Unifiram (DM-232) is an ampakine drug which acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors,[1] and has nootropic effects in animal studies with up to a thousand times higher potency than piracetam.[2][3] A number of related compounds are known, the best known being sunifiram (DM-235).[4][5][6] Unifiram has two enantiomers, with (R)-(+)-unifiram being the more active isomer.[7]
[edit] References
- ^ Galeotti, N.; Ghelardini, C.; Pittaluga, A.; Pugliese, A.; Bartolini, A.; Manetti, D.; Romanelli, M.; Gualtieri, F. (2003). "AMPA-receptor activation is involved in the antiamnesic effect of DM 232 (unifiram) and DM 235 (sunifiram)". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 368 (6): 538–545. doi:10.1007/s00210-003-0812-6. PMID 14600801. edit
- ^ Ghelardini, C.; Galeotti, N.; Gualtieri, F.; Romanelli, M.; Bucherelli, C.; Baldi, E.; Bartolini, A. (2002). "DM235 (sunifiram): a novel nootropic with potential as a cognitive enhancer". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 365 (6): 419–426. doi:10.1007/s00210-002-0577-3. PMID 12070754. edit
- ^ Romanelli, M.; Galeotti, N.; Ghelardini, C.; Manetti, D.; Martini, E.; Gualtieri, F. (2006). "Pharmacological characterization of DM232 (unifiram) and DM235 (sunifiram), new potent cognition enhancers". CNS drug reviews 12 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00039.x. PMID 16834757. edit
- ^ Scapecchi, S.; Martini, E.; Manetti, D.; Ghelardini, C.; Martelli, C.; Dei, S.; Galeotti, N.; Guandalini, L. et al. (2004). "Structure-activity relationship studies on unifiram (DM232) and sunifiram (DM235), two novel and potent cognition enhancing drugs". Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 12 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.025. PMID 14697772. edit
- ^ Martini, E.; Ghelardini, C.; Dei, S.; Guandalini, L.; Manetti, D.; Melchiorre, M.; Norcini, M.; Scapecchi, S. et al. (2008). "Design, synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of new piperidine and piperazine derivatives as cognition-enhancers". Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 16 (3): 1431–1443. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.050. PMID 17981042. edit
- ^ Martini, E.; Norcini, M.; Ghelardini, C.; Manetti, D.; Dei, S.; Guandalini, L.; Melchiorre, M.; Pagella, S. et al. (2008). "Design, synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of new analogues of DM232 (unifiram) and DM235 (sunifiram) as cognition modulators". Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 16 (23): 10034–10042. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.017. PMID 18954993. edit
- ^ Martini, E.; Ghelardini; Bertucci; Dei; Gualtieri; Guandalini; Manetti; Scapecchi et al. (2005). "Enantioselective synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of the enantiomers of unifiram (DM232), a potent cognition-enhancing agent". Medicinal chemistry 1 (5): 473–480. doi:10.2174/1573406054864142. PMID 16787332. edit
| v · d · eGlutamatergics |
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Agonists: Glutamate/acite site competitive agonists: Aspartate • Glutamate • Homoquinolinic acid • Ibotenic acid • NMDA • Quinolinic acid • Tetrazolylglycine; Glycine site agonists: ACBD • ACPC • ACPD • Alanine • CCG • Cycloserine • DHPG • Fluoroalanine • Glycine • HA-966 • L-687,414 • Milacemide • Sarcosine • Serine • Tetrazolylglycine; Polyamine site agonists: Acamprosate • Spermidine • Spermine
Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) • AP7 • CGP-37849 • CGP-39551 • CGP-39653 • CGP-40116 • CGS-19755 • CPP • LY-233,053 • LY-235,959 • LY-274,614 • MDL-100,453 • Midafotel (d-CPPene) • NPC-12,626 • NPC-17,742 • PBPD • PEAQX • Perzinfotel • PPDA • SDZ-220581 • Selfotel; Noncompetitive antagonists: ARR-15,896 • Caroverine • Dexanabinol • FPL-12495 • FR-115,427 • Hodgkinsine • Magnesium • MDL-27,266 • NPS-1506 • Psychotridine • Zinc; Uncompetitive pore blockers: 2-MDP • 3-MeO-PCP • 8A-PDHQ • Alaproclate • Amantadine • Aptiganel • ARL-12,495 • ARL-15,896-AR • ARL-16,247 • Budipine • Delucemine • Dexoxadrol • Dextrallorphan • Dieticyclidine • Dizocilpine • Endopsychosin • Esketamine • Etoxadrol • Eticyclidine • Gacyclidine • Ibogaine • Indantadol • Ketamine • Ketobemidone • Loperamide • Memantine • Meperidine (Pethidine) • Methadone • Methorphan ( Dextromethorphan, Levomethorphan) • Methoxetamine • Milnacipran • Morphanol ( Dextrorphan, Levorphanol) • NEFA • Neramexane • Nitrous oxide • Noribogaine • Orphenadrine • PCPr • Phencyclamine • Phencyclidine • Propoxyphene • Remacemide • Rhynchophylline • Riluzole • Rimantadine • Rolicyclidine • Sabeluzole • Tenocyclidine • Tiletamine • Tramadol • Xenon; Glycine site antagonists: ACEA-1021 • ACEA-1328 • ACPC • Carisoprodol • CGP-39653 • CKA • DCKA • Felbamate • Gavestinel • GV-196,771 • Kynurenic acid • L-689,560 • L-701,324 • Lacosamide • Licostinel • LU-73,068 • MDL-105,519 • Meprobamate • MRZ 2/576 • PNQX • ZD-9379; NR2B subunit antagonists: Besonprodil • CO-101,244 (PD-174,494) • CP-101,606 • Eliprodil • Haloperidol • Ifenprodil • Isoxsuprine • Nylidrin • Ro8-4304 • Ro25-6981 • Traxoprodil; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine • Co 101676 • Diaminopropane • Acamprosate • Diethylenetriamine • Huperzine A • Putrescine • Ro 25-6981; Unclassified/unsorted antagonists: Chloroform • Diethyl ether • Enflurane • Ethanol (Alcohol) • Halothane • Isoflurane • Methoxyflurane • Toluene • Trichloroethane • Trichloroethanol • Trichloroethylene • Xylene
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Transporter
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