougal. p. but it remains unknown where. sunlit Gods". 2001). Strassman. brilliantly coloured oriental motifs" that completely filled his consciousness (Szára. 1966. 84). crucial in higher cognitive processes. 2001). and encounters with discarnate entities. 2001). "the whole room is filled with spirits .. phenomenology and ontology of such DMT encounters. less informed. I feel exactly as if I were flying". Szára went on to give DMT to his medical colleagues. 1997). there exists no published review of DMT in relation to encounters with ostensibly discarnate entities. clearly establishing DMT as an endogenous chemical (i. In 1965 a German team published an article in Nature announcing the discovery of DMT in human blood. is known to be highly concentrated in 27 . 1991) and NDEs (Strassman. Similarly.

Roney-Dougal (e. such as S-adrenosyl-methionine. 2002). with the aid of pineal enzymes (methyl transferases. liver.N-dimethyltyptamine. The only attempt thus far to support the hypothesis directly has been Strassman's attempt to isolate DMT from 10 human pineal glands extracted from eadavers. the former of whieh regulates sleep cycles. by the same methylisation process. Any tryptamine at the pineal. 2010) it is certainly feasible. is to make serotonin available at the pineal (Ho.hydroxy-N. 5-HO-DMT) (Shulgin & Shulgin. is usually a combination of at least two plants. one of which contains harmala alkaloids (such as the ayahuasea vine. 1988). So while the pineal-DMT hypothesis is currently unproven (Hanna. where. Sueh an abundance of DMT in nature has led Shulgin and Shulgin (1997) to conclude that it is almost easier to list the species in which DMT does not occur than the ones in which it does. No. These latter two substances are also endogenous visionary molecules. the serotonin available at the pineal gland can also be eonverted into 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin (5. thought to occur primarily through the reduetion of body temperature (Dawson & Encel. similar in chemical strueture and effect to DMT and are also found in certain ingredients of the visionary shamanie deeoetion used in the Americas. THE AYAHUASCA CAULDRON AS NOCTURNAL PINEAL MIMICRY Supporting the hypothesis that the supposed psyehedelie chemistry of the pineal gland is central to the expression of psi. DMT. Psychotria viridis) (e. the pineal gland is especially rich in them and also has high concentrations of serotonin. which are rich in bufotenin that can be dried and smoked (Rudgley. ayahuasea.iV-dimethyl tryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). or 6-MeO-TH/îC) (Callaway. Some of these visionary substances are even of animal origin. whieh means "the vine of the spirits" in Queehua. or SAM). although the lungs. Banisteriopsis caapi) — and the other of whieh contains DMT (such as the chacruna bush. ready to convert to tryptamine. especially when it is considered that the chemical conversion of tryptamine to DMT can be demonstrated in vitro. it ean be easily converted into tryptamine. and its close psychedelic cousin 5-methoxy A^.g.g. where it follows a circadian rhythm and is converted at night into melatonin (5-methoxy tryptamine. The human pineal gland also creates other y3-earbolines. such as 6-methoxyharmalan. 75.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research [Vol. 902 the pineal gland. 1991) also points to the use of ayahuasca as a sacramental shamanie brew reported to induce a range of psychic experiences. which breaks down tryptamines such as serotonin. 1997). 2001).l. ayahuasca. according to Strassman (2001). according to Callaway (1988). These yff-earbolines inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxydase (MAO). such as the venomous secretions of the Sonoran desert toad (Bufo alvarius). can be eonverted to DMT. Another function of these MAO inhibitors (MAOIs). and in other shamanie substances. pinoline (6-methoxy tetrahydro-/5-earboline. however. sueh as pinoline or any of the harmala alkaloids. According to Strassman (2001). or 5MT) and the /?-earboline. neither the bodies nor the glands were freshly frozen and any chemicals present may have degraded before analysis (Strassman. Used widely by the indigenous groups of the Amazon basin and across much of South America. No DMT was detected in the glands. 1977). blood and eye all contain the enzymes necessary to convert tryptamine to DMT. and. The ancient use of the 28 . a harmala alkaloid. Shanon. 2007). 2000).

DMT). 2001). although a contemporary review in relation to electromagnetic field fluctuations is presently overdue (but see Roney-Dougal. 2004). 2008c). but the plant-based harmala alkaloids (ßcarbolines) also added to the brew inhibit MAO and allow the complementarily ingested visionary tryptamines to be absorbed intact. Arriaza. 2005). harmine) that helps to both potentiate the effects of. 2008). ayahuasca contains two types of visionary chemicals. 2010) and parapsyehological research (Luke. probably due to their hyperserotonergic aetion and the subsequent production of the endogenous vision-inducing molecules 5-MeO-DMT and 5HO-DMT (Callaway.g. In essence. by acting primarily as a 5HT2A (serotonin subtype) agonist. one type (ßearbolines. Nevertheless the harmala alkaloids are also known to induce visions themselves. There exist further expositions of the relationship between parapsychological phenomena. Based on their known psychoactivity. However. DMT. a recent review of 35 psychedelic compounds and their affinities for 51 different receptors. Until recently DMT was considered to be similar in action to the classic serotonergic psychedelics. Roney-Dougal & Vögl. NEUROCHEMICAL ACTION OF DMT In terms of the neurochemical action on the brain. It is this action of the ßearbolines (particularly harmine) in ayahuasca that is currently considered to be their primary purpose as plant admixtures in the brew (e. Roney-Dougal. 2006). clairvoyant states induced with the harmala-alkaloid-containing Perganum harmala shrub in Morocco have been reported (Rudgley. 1993). The brew has a unique and eomplex chemistry that is speculated to mimic that of the nocturnal pineal gland and its psychedelic deployment of DMT. as confirmed by archaeological hair samples (Ogalde. are not orally active if ingested as they are denatured by the MAO enzymes present in the stomach. However. McKenna. in preparation). travelling clairvoyance (e. 1991) mystical experiences and NDEs (Strassman. e.g. Indeed. and this may account for why harmala alkaloids are less effective and slower than DMT or DMT/harmala alkaloid combinations at inducing visions (Luke. 5MeO-DMT and 5H0DMT in synergy with the yö-earbolines. like other psychedelic tryptamines. as subjectively potent ayahuasca decoctions occasionally do not contain DMT when analysed (Callaway. 2001) originally implicated /ff-carbolines. is only very partially understood. Roney-Dougal (e. though this may not always be the case. The former group of endogenous visionary tryptamines. although commonly present in ayahuasca (especially DMT). Roney-Dougal (2001) also later acknowledged that the yff-carbolines may primarily exert their visionary effects by potentiating the effects of ingested visionary tryptamines like DMT or 5MeO-DMT when consumed in combination with them. 2004). and create the other type (tryptamines.g. potentially mimicking the nocturnal chemistry of the pineal and its supposed control over natural visionary states sueh as dreams (Callaway. LSD and psilocybin (for a review see Nichols. 1989. e. as in ayahuasea. & Soto. either naturally during dreams (Callaway. 1988) or artificially by causing waking dream states.January 2011] Discarnate Entities and Dimethyltryptamine ayahuasca vine goes back to at least AD 500-1000 Andean Chile. transporters and ion 29 . as inducing psiconducive states. psyehedelics and the pineal gland in terms of neurochemistry (Luke & Friedman.1991. 2000). 1990. such as the endogenous pinoline and the exogenous harmala alkaloids. 1988).g.g.

The physiological changes accompanying the use of ayahuasca are similar but less immediate and more prolonged.g. 902 channels shows many psychedelic substances to be particularly 'promiscuous' and share affinities for many receptor types and sub-types (Ray. for one. 5HTID and 5HTIE out of any of the 35 chemicals tested. The individual neuroanatomy and neurobiology of these implicated receptor systems is altogether another discussion.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research [Vol. Sharp but not prolonged increases in blood levels were also observed for beta-endorphin. 2010) rather than the serotonergic receptors. 2004). the effects began in seconds. prolactin. vasopressin. and also having affinity with a range of serotonin subtypes. but see Nichols (2004) and Wallach (2009) for a limited overview. DMT is also unique in having the greatest affinity for any single dopamine (Di) receptor of any psychedelic compound tested in this review (Ray. 2009). DMT had become a scheduled drug in the severest category. By the early 1970s. No.g. some alpha adrenergic receptor subtypes. as previously thought (e. 2010).g. having the greatest affinity with 5HT7. PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE DMT EXPERIENCE Since the informal DMT administration studies conducted by Szára from the 1950s. interestingly enough. 2001). Melatonin concentrations in the blood. peaked at about 2 minutes. p-tyramine and tryptamine) receptors (not reviewed by Ray.. and so scientific research ceased. despite demonstrating little potential for abuse. few scientific inroads have been made into the DMT experience. suggests that understanding the biological function of DMT is as elusive now as it has ever been. It could be said that DMT is far from selective in its action and is a potent and broad-acting neuromodulator. and was still climbing at 60 minutes (Strassman. Wallach (2009). however.1. Medical doctor Rick Strassman has been one of the few researchers to work directly with DMT in humans since then. Wallach (2009) speculates that DMT's extraordinary visionary phenomena are actually mediated by its recently discovered action upon the 'mysterious' trace amine (e. growth hormone and corticotrophin. Furthermore. Physiological changes generally involved a rapid increase in pulse (up to 150bpm) and blood pressure. but both fell as quickly as they rose once the peak of the trip had been reached at about 2 minutes. and administered over 400 intravenous doses to more than 60 volunteers throughout the 1990s as part of a clinical investigation into its effects. Trying to unpack the neurocognitive implications of this pharmacologically limited database and yet extremely complex assortment of neurochemical activities is no simple job and is still very much a nascent endeavour. These physiological changes. are subjectively experienced far less than the intense immersive shift in consciousness of the DMT itself. see McKenna. Following injection. Pupils dilated and body temperature rose after a delay of 15 minutes. 2004). 2010). 5HTiA. and also include vomiting due to the purgative effects of the harmala alkaloids (e. and by 12-15 minutes had subsided to the point were the participant was able to speak again. fell. possibly leading to some psychological effects. and the sigma-1 receptor—implicated in clinical depression and schizophrenia — for which DMT is the only known endogenous ligand (Fontanilla et al. 75. The 30 . Ray demonstrates DMT to be especially promiscuous. Nichols.

including kaleidoscopic lights. Indeed. 2005). Certainly.January 2011] Discarnate Entities and Dimethyltryptamine experience begins with an immediate 'rush'. animals. imagery usually took the form of kaleidoscopic geometric patterns. and deeper than those of normal awareness or dreams" (Stassman. and were consistently categorised as "four-dimensional" or "beyond dimensionality" at high doses (Stassman. 2002). usually as a sense of "powerful energy pulsing through them at a very rapid and high frequency" (Strassman. MENTAL IMAGERY Visual. 2001. In a survey of psychedelic transpersonal experiences (Luke & Kittenis. Metzner. sensory deprivation. excitement. colourful geometric patterns. 2009). Giglio & Dalgalarrondo. 2010b for a discussion of entoptics and geometric DMT imagery). though not objectively observed.g. which generally passed after a few seconds of deep breathing. Initially. p. Under the influence of DMT the colours of this geometry tend to exceed what are usually perceived with the eyes. with experients feeling they no longer had a body. 1985) it is perhaps not unsui:'prising that dissociation from the body was frequently reported. as well as hypnogogia (Mavromatis. 2001. often. which maybe called form constants. Intense physical vibrations were commonly experienced. auditory driving and hyperventilation (for a review see Lewis-Williams & Dowson. 2001). 2005). and deep hypnosis (Cárdena. 148). euphoria. 146). Such an intense and swift onset was often accompanied with some fear and anxiety. often accompanied by high-pitched whining and whirring or chattering sounds as the effects begin (Strassman. more intense. 1988) because they are considered to be universally experienced in altered states and supposedly conform to a few specific types of patterning (see Luke. felt as a sense of urgency and departure. except that with eyes open the vision overlaid the contents of the room so volunteers generally closed their eyes for less disorientation. 147). Irwin. p. 1926. 1988). two of the three most common reports for DMT were being out of one's body but in another dimension and dissolving into pure energy. 2008. imagery was the predominant experiential effect for DMT participants. Given that such sounds and vibrations are common to out-of-body experiences (e. which have been referred to as entoptics (perhaps erroneously) or form constants (e. and saw much the same with their eyes open or shut. and also closely resembled those of ayahuasca users (e. Luna. 2009. personal communication. see Beyer. tunnels. in one study. and supernatural beings (Barbosa. 2001. and were "brighter.g. At higher doses nearly all of Strassman's DMT participants beheld mental imagery. are experienced as a consequence of factors such as ingestion of certain psychoactive drugs. or rather mental. humans. Other feelings experienced include elation. 2006. though on occasion the negative emotion became almost unbearably bad. 63 percent of first-time ayahuasca users reported seeing extraordinary visual phenomena. geometric forms. Shanon. The dimensions of the geometric patterns often surpass normal percepts too. revelation and a sense of timelessness (Strassman. 2001). Klüver. 1987). 31 . Lewis-Williams & Dowson. that it had dissolved and they had become pure awareness (Strassman. and.g. The other common experience in Strassman's research was to encounter entities. p.

leading this author to question the supposed physiological origin of such visions (Luke. 2000] Iconic images seen may take the form of tunnels. 1998). The anthropologist Narby (1998) also found DNA was a frequent feature in the ayahuasca visions of Amazonian shamans. Narby (2000) took three molecular biologists to Peru for their seminal trips up the Amazon and on ayahuasca. but often 'represented' by two intertwined snakes. DMT A D VERIDICAL VISIONS N When the harmala alkaloid now called harmine. For instance.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research [Vol. 2001). 2010b): the optic system seemingly belonging to only three dimensions. albeit inconclusive. DNA double helices (Strassman. particularly of DNA. . the first psychoactive compound isolated from ayahuasca. 2001). symbols and scripts. [Sfos.1. Zerda Báyon illustrated the psi-inducing power of telepathine with the case of Colonel Morales. All three scientists received valuable information from their visions that helped inform their research. . No. as best described by this DMT experient:At this point the glorious geometries transcended what is even vaguely feasible in this three-dimensional mundane [reality]. and which ultimately changed their worldview. after ingesting ayahuasca. computers. constantly concrescing [sic] into new and varigated [sic] permutations. Whether such feats are due to the imagination or clairvoyance remains unclear. 75. 2008). 13th dimensional millipedes saying themselves to themselves as they make love. 2002). 302). Prior to the Crick news report. You have a sense of being swarmed by the whimsical mastermind art forms of an extremely eccentric Boolean contortionist. the biochemist. but as a psychedelic tryptamine it has some similar neurochemical properties and. A possibly apocryphal and certainly controversial story told shortly after Francis Crick's death suggests that the geneticist was under the influence of LSD when he envisioned the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. ducts (Strassman. who received the Nobel Prize for inventing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—making possible the human genome project and forensic DNA testing—had earlier said that taking LSD had been invaluable in helping him visualise sitting on a DNA molecule and watching the polymerase go by (Mullis. often becoming incorporated into the aforementioned geometry in a somewhat ineffable manner. 902 6th October 2008). stairways. 32 . with similar reports occurring for ayahuasca (Luna. "the American biologist. who. the inner workings of fantastic machines. Clearly LSD is not the same as DMT. Kary Mullis. and impossible Gordian knots dancing the jitterbug at a lyrical lightspeed: a gelatinous ballet of endlessly self-juxtaposing pirouettes. and. both substances seem capable of inducing microscopic molecular visions. was discovered by Zerda Báyon (1912) it was named telepathine. incredible landscapes and cities of alien worlds (Shanon. and to look anywhere was to be shot clean through with scintillating amazement. commonly. who normally worked on deciphering the human genome. said she saw a chromosome from the perspective of a protein flying above a long strand of DNA" (Narby. exfoliating out of themselves what might be called hyperspherologies of the divine. but support for the latter is abundant. in auspicious circumstances. p. internal organs and bodies. Similarly. 2000. a diabolical merry go round of linguistic Rubik's cubes. 2004). The DMT imagery also appears as iconic forms. for which he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize (Rees.

Level II: Vivid. possible contact with entities. Transitional phase: Tunnel or breakthrough experience. albeit more refined. in this ease ayahuasea (Don. Repetitive. the only two published experiments to attempt to test for psi under the infiuence of DMT. geometric visual patterns. Shanon. 2002). p. 1994). characterized the deepening levels of the experience (somewhat like LewisWilliams and Dowson's (1988) stages of altered states of consciousness) as:Level I: Threshold experience. Kaleidoscopic images 33 . 2010a). an interiorflowingof energy/consciousness. passage through an entrance into another world. Many more published accounts of sueh apparent ESP occur in Luna and White's (2000) anthology of classic ayahuasca experiences. Rapid figurai transformations 6.January 2011] Discarnate Entities and Dimethyltryptamine beheld a vision of his dead father and his sick sister. 1996.or higher-dimensional space. framed around the predominant visual or visionary phenomena:1. It seems unlikely that the news eould have arrived first by non-paranormal means. Designs with figures 5. beholding visions of distant dead or dying relatives—who were not known at the time to be ill or dead—is an ayahuasca story that has emerged repeatedly in the writings of South American explorers during the last 150 years (for a brief review see Luke. both failed to elicit it. Level IV: The white light. Geometric designs and patterns 4. brilliantly coloured. although these were more conspicuous with certain other psyehedelics (Luke & Kittenis. Level III: Three. The cognitive psychologist Shanon (2002. Meyer (1994). Survey respondents also reported DMT and ayahuasea as inducers of spontaneous psi-type experiences. PHENOMENOLGICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF THE DMT WORLD Considering the phenomenology of the DMT experience several researchers have attempted to map the psychic topography of the DMT space. a sense of being in an 'objective' space and of meeting intelligent and communicating entities. 2005). though this may well be due to the arduous and boring testing deployed. and both studies lacked control eonditions to eompare against (for a review see Luke. multiplying non-figurative elements 3. Nevertheless. system for the stages of the ayahuasca experience. puffs and splashes of colour 2. In one study the participant complained that experiencing the visions was far more interesting than testing for psi. 2008c). 293) has a similar. as the group was deep in the jungle 15 days' travel from the nearest communications outpost. 2010. Tinoco. as well as elsewhere (for summaries see Luke & Friedman. Indeed. About one month later he received the same news by messenger. probably the first researcher to write specifically about DMT entities. McDonough. Warren & Moura. Bursts. geometries are basically two-dimensional but may pulse.

as well as dwarfs. common and unique features of the DMT or ayahuasca experience is the encounter with seemingly sentient discarnate beings. or just as a presence. and would appear as something like "clowns. mantises. spiders. May be a mystical or near-death-type experience. spirits. Alternatively. stable. angels. fading visions and decreased intensity. Well-defined. bees. 2001. single figurative images 8. 'aliens'. and the third and final stage is a recovery phase. often difficult to accept. Ayahuasca cartographer Beyer (2009). of pleasantness. demonstrating that pure DMT can reliably induce an entity encounter experience in a good proportion of volunteers. Invisible worlds: Encounter with autonomous. whieh are often described as being more real than anything previously experienced (Cott & Rock. and stick figures" (Strassman. In traditional ayahuasca mythology the serpent is considered to be the spirit of ayahuasea and the feline is considered to be the power animal of the shaman. 'beings'. Transpersonal: An experience novel in intensity and quality but formed from the subject's previous experience. gods. Shanon's fourteen ayahuasea stages begin with colourful geometry. Celestial and heavenly scenes 13. though it should be noted that not all experiences 'go all the way'. DISCARNATE ENTITIES Perhaps one of the most striking. Full-fledged scenes 10. elves. 902 7. wise. eacti. 75. 2002). and on occasion the ayahuasca drinkers feel themselves transformed into this creature. 2008).Journal of the Society for Psychical Research [Vol. freestanding realities sometimes appearing to be inhabited by alien beings capable of interaction. Virtual reality 14. Proto-scenes 9.1. Besides visionary encounters with people. Encounters with serpents and large felines. pass through fully immersive other worlds and terminate in experiences of euphoric light. Interactive scenes 11. the first two of whieh map closely to those of Shanon and Meyer: first is the geometric pattern phase. lassitude. Scenes of flight 12. into three types:— Personal: Encounters with one's own personal issues. the latter four of which were commonly supremely powerful. Strassman (2008) takes a categorical rather than a stage approaeh to elassifying the different DMT experiences. and loving. second is the 'contact with the spirit world' phase—incorporating entity encounters and corresponding to Meyer's Level III and Shanon's 9th13th stages. particularly black pumas. Supreme light Like Meyer's four DMT stages. 2008). are much more typical on ayahuasca (Shanon. animals and other 34 . reptiles. 185). Commonly they were described as 'entities'. Over half of the volunteers taking a high dose of DMT had at least one 'invisible world' experienee (Strassman. imps. No. prefers to characterise the experience into just three chronological stages. 'guides' or 'helpers'. p.

Strassman (2001) developed this further and suggested that spontaneous endogenous DMT fluctuations could be at the root of alien abduction experiences as they share the same newly found fearlessness of death and visions of energy tunnels. 2001. Severi (2003) also noted the similarity between NDEs. such as the absence with DMT of the classic 'grays' (alleged small grey aliens). that of insectoid-aliens. 2008b). However. Mack. Egyptian or pre-Columbian deities.g. in a manner reminiscent of alien abduction cases (e. 2. In a qualitative analysis of interviews with 19 DMT users (Cott & Rock. Mythological beings: Such as gnomes. or typically Hindu. despite the similarities. Chimeras or hybrids: Typically half human half animal (e. of plant teachers or plant spirits. a common theme emerged of entering other realities and having what the user experienced as real encounters with sentient beings. and heightened psychic sensitivity. monsters and beings of death: Such as the angel of death. typically identified as being deceased persons (Cott & Rock. 1989).January 2011] Discarnate Entities and Dimethyltryptamine ordinary things (not typical of DMT). 6. Kottmeyer. Another category. Following the use of ayahuasca. and monsters of all kinds. Psychedelic explorer McKenna (1991) posited that 4H0-DMT (psilocin) visions and other spontansous experiences of aliens and UFOs originated from the same source. the entities tended to impart insightful information about themselves and the universe that they inhabited. 2008). Extraterrestrials: These are particularly common for some experients and may be accompanied by spacecraft. or cylinders of light. A similar classification might also be applied to DMT entities. much like the positive performative role played by the apparently sentient beings encountered in near-death experiences. as have previous researchers (e.g. especially in the form of a praying mantis (Luke. to wolf. Reports abound of mantis-like creatures performing ethereal brain surgery to DMT (and indeed 4H0-DMT) experients. mermaids). the kinds of supernatural beings encountered on ayahuasca are classified by Shanon (2002) thus:1. in press). a sub-category to Shanon's list might be added to the extraterrestrial category. fairies. Further. 1999. 5. Ring. Angels and celestial beings: Usually winged humanlike beings that may be transparent or composed of light. 2008). 3. alien abduction experiences. for example from human to puma. to tiger. Of note. 4. Nevertheless. Demons. Indeed one close friend naively reported a mantis encounter on their first DMT trip and another naively experienced full-blown 'psychic brain surgery' from a mantis on their second ayahuasca session. because these are regularly encountered on ayahuasca according to interviews with shamans and surveys of users (see Luke. Baruss (2003) notes that. Buddha. traditional psychedelic-induced shamanic initiations. DMT and alien abduction experiences lack specific commonalities. HarveyWilson. Semi-divine beings: May appear like Jesus. 1999). Hancock (2005) argues that there are substantial similarities 35 . or transforming or shapeshifting beings. elves.g. should be added to Shanon's list.

Hallucination. suggests "we are alienated. 43). It should be noted that few experients ever doubt the reality of their encounters with either aliens (Mack. I thereafter discovered a similar account reported by Meyer (1996) and so was struck by the coincidence. be they our reptilian brain or our cells. the question of the entities' reality is redundant given that they generate real information. and the similarity of such encounters with those of others. interacting with me. The communicating entities appear alien but are actually unfamiliar aspects of ourselves (Turner. with my eyes open. dwarfs. spirits of the dead or time travellers from the future 36 . 902 between aliens and 'elves'. eyes closed. and sometimes this seems to go beyond the experient's available sphere of knowledge. The identity of the entities remains speculative. but suggests that there are numerous interpretations of the entity phenomena. I found myself. Leading the debate. Alternatively. 75. 1995). gnomes. p. p. Nevertheless. imps. 1996). One particularly vocal DMT explorer who adopted this neuro-reductionist approach.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research [Vol. ONTOLOGY OF DMT BEINGS Encounters with elves. 2001). 1999) or DMT entities (Strassman. so alienated that the self must disguise itself as an extraterrestrial in order not to alarm us with the truly bizarre dimensions that it encompasses. speculating that the latter also have a DMT-induced aetiology and. II . Indeed on my first experience with DMT. whether induced through DMT or else appearing in historic-folkloric legends and testimonies. These little people. are extremely prevalent. the independent existence of these beings seems self-evident. molecules or sub-atomic particles (Meyer. 16). Meyer (1996) indicates that. goblins and other 'little people' (though clearly not human people). appears to have taken a more ambiguous stance recently (Kent. pp. have long been at the spearhead of the debate on the reality of DMT beings. but they may be extraterrestrial or even extradimensional alien species. 2010) by considering the entities simply as information generators. McKenna (1991. No.Other worlds. perhaps due to their prevalence. that these elves are the prototype encounter/abduction experiences. Similar 'elven' characters once reappeared on an ayahuasca trip but disturbed me even more because this time they appeared in front of me. and have been popularly dubbed the "self-transforming machine elves" (McKenna. James Kent (see Pickover. 1991. When we can love the alien. 2005. under the influence. being stuffed full of light by what I can only describe as little elves. then we will have begun to heal the psychic discontinuity that [plagues] us.1. Meyer's and others' interpretations fall into three basic camps:I . DMT provides access to a true alternate dimension inhabited by independently existing intelligent entities." III . adopting the theory proposed by Vallée (1969). Such a position is favoured by those taking a purely (materialist reductionist) neuropsychological approach to the phenomena. unaware of virtually all lore associated with it. pixies. For Kent (2010). The entities are subjective hallucinations. The seeming reality of the experience at the time. have led many to ponder seriously the ontology of these beings. 104105).Psychological/ Transpersonal. according to Kent the entities cannot be trusted always to tell the truth and must be regarded as tricksters.

Clearly. no amount of speculation will reveal the true nature of such DMT 'visions' nor their entities and the ontological debate remains wide open without a scientific approach. for example those apparently communicating via trance mediums. Surely in such cases Occam's razor should prevail in support of the survival hypothesis. because psi has no apparent or even theoretical limits. The living chess grandmaster Victor Korchnoi ostensibly played a high level game of chess with the deceased Hungarian grandmaster Géza Maróczy via an automatic-writing medium who was a chess novice (Eisenbeiss & Hassler. Good evidence was presented that none other than a grandmaster of Maróczy's standing could have maintained that standard of playing over 47 moves. chess matches or otherwise. be that maths puzzles. but failed to consider the possibility that Korchnoi himself was the (living) source of such psi information (Breederveld. Rodriguez (2007) suggests obtaining from the entities solutions to complex mathematics puzzles that are unknown to the DMT participant communicating with them. 1996). is the super psi hypothesis. is actually just a four-dimensional version of our physical reality (Meyer. elves. and so Neppe (2007) dismissed the superpsi hypothesis. pixies. 1995). The hyperspace explanation is one of the conclusions drawn by Evans-Wentz (1911/2004. however. 482) following his massive folkloric study of 'the little people' (i. The problem is that. uncertainty prevails. A case in point comes from a proposal by computer scientist Rodriguez (2007) to experimentally prove or disprove the entities' existence. can lend over a century's worth of similar such enquiry to the issue. which has long proved difficult to surmount in parapsychological attempts to validate the existence of discarnate entities considered to be spirits of the dead.g. for a comprehensive discussion). A variation on this is that the alternate dimension. which wholly sane and reliable seers claim to see when exercising seership of the highest kind [perhaps under the influence of endogenous DMT]. and if they exist it would be impossible in a third-dimensional plane to see them as they really are. Hence the ordinary apparition is non-real as a form. and a similar curse awaits any such attempts to test the reality of DMT entities through ordinary informational means. the medium or DMT explorer) receiving the information directly from an earthly incarnate source (see Braude.g. popularly termed hyperspace (e.January 2011] Discarnate Entities and Dimethyltryptamine (Meyer. aside from the huge assumptions involved in expecting our supposed hyperintelligent beings having the desire to co-operate and 'prove themselves'. may be as real to themselves and to the seers as human beings are to us here in the third-dimensional world when we exercise normal vision. 2008).e. 2006). and psychical research in particular. The most crippling problem for Rodriguez's test. etc):It is mathematically possible to conceive fourth-dimensional beings. A parallel debate aptly demonstrates how the super psi problem applies to Rodriguez's (2007) proposal. it remains a possibility that any information provided by ostensibly discarnate entities may actually be due to the 'super' psi of the receiver (e. At this juncture. p. parapsychology. Regrettably. this ingenious method for testing the reality of DMT entity encounters is subject to a number of flaws. Turner. 2002. 1996). whereas the beings. but alas. Grossly simplified. One alternative approach to investigating the ontology of shamanic entity encounters considers similarities in independent reports concerning the 37 .

elves. b) deeply psychic. to supply enough rope for any attempt to fathom the identity of such entities it would seem beneficial to first demonstrate the authenticity of some less nebulous paranormal phenomena. of course. Sueh a methodology has its limitations. A recent conversation with a 5year-old boy who described this exact entity and its aetivity in exquisite detail had me wondering whether the boy was a) generating an extremely elaborate spontaneous hoax. one such being that commonly appears to naïve DMT users is an entity consisting of multiple entwined serpents covered in multitudinous eyes. may not quite be certain where it fits in and. especially those eneountered naively and without any cultural context from which the characteristics of the entity could be derived (Luke. with possible ineorporeal origins. in any case. tell us whether sueh experiences are real or not. The danger with such information is that even if DMT is implicated in other spontaneous encounter experiences it cannot. though we. often forming a fibonacci-spiral-like geometrical shape. also exist in various cultural cosmologies. of course. Sueh data pose challenging questions as to whether the entity is culturally mediated— which seems unlikely given the obscurity of the cultural references — or a culture-free universal feature of DMT activation (naturally or artificially) in the brain. be they apparitions. Nevertheless. aliens. 75. 2008b). An alternative would be the demonstration of the lawful and orderly induction of synaesthetic communications. Ultimately we remain burdened with an intellectual regress whilst left clutching a neuroehemical piece of the jigsaw. A similar phenomenologieal triangulation approaeh could fruitfully be made with other types of entities commonly eneountered with DMT and ayahuasea. 2010b). No. These are possible avenues of research but any small miracle these days is a step in the right direetion. such as reports of shamans singing while weavers 'see' the sounds and independently weave identical yarn patterns (see Luke. IMPLICATIONS The real benefit of this research.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research [Vol. 902 characteristics of particular entities. 2008) or genuine extra-dimensional percepts (Luke. 38 . For instanee. 2008a). Appropriate directions for such endeavours may inelude demonstrating the utility of DMT (or ayahuasca) for inducing either psi under controlled conditions (Luke. ghosts. or the kinds of spirits supposedly channelled by mediums.1. 2008a). Obscure references to a similar mythological entity. sometimes identified as 'the angel of death'. such as the bizarre preponderance of praying mantises (Luke. poltergeists. so as at least to show that extraordinary experiences under the influence of DMT may be genuine. in press). or c) had genuinely eneountered this entity on a regular basis during dreams and hypnagogia. by itself. is that a deeper understanding of DMT and its associated discarnate entities may east some light on the study of all encounter phenomena. possibly indicating the trans-cultural nature of this entity (Luke. it seems to make the puzzle that much more perplexing. It might be possible by such means to determine how statistically improbable is the oeeurrenee of these shared visions. nevertheless upon inspection of the literature it appears that such an approach has rarely been applied to the study of apparently collective visions and may point the baffled DMT ontologist in an enlightening direction.

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