Voiceless alveolar plosive

Voiceless alveolar plosive
t
Image
IPA number	103
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t
Unicode (hex)	U+0074
X-SAMPA	t
Kirshenbaum	t
Sound

The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is t, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental version can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic (t̪; see voiceless dental plosive), and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation (t͇).

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically; the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (outside of Ni‘ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar plosive when adopting loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), and Nǁng of South Africa.^{[citation needed]}

Features

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is stop, or plosive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPA	Description
t	tenuis t
tʰ	aspirated t
tʲ	palatalized t
tʷ	labialized t
ⁿt	prenasalized t
tˤ	pharyngealized t
t̚	unreleased t
tʼ	ejective t

Occurrence

Present in nearly every language, the voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop is one of the most common phones cross-linguistically.

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	տուն	[tun]	'house'
Chinese	Cantonese	但/daan6	[taːn˨˨]	'however'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin	大/dà	[ta˥˩]	'big'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Czech	toto	[toto]	'this'	See Czech phonology
Dutch	taal	[taːl]	'language'	See Dutch phonology
English	tick	[tʰɪk]	'tick'	See English phonology
Finnish	parta	[pɑrtɑ]	'beard'	Allophone of the voiceless dental plosive. See Finnish phonology
French	tordu	[tɔʀdy]	'crooked'	See French phonology
German	Tochter	[ˈtʰɔxtɐ]	'daughter'	See German phonology
Greek	τρία/tria	[ˈtria]	'three'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian	tutaj	[tutɒj]	'raft'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese	特別/tokubetsu	[tokɯbetsɯ]	'special'	See Japanese phonology
Korean	턱/teok	[tʰʌk̚]	'jaw'	See Korean phonology
Malay	tahun	[tahun]	'year'
Maltese	tassew	[tasˈsew]	'true, correct'
Norwegian	tann	[tʰɑn]	'tooth'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu	[taɾawa]	'greedy'
Slovak	to	[to]	'that'
Thai	ตา/ta	[taː˥˧]	'eye'
Vietnamese	ti	[ti]	'flaw, defect'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian	tosk	[tosk]	'tooth'
Yi	ꄉ/da	[ta˧]	'put, place'	unaspirated form
ꄣ/ta	[tʰa˧]	'earthen jar'	aspirated form

See also

• List of phonetics topics

Bibliography

• Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76 
• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell 
• Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97 
• Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090