Hordenine
| Hordenine | |
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4-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)phenol |
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Other names
N,N-Dimethyltyramine; Peyocactin; Anhaline |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 3595-05-9  |
| PubChem | 68313 |
| ChemSpider | 61609 |
| KEGG | C06199 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:5764 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL505789 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C10H15NO |
| Molar mass | 165.23 g mol−1 |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references |
Hordenine (N,N-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine) is a phenethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties. It works as a stimulant in mammals, increasing heart rate and blood pressure whilst stimulating the release of norepinephrine.[1] The effects of hordenine are typically short-lasting, with research carried out on horses suggesting that the animals were no longer effected after 30 minutes.[2] It is produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactaceae and by some in Acacia.[3]
[edit] Occurrence in nature
Sprouting barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds contain hordenine as the main alkaloid in their roots.[4] The alkaloid is also present in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), a tall perennial grass, and in Ungernia trisphaera, a small flowering species.[5]
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), and Peruvian Torch cactus (Echinopsis peruviana) all produce high levels of this compound[citation needed], reportedly along with many other members of the Echinopsis genus[6]. These cacti also produce high levels of mescaline and other phenylethylamine compounds. Cacti in the genus Ariocarpus, Aztekium, Opuntia, Pereskia, and Coryphantha also produce these alkaloids, though not in high concentrations.[7] Obregonia contains Hordenine, with a reported yield of 0.002%.[8]
[edit] Antibacterial properties
Hordenine exhibits an inhibitory action against at least 18 strains of penicillin resistant Staphylococcus bacteria or MRSA.[9]
[edit] References
- ^ "Pharmacological effects of hordenine". Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 102 (6): 228–32. June1995. PMID 8582256.
- ^ "Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse". Equine Veterinary Journal 22 (6): 437–41. November1990. PMID 2269269.
- ^ www.csdl.tamu.edu
- ^ "The distribution and formation tyramine methylpherase during germination of barly". Journal of Biological Chemistry. February1963. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/238/2/676.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
- ^ The Alkaloids: A Review of Chemical Literature: volume 4 (Specialist Periodical Reports). The Chemical Society. 1974. p. 130. ISBN 0-851862-87-X.
- ^ www.erowid.org
- ^ Peyote and Other Psychoactive Cacti. Berkley, CA, USA: Ronin Publishing. 1997. ISBN 0-914171-95-X. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pFeOluzNEGsC. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ "Cactus alkaloids. XI. Isolation of tyramine, N-methyltyramine, and hordenine from Obregonia denegrii". Economic Botany 25 (4): 382–384. December1971. doi:10.1007/BF02985205.
- ^ www.phytomedical.com[dead link]
