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Hungarian people

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Hungarians
Magyarok
Famous Hungarians.jpg
1st row: Grand Prince Álmos • Saint Stephen I • Matthias Corvinus • Gábor Bethlen • Francis II Rákóczi
2nd row: János Bólyai • István Széchenyi • János Arany • Róza Laborfalvi • József Eötvös
3rd row: Lóránt Eötvös • Vilma Hugonnai • Tivadar-K Csontváry • Béla Bartók • Miklós Horthy
4th row: Zoltán Kodály • Emma Orczy • János Kádár • Zsa Zsa Gabor • Péter Esterházy
Total population
c. 14-15 million
Regions with significant populations
Hungary Hungary 9,979,000[1]
Neighbours of Hungary c. 2.2 million
 Romania 1,237,746  (2011) [2]
 Slovakia 458,467  (2011) [3]
 Serbia 293,299   (2002) [4]
 Ukraine 156,566  (2001) [5]
 Austria 40,583  (2001) [6]
 Croatia 16,595  (2001) [7]
 Slovenia 6,243  (2002) [8]
Rest of Europe c. 0.3-0.5 million
 Germany 120,000  (2004) [9]
 France 100,000 to 200,000  (2004) [10]
 United Kingdom 80,135  (2001)
 Sweden 40,000-70,000
 Czech Republic 14,672  (2001) [11]
 Turkey 6,800  (2001) [12]
 Ireland 3,768  (2002) [13]
 Macedonia 2,003  (2002) [14]
North America c. 2 million
 United States 1,563,081  (2006) [12]
 Puerto Rico 1,050
 Canada 315,510  (2006) [15]
South America 0.2 - 1 million [12]
 Brazil 80,000 [16]
 Argentina 40,000-50,000 [17]
 Chile 40,000
Oceania  (AUS / NZL) 70,000 [12]
 Australia 67,616 [18]
 New Zealand 1,476
Asia c. 10,000
 Thailand 3,029
 Philippines 1,114
Languages

Hungarian
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant (primarily Reformed and Lutheran; also Unitarian), minority Greek Catholic, Jewish and Unaffiliated.
Part of a series on the
History of Hungary
Coat of arms of Hungary
Prehistory and early history
Middle Ages
Principality 895–1000
Medieval kingdom 1000–1538
Ottoman Wars 1366–1526
Early modern history
Habsburg kingdom 1538–1867
Eastern kingdom 1538–1570
Ottoman Hungary 1541–1699
Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711
Late modern period
Rákóczi's War 1703–1711
Revolution of 1848 1848–1849
Austria-Hungary 1867–1918
Lands of the Crown 1867–1918
World War I 1914–1918
Interwar period 1918–1941
Kingdom of Hungary 1920–1946
World War II 1941–1945
Contemporary history
Republic of Hungary 1946–1949
People's Republic 1949–1989
Revolution of 1956  
Republic of Hungary since 1989
By topic
Portal icon Hungary portal

Hungarians, also known as Magyars—Hungarian: magyar (singular); magyarok (plural)—are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 14-15 million Hungarians, of whom 10 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2011).[19] About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the 1918-1920 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Treaty of Trianon, and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, especially Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Canada and Australia. The Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székely, the Csángó, the Palóc, and the Jassic people.

Contents

[edit] Name

Further information: Name of Hungary
The possible homeland of the Hungarians was situated at the regions of Southern Ural.

The exonym "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from the Bulgar-Turkic On-Ogur (meaning "ten" Ogurs),[20] which was the name of the Utigur Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars, and prior to the arrival of Magyars. The Hungarians must have belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is quite possible they became its ethnic majority.[20] In the Early Middle Ages the Hungarians had many different names, such as "Ungar" or "Hungarus".[21]

The Hungarian people refer to themselves by the denomination "Magyar", and not the term "Hungarian", which is only used by non-Hungarians.[20]

The "H-" prefix is an addition in Medieval Latin. The medieval Kingdom of Hungary was known in Latin as either Regnum Hungariae or as Regnum Ungariae.

The Hungarian endonym is Magyar. There are several theories about the origin and meaning of the word "Magyar".[citation needed]

[edit] Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins

Main article: Hungarian prehistory

The linguistic heritage of the Hungarians comes from Finno-Ugric peoples. A branch of Uralic speakers migrated from their original homeland near the Ural mountains and settled in various places in eastern Europe, until they conquered the present-day area of Hungary between the 9th and 10th centuries. Genetically, the present-day Hungarian population preserves much of an older European genetic makeup.[22][23] In the Middle Ages, according to genetic and palaeoanthropological studies, the majority of Hungarians showed features of European biological descent.[24][25]

[edit] Pre-fourth century AD

During the fourth millennium BC, the Uralic-speaking peoples who were living in the central and southern regions of the Urals split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards.[26] From at least 2000 BC onwards, the Ugrian speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with the Andronovo Culture,[27] furthermore, the type of Hungarians of the Conquest period shows related features to that of the Andronovo people.[28]

[edit] Fourth century to c.830 AD

In the fourth and 5th centuries AD, the Magyars moved to the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River known as Bashkiria (Bashkortostan) and Perm Krai.

In the early 8th century, some of the Magyars moved to the Don River to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers.[29] Meanwhile, the descendants of those Magyars who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241.

The Magyars around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov Culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, Onogurs) and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that the Magyars were organized in a confederacy of tribes called hétmagyar (lit. seven Hungarians). The tribes of the hétmagyar were: Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján.

Hungarian migration.png
NE 600ad.jpg
Honfoglalas.gif
Migrations of the Hungarians, 300-900 AD Location of the Hungarian (Magyar) tribes around 600 AD Migration to Carpathian Basin, 895-955 (Hungarian: honfoglalás)

[edit] c.830 to c.895

Around 830, a civil war broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes[30] of the Khazars joined the Magyars and they moved to what the Magyars call the Etelköz, i.e. the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River (today's Ukraine)[citation needed]. Around 854, the Magyars faced a first attack by the Pechenegs.[29] (According to other sources, the reason for the departure of the Magyars to Etelköz was the attack of the Pechenegs.) Both the Kabars and earlier the Bulgars may have taught the Magyars their Turkic languages. The new neighbours of the Magyars were the Varangians and the eastern Slavs. From 862 onwards, the Magyars (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz to the Carpathian Basin–mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria.[31]

[edit] Entering the Carpathian Basin (c.895)

Main articles: History of Hungary, Pannonian basin before Hungary, Hungarian prehistory, Pannonia, and Székely
Prince Árpád crossing the Carpathians. A detail from the Arrival of the Hungarians, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast cyclorama (over 1800 m²), painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary.
Hungarian campaigns in the 10th century. The prayer "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos Domine" ("Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians") comes from this period.
Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin, from the Chronicon Pictum, 1360.
Population growth of the Hungarians (900–1980)
The Treaty of Trianon: Hungary lost 72% of its land and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.

In 895/896, under the leadership of Árpád, some Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin. The tribe called Megyer was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c.895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war, Magyars in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. The Bulgarians won the decisive battle of Southern Buh. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts were the cause of the Hungarian departure from Etelköz.

From the upper Tisza region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their looting raids across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia)[citation needed], which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000,[29] who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians.[29]

After the battle of Augsburg (955), the Hungarians stopped their raids against Western Europe.

Many of the Hungarians, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaeological findings suggest (e.g. Polish Przemyśl). They seem to have joined the other Hungarians in 900. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the Székelys, comprise 40% of the Hungarians in Romania.[32][33] The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy.

[edit] History after 900

Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France, and the population of medieval Hungary was the third largest of any country in Europe. The Hungarian leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin in 896. In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a Bavarian army in the Battle of Pressburg and laid the territories of present-day Germany, France and Italy open to Hungarian raids. These raids were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated Louis the Child's Imperial Army near Augsburg in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through Basle, Alsace, Burgundy, Saxony, and Provence.[34] Magyar expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. Although the battle at Lechfeld stopped the Hungarian raids against Western Europe, the raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970.[35] Hungarian settlement in the area was approved by the Pope when their leaders accepted Christianity, and Stephen I the Saint (Szent István) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the Magyars' arrival from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal).[36] After the country's acceptance into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially against the Turks.

At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered between 25,000[37] and 1,000,000 people.[29][38]

The name "Hungarian" has also a wider meaning, as it once referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity.[39]

The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially Slovak and Romanian) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure throughout history.

Some historians support the theory that the Magyars' proportion in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the Middle Ages[40][41][42][43][44] – non Magyars numbered hardly more than 20% to 25% of the total population[40] and began to decrease only at the time of the Ottoman conquest,[40][41][44] – reaching as low as around 39% in the end of the 18th century. The decline of the Magyars was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule.[40][41][44] The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Magyars, so the death toll attrited them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities.[40][44] In the 18th century their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs, Croats[citation needed], and Germans.[40][41][44][45] Droves of Romanians entered Transylvania during the same period.[41][45][46] As a consequence of the Turkish occupation and the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change[citation needed] in ethnic composition.[44] Hungary's population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, however, only 39% of its people were Magyars, who lived primarily in the centre of the country.[40][41][42]

Other historians, particularly Slovak and Romanian ones, tend to argue that the drastic change in the ethnic structure hypothesized by Hungarian historians in fact did not occur. Therefore, the Magyars are supposed to have accounted only for about 30–40%[citation needed] of the Kingdom's population since its establishment. In particular, there is a fierce debate among Magyar and Romanian historians about the ethnic composition of Transylvania through the times; see Origin of the Romanians.

In the 19th century, the proportion of Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 due to higher natural growth and magyarization. Between 1787 and 1910 number of ethnic Hungarians rose from 2.3 million to 10.2 million due to population explosion, generated by the resettlement of the Great Hungarian Plain and Voivodina by mainly Roman Catholic Hungarian settlers from the northern and western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1715 (after the Ottoman occupation) the Southern Great Plain was near uninhabited, now has 1.3 million inhabitants, and it's homogeneous with ethnic Hungarians.

Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (of whom about two-thirds were non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890–1910 to escape from poverty.[47]

The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Magyars' history. By the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One third of the Magyars became minorities in the neighbouring countries.[48] During the remainder of the 20th century, the Magyar population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the Second World War and the wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956. The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization)[49][50][51] and emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina).

After the "baby boom" of the 1950s (Ratkó era), a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours.[52] The Magyar population reached its maximum in 1980, after which it began to decline. This decline is expected to continue at least until 2050, at which time the population will probably be between 8 and 9 million.[52]

Today, the Magyars represent around 35% of the population of the Carpathian Basin, their number is around 12–13 million. For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in Romania (in Transylvania), Slovakia, Serbia (in Vojvodina). Sizable minorities live also in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Croatia (primarily Slavonia) and Austria (in Burgenland). Slovenia is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the Prekmurje region. Today, more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries.[53]

There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Magyars living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient voter turnout. On May 26, 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed a bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. The neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minority expressed concerns over the legislation[54].

[edit] Later influences

Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars assimilated or were influenced by subsequent peoples arriving in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the Cumans, Pechenegs, Jazones, Germans and other Western European settlers in the Middle Ages. Vlachs (Romanians) and Slavs have lived together and blended with Magyars since early medieval times. Ottomans, who occupied the central part of Hungary from c.1526 until c.1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats and others) that resettled depopulated territories after their departure. Similar to other European countries, Jewish, Armenians, and Roma (Gypsy) minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages.

[edit] Maps

[edit] Traditional peasant costumes (17th and 18th century)

  • Bikkessy Heinbucher Kunsági paraszt.jpg
  • Vidéky Károly Bács vármegyei parasztok.jpg
  • Dunamenti viseletek 1822.jpg
  • Franz Jaschke Szolnok és Veszprém megyei parasztok.jpg
  • Klimkovics Ferenc Kalotaszegi népviselet Erdélyben.jpg
  • Bikkessy Heinbucher Felső-magyarországi szénás paraszt.jpg
  • Bikkessy Heinbucher Táncoló magyarok.jpg
  • Medve Imre Az ivó.jpg
  • Nyulassy Lajos Érsekújvári köznép ruházata.jpg

[edit] Folklore and Landscape

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  2. ^ (Romanian) "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011", at the 2011 Romanian census site; accessed February 11, 2012
  3. ^ 2001 Slovakian Census
  4. ^ 2002 Serbian Census
  5. ^ National composition of population
  6. ^ 2001 Austrian census
  7. ^ Položaj Nacionalnih Manjina U Republici Hrvatskoj - Zakonodavstvo I Praska
  8. ^ Slovenia
  9. ^ Bund Ungarischer Organisationen in Deutschland
  10. ^ Bund Ungarischer Organisationen in Deutschland
  11. ^ Národnost ve sčítání lidu v českých zemích
  12. ^ a b c d 2006 community survey
  13. ^ Russia Report to COE
  14. ^ Republic of Macedonia - State Statistical Office
  15. ^ The 2006 census
  16. ^ Revista Época Edição 214 24 June 2002
  17. ^ Hungarian Embassy in Buenos Aires 20 June 2009
  18. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (Census 2006)
  19. ^ Eurostat. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  20. ^ a b c Peter F. Sugar, ed. (1990-11-22). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA9&dq=hungary+onogur+turkish&hl=en&ei=cH4UTo_cCNDPsgbezriBDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
  21. ^ Edward Luttwak, The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire, Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 156
  22. ^ "Genetic structure in relation to the history of Hungarian ethnic groups". Human Biology. 1996. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199606/ai_n8745452/pg_6.
  23. ^ Comparison of maternal lineage and biogeographic analyses of ancient and modern Hungarian populations, U.S. National Library of Medicine
  24. ^ Csanád Bálint (10 2008). "A történeti genetika és az eredetkérdés(ek)". Magyar Tudomány: 1170. http://www.matud.iif.hu/08okt/02.html. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  25. ^ Pál Lipták: A magyarság etnogenezisének paleoantropológiája (The paleoanthropology of Hungarian people's ethnogenesis) (Antropológiai Közl., 1970. 14. sz.)
  26. ^ Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. pp. 96.
  27. ^ Blench, Roger; Matthew Briggs (1999). Archaeology and Language. Routledge. pp. 210. ISBN 0-415-11761-5. http://books.google.com/?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA209&dq=Hungarian+people+settlements+Andronovo+Culture+. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  28. ^ István Fodor (1982). In search of a new homeland: the prehistory of the Hungarian people and the conquest. Corvina. p. 122. http://books.google.com/books?ei=oWQcTZq5LI-zhAeKhJC3Dg&ct=result&id=XMxnAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarians++Andronovo+Culture&q=Andronovo#search_anchor.
  29. ^ a b c d e A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  30. ^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11. Google Books
  31. ^ Magyars
  32. ^ Piotr Eberhardt (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY and London, England, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5. http://books.google.com/?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-century+Central-Eastern#PRA1-PA334,M1.
  33. ^ "Szekler people". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579333/Szekler.
  34. ^ The Hungarians of Hungary
  35. ^ History of Hungary, 895-970
  36. ^ The Magyars (650-997 AD)
  37. ^ Milan Tutorov, Banatska rapsodija, istorika Zrenjanina i Banata, Novi Sad, 2001.
  38. ^ Hungarian historians give the lowest estimates as 70,000 people, while Serbian and Slovak authors suggest much lower numbers; around 25,000.
  39. ^ Specifically, the Latin term natio hungarica referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary regardless of their ethnicity.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  41. ^ a b c d e f A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0028). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  42. ^ a b "International Boundary Study – No. 47 – April 15, 1965 – Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary". US Bureau of Intelligence and Research. http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf.
  43. ^ Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM
  44. ^ a b c d e f Steven W. Sowards. "Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism), Lecture 4: Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority". Michigan State University Libraries. http://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture4.html. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  45. ^ a b C. A. MaCartney D. Litt. (1962). Hungary A Short History. Edinburgh University Press. http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02086/02086.htm.
  46. ^ Robert A. Kann (1980). A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. University of California Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-520-04206-9, 9780520042063. http://books.google.com/?id=w5iJ1tfLnnoC&pg=PA544&dq=petzval+hungarian+of+german.
  47. ^ Peaks/waves of immigration
  48. ^ Kocsis, Károly (1998). "Introduction". Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931313-75-X. http://books.google.com/?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA9&dq=one+third+of+Hungarian+people+minorities+in+the+neighbouring+countries+Trianon. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  49. ^ Bugajski, Janusz (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe (Washington, D.C.). ISBN 1-56324-283-4, 9781563242830.
  50. ^ Kovrig, Bennett (2000), Partitioned nation: Hungarian minorities in Central Europe, in: Michael Mandelbaum (ed.), The new European Diasporas: National Minorities and Conflict in Eastern Europe, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, pp. 19–80.
  51. ^ Raffay Ernő: A vajdaságoktól a birodalomig. Az újkori Románia története (From voivodeships to the empire. The modern history of Romania). Publishing house JATE Kiadó, Szeged, 1989, pp. 155–156)
  52. ^ a b "Nyolcmillió lehet a magyar népesség 2050-re". origo. http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20050414nyolcmillio.html. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
  53. ^ Hungary: Transit Country Between East and West. Migration Information Source. November 2003.
  54. ^ Veronika Gulyas (May 26, 2010). "Hungary Citizenship Bill Irks Neighbor". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/05/26/hungary-angers-neighbor-with-citizenship-bill.
  55. ^ Sebők László's ethnic map of Central and Southeastern Europe
  56. ^ Jankovics, Marcell; Méry, Gábor (2007) (in Hungarian). The St. Elisabeth cathedral of Košice (A kassai Szent Erzsébet-dóm). Méry Ratio.
  57. ^ Estók, János (2005) (in Hungarian). Royal wives' book - Hungary's queens, royal wives, governors' wives and dukesses (Királynék könyve - Magyarország királynői, királynéi, kormányzónéi és fejedelemasszonyai). Helikon. p. 48.

[edit] References

  • Molnar, Miklos (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories (Fifth printing 2008 ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
  • Korai Magyar Történeti Lexicon (9-14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History -9-14th Centuries) Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó; 753. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.

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