First Intifada
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Arab–Israeli conflict
Date 1987-1993 Location West Bank, Gaza Strip, Israel Result The Palestinians did not achieve independence. The Intifada contributed to expedite the process leading to the Oslo Accords
Belligerents
Israel	UNCI: Palestinian dissidents PLO Hamas PFLP
Commanders and leaders
Yitzhak Shamir	Unified National Leadership of the Uprising[1] Yasser Arafat
Casualties and losses
160 Israelis total: - 100 Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians, 47 of them were Israeli settlers[2] - 60 Israeli Security forces personnel killed by Palestinians[2] 1,400 Israeli civilians and 1,700 Israeli soldiers wounded.[3]	2,162 Palestinians total: - 1,087 Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces[2] - 75 Palestinians killed by Israeli civilians[2] - Approximately 1,000 Palestinians* killed by Palestinians[4][5]
*Were killed under the accusation of being collaborators and informants of Israel.

The First Intifada (1987–1993) (also "Intifada"^{[note A]}) was a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories.^[6] The uprising began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.^[7]

Palestinian actions primarily included nonviolent civil disobedience and resistance,^[8] and it was the first time that Palestinians acted to together and as a nation.^[9] There were general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, graffiti, and barricades, but the Palestinian demonstrations that included stone-throwing by youths against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) defined the violence for many.^[10]

Intra-Palestinian violence was a prominent feature of the Intifada, with widespread executions of alleged Israeli collaborators. While Israeli forces killed an estimated 1,100 Palestinians and Palestinians killed 164 Israelis, Palestinians killed an estimated 1,000 other Palestinians as alleged collaborators, although fewer than half had any proven contact with the Israeli authorities.^[4][5]

Contents 1 General causes 1.1 Background 1.2 Catalysts 2 Leadership 3 The Intifada 3.1 Casualties 3.2 Intra-communal violence 4 Other notable events 5 Outcomes 6 Timeline 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External links

[edit] General causes

After Israel's capture of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt in the Six-Day War in 1967, frustration grew among Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied territories. The "Iron Fist" policy began by Israel in 1985, economic integration and increasing Israeli settlements which the then Israeli minister of Economics and Finance, Gad Ya'acobi, described as "a creeping process of de facto annexation" contributed to a growing militancy in Palestinian society.^[11] According to Donald Neff, "The immediate cause" of the First Intifada came on 8 December 1987, "when an Israeli army tank transporter ran into a group of Palestinians from Jabalya refugee camp in Gaza Strip, killing four and injuring seven. An Israeli salesman had been stabbed to death in Gaza two days earlier and there were suspicions among the Palestinian Arabs that the traffic collision had not been an accident."^[12]

[edit] Background

The First Intifada came when Palestinians were protesting against Israeli acts that they regarded as brutal and when there was a political stalemate between parties involved in the Arab–Israeli conflict. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had not brought about any solutions to alleviate Palestinian suffering and in 1982, during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the organization had been forced to relocate their offices to Tunis.^{[citation needed]}

The Arab summit in Amman in November 1987 focused on the Iran–Iraq War, and the Palestinian issue was shunted to the sidelines for the first time in years.^[13][14] Israeli military occupation of Southern Lebanon and the continued Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip contributed to growing discontent with the status quo.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Catalysts

Palestinians and their supporters regard the Intifada as a protest against Israeli repression including extrajudicial killings, mass detentions, house demolitions, deportations, and so on.^[15] While relatively few houses were demolished in the years before the Intifada, Israelis believed that house demolitions had "deterrent value". After the Intifada began, and the PLO began to compensate affected families, demolitions "were transformed into a stimulus to further escalation of resistance."^[16] Further causes to the Intifada can be seen in the Egyptian withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the Jordanian monarchy growing weary of pursuing its claims to the West Bank.

High birth rates in the Palestinian territories and the limited allocation of land for new building and agriculture contributed to the increasing population density and a rise in unemployment. While income from manual labor in Israel benefited some Palestinians, unemployment was increasing, even for those with university degrees. At the time of the Intifada, only one in eight college-educated Palestinians could find degree-related work.^[17]

One incident that was often claimed as a motivation is the perceived IDF failure in the "Night of the Gliders", or the "Kibia action", in which a Palestinian guerrilla infiltrated an IDF army camp from Lebanon and killed six soldiers.^[18][19][20]

[edit] Leadership

The Intifada was not initiated by any single individual or organization, but the PLO soon established itself at the forefront, enhancing their presence in the territories. Local leadership came from groups and organizations affiliated with the PLO that operated within the Occupied Territories; Fatah, the Popular Front, the Democratic Front and the Palestine Communist Party.^[21] The PLO's rivals in this activity were the Islamic organizations, Hamas and Islamic Jihad as well as local leadership in cities such as Beit Sahour and Bethlehem. However, the uprising was predominantly led by community councils led by Hanan Ashrawi, Faisal Husseini and Haidar Abdel-Shafi, that promoted independent networks for education (underground schools as the regular schools were closed by the military in reprisal for the uprising), medical care, and food aid.^[22] The Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) gained credibility where the Palestinian society complied with the issued communiques.^[21]

[edit] The Intifada

The deep roots of the Intifada lay in the 20 year occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, but it is widely accepted that the First Intifada "sprang from a serious of rumors and false allegations of Israeli atrocities and investigation from imams at various mosques."^[3]

On December 6, 1987, a Jewish businessman was stabbed to death while shopping in Gaza. Two days later, four residents of the Jabalya refugee camp—the largest of the eight refugee camps in the Gaza Strip—were killed in a traffic accident involving an Israeli trucker.^[3] Rumors circulated that the accident was, in fact, a deliberate act of revenge for the stabbing of the Jewish businessman. Mass rioting broke out on December 9 after a Palestinian teen was shot dead by an Israeli soldier after having thrown a Molotov cocktail at an army patrol.

Hours later, mayhem spread throughout almost all the Arab communities in the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem.^[3] Within days the occupied territories were engulfed in a wave of demonstrations and commercial strikes on an unprecedented scale. Equally unprecedented was the extent of mass participation in these disturbances: tens of thousands of ordinary civilians, including women and children. The Israeli security forces used the full panoply of crowd control measures to try and quell the disturbances: cudgels, nightsticks, tear gas, water cannons, rubber bullets, and live ammunition. But the disturbances only gathered momentum.^[23]

Soon there was widespread rock-throwing, blocked roads and tire burnings were reported throughout the territories. By December 12, six Palestinians had died and 30 had been injured in the violence. The next day, rioters threw a gasoline bomb at the U.S. consulate in East Jerusalem though no one was hurt.^[3]

Other rumors circulated that Palestinian youths wounded by Israeli soldiers were being taken to an army hospital near Tel Aviv and "finished off." Another rumor, claimed Israeli troops poisoned a water reservoir in Khan Yunis. A UN official said these stories were untrue. Only the most seriously injured Palestinians were taken out of the Gaza Strip for treatment, and, in some cases, this probably saved their lives. The water was also tested and found to be uncontaminated.

The Israel Defense Forces reported more than 3,600 Molotov cocktail attacks, 100 hand grenade attacks and 600 assaults with guns or explosives. The attacks were directed at both soldiers and civilians.

Demonstrations evolved from random disturbances to more organized attacks instigated by the Palestinian leadership. By 1988, the Islamist Palestinian movements, Hamas and Islamic Jihad, emerged. The organizations were responsible for hundreds of violent acts, including kidnapping soldiers and attacking Israeli civilians.

The Israeli response to the Palestinian uprising was deadly. The IDF killed many Palestinians at the beginning of the Intifida, the majority killed during demonstrations and riots. Palestinian protests were unpredictable and the IDF was untrained in controlling them. This led to many Palestinian deaths. Israel used mass arrests of Palestinians while Palestinian leaders closed down elementary schools and women and children confronted Israeli soldiers on the border.^[24]

The large number of Palestinian casualties provoked international condemnation. In subsequent resolutions, including 607 and 608, the Security Council demanded Israel cease deportations of Palestinians.

[edit] Casualties

The Israeli army killed more than 1,000 Palestinians in the 1st intifada and more than 120,000 Palestinians were arrested in the 6 year conflict.^[25] In 1990 Ktzi'ot Prison, in the Negev, held approximately one out of every 50 West Bank and Gazan males older than 16 years.^[26]

Gerald Kaufman remarked: "[F]riends of Israel as well as foes have been shocked and saddened by that country's response to the disturbances."^[27] In an article in the London Review of Books, John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt asserted that the IDF was given truncheons and encouraged to break the bones of Palestinian protesters.^[28] Swedish branch of Save the Children estimated that, "23,600 to 29,900 children required medical treatment for their beating injuries in the first two years of the intifada", one third of whom were children under the age of ten years old.^[28]

[edit] Intra-communal violence

Between 1987-1992, Palestinians killed more than 1,100 other Palestinians. During the first 18 months of the conflict, Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel were frequently targeted. By 1990, the pace of Palestinian intra-violence grew exponentially. The Shin Bet recruited hundreds of Palestinians at this point, many of whom had close ties to Hamas and Islamic Jihad. The lawlessness of the West Bank and Gaza Strip promoted a climate of fear and violence for ordinary Palestinians.

According to the American foreign policy analyst Mitchell Bard, Palestinian death squads killed hundreds of Palestinians, often in open areas to send a message to Palestinians who thought about joining the Shin Bet. Palestinians accused of informing for Israel had no right to defend themselves publicly, and many were lynched for refusing to join protests or resistance movements.^[29]

The PLO defended the killing of Arabs accused of collaboration with Israel. Yasser Arafat, leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization at the time, personally delegated the authority to carry out executions of Palestinians.

Eventually, the PLO began to call for an end to the violence, but murders by its members and rivals continued. From 1989-1992, this intrafada claimed the lives of nearly 1,000 Palestinians.^[30] Some historians have drawn parallels to the intra-Palestinian violence with the War of the Camps during the 1982 Lebanon War, and the 1930s Arab revolt.

By the end of the first intifada, which began in December 1987, the number of Palestinians murdered by their fellow Palestinians exceeded the number of Palestinians who died in clashes with Israeli soldiers. Yasser Arafat's PLO officially executed 118 Palestinians who were thought to be collaborating with Israel. By the end of the first intifada, nearly 1,000 Palestinians had died by the hand of their own people.^{[citation needed]}

By June 1990, according to Benny Morris, "[T]he Intifada seemed to have lost direction. A symptom of the PLO's frustration was the great increase in the killing of suspected collaborators; in 1991 the Israelis killed more Palestinians - about 100 - about 150."^[4][31] Attempts at the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict were made at the Madrid Conference of 1991.

[edit] Other notable events

On April 19, 1988, a leader of the PLO, Abu Jihad, was assassinated in Tunis. During the rioting that followed, about 16 Palestinians were killed. In November 1988 and October 1989, the United Nations General Assembly passed resolutions condemning Israel.^[32] In June of that year, the Arab League agreed to support the intifada financially at the 1988 Arab League summit. The Arab League reaffirmed its financial support in the 1989 summit.^[33]

In 1989, local committees in Beit Sahour initiated a nonviolence movement to withhold taxes,^[34] taking up the slogan "No Taxation Without Representation".^[35] Israeli defense minister Yitzhak Rabin's response was: "We will teach them there is a price for refusing the laws of Israel."^[36] When time in prison did not stop the activists, Israel crushed the boycott by imposing heavy fines and seizing and disposing of equipment, furnishings, and goods from local stores, factories and homes.^[32]

The Israeli state apparatus carried out contradictory and conflicting policies that injured Israel's own interests, such as the closing of educational establishments (putting more youths onto the streets) and issuing the Shin Bet list of collaborators.^[37] Suicide bombings by Palestinian militants started on April 16, 1993 with the Mehola Junction bombing, carried at the end of the Intifada.^[38]

[edit] Outcomes

The intifada was neither a military nor a guerrilla conflict. The PLO - which had limited control of the situation - never expected the uprising to make any direct gains against the Israeli state, as it was a grassroots, mass movement and not their venture. However, the Intifada did produce a number of results that Palestinians considered positive:

• By engaging the Israelis directly, rather than relying on the authority or the assistance of neighboring Arab states, Palestinians were able to demonstrate their identity as a separate nation worthy of self-determination.^[39][40]
• The First Intifada marked the end of the Israeli discussion of a "Jordanian solution" to merge the Palestinian territories with Jordan.^{[citation needed]}
• It broke the image of Jerusalem as a united, Israeli city.^[41]
• The failure of the "Iron Fist" policy, Israel's deteriorating international image and Jordan cutting legal and administrative ties to the West Bank and the U.S.'s recognition of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people forced Rabin to seek an end the violence though negotiation and dialogue with the PLO.^[42][43]
• According to Avi Shlaim, the Israeli countermeasures (particularly during the earlier years of the Intifada) resulted in international attention to the Palestinians' cause.^{[citation needed]}
• The Palestinians showed for the first time that there were two sides to the Israel-Palestine issue.^[44]
• Many American media outlets openly criticized Israel in a way that they had not before.^[45]
• The success of the Intifada gave Arafat and his followers the confidence they needed to moderate their political programme: At the meeting of the Palestine National Council in Algiers in mid-November 1988, Arafat won a majority for the historic decision to recognise Israel's legitimacy; to accept all the relevant UN resolutions going back to 29 November 1947; and to adopt the principle of a two-state solution.^[46]
• Criticism of Israel came from the United Nations, the European Community and the United States as well as the Arab states - which during the 1980s were concentrated on the Iran–Iraq War.^{[citation needed]}
• The European Community (later European Union) became an important economic contributor towards the nascent Palestinian Authority.^{[citation needed]}
• The Intifada empowered Palestinians to enter negotiations which lead to the Madrid Conference and the Oslo Accords.^[47]
• The uprising can be linked to the Madrid Conference, and thereby to the return of the Palestinian Liberation Organization from their Tunisian exile.^{[citation needed]}
• The Intifada exposed many problems with the IDF's conduct in the operative and tactical fields, and also the general problem of Israel's prolonged control of the West Bank and Gaza strip. These problems were noticed and widely criticized, in international forums.^{[citation needed]}

However, the impact on the services sector, including the important Israeli tourist industry, was notably negative.^[48]

[edit] Timeline

[edit] See also

• Second Intifada
• Sumud
• 1990 Temple Mount riots
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

[edit] Notes

[edit] Bibliography

• Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-24050-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=OVtKS9DCN0kC. 
• Alimi, Eitan Y. (2006). Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada (2007 hardback ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38560-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=FRSVtzxH_10C. 
• Aronson, Geoffrey (1990). Israel, Palestinians, and the Intifada: Creating Facts on the West Bank. London: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0336-3. 
• Finkelstein, Norman (1996). The Rise and Fall of Palestine: A Personal Account of the Intifada Years. Minnesota: University Press. ISBN 978-0-816-62858-2. 
• Hiltermann, Joost R. (1991). Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (1993 reprint ed.). Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07869-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=m2fdWT3CuyQC. 
• King, Mary Elizabeth (2007). A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance. New York: Nation Books. ISBN 978-1-56025-802-5. 
• Lockman, Zachary; Beinin, Joel, eds (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-363-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC. 
• McDowall, David (1989). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond. California: University Press. ISBN 978-0-52006-902-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=YWorYnKGZ5YC. 
• Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: a History of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-1999. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7. 
• Nassar, Jamal Raji; Heacock, Roger, eds (1990). Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-93411-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=_P5W5ErBQRYC. 
• Peretz, Don (1990). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-81330-860-9. 
• Rigby, Andrew (1991). Living the Intifada. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-040-5. , out-of-print, now downloadable at http://civilresistance.info/rigby1991
• Roberts, Adam; Garton Ash, Timothy, eds (2009). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC. 
• Shay, Shaul (2005). The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0255-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=4kGIpMI5HC0C. 
• Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising: Israel's Third Front. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67530-1. 
• Shalev, Aryeh (1991). The Intifada: Causes and Effects. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Post & Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-8303-3. 
• Shlaim, Avi (2000). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-140-28870-4. 

[edit] External links

• The Intifada in Palestine:Introduction (www.intifada.com)
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 605
• Palestinian Arab "collaborators" (Guardian, UK)
• The Future of a Rebellion - Palestine An anaysis of the 1980s intifada revolt of Palestinian youth. on libcom.org
• Peter Krogh discusses the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians On World Beat,1988

v · d · eIsraeli-Palestinian conflict
Participants	Individuals	Violence	Diplomacy
Israel: Israel Defense Forces Israel Police Mossad Shabak Palestine Palestinians: Main: Palestine Liberation Organisation Palestinian National Authority Fatah Hamas Other: Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades DFLP Palestine Liberation Front Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestinian Popular Struggle Front PFLP PFLP-GC Popular Resistance Committees Influence: Arab League British Mandate for Palestine (1920–48) Egypt European Union Germany France Hezbollah Iran Iraq Jordan Lebanon Libya Morocco Muslim Brotherhood Al-Qaeda Russia Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Turkey United Kingdom United Nations United States Yemen	Israelis: Moshe Arens Ami Ayalon Ehud Barak Menachem Begin Meir Dagan Moshe Dayan Avi Dichter Yuval Diskin David Ben-Gurion Ephraim Halevy Dan Halutz Tzipi Livni Golda Meir Shaul Mofaz Yitzhak Mordechai Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yaakov Peri Yitzhak Rabin Amnon Lipkin-Shahak Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Shabtai Shavit Moshe Ya'alon Danny Yatom Zvi Zamir Palestinians: Abu Abbas Mahmoud Abbas Moussa Arafat Yasser Arafat Yahya Ayyash Marwan Barghouti Mohammed Dahlan Mohammed Deif George Habash Wadie Haddad Ismail Haniya Nayef Hawatmeh Amin al-Husayni Ghazi Jabali Ahmed Jibril Abu Jihad Salah Khalaf Leila Khaled Sheikh Khalil Khaled Mashal Zuheir Mohsen Abu Ali Mustafa Abu Nidal Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Jibril Rajoub Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi Ali Hassan Salameh Salah Shahade Ramadan Shallah Fathi Shaqaqi Ahmed Yassin	1920 Palestine riots 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots 1929 Hebron massacre 1936–1939 Arab revolt 1930s Irgun attacks 1947 Jerusalem riots 1948 Arab-Israeli War · 1948 war massacres · 1948 Deir Yassin massacre · 1948 Exodus from Lydda and Ramla · 1948 Hadassah medical convoy massacre · 1948 Palestinian exodus 1948-1967 Jewish exodus from Arab lands 1948-1967 Terrorist attacks against Israel The retribution operations · 1953-1955 Unit 101 1966 Samu Incident 1967 Six-Day War 1968 Battle of Karameh 1969-1970 War of Attrition 1970 Avivim school bus massacre 1970 Black September in Jordan 1972 Operation Isotope 1972 Munich massacre · 1972 Operation Wrath of God · 1972 Israeli aerial raid on Lebanon · 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon 1973 Yom Kippur War 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Hotel attack 1975 Zion Square bombing 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre 1978 South Lebanon conflict 1980 Misgav Am attack 1982 Lebanon War · 1982 Siege of Beirut · 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre 1984 Bus 300 hijacking 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 Night of the Gliders 1987–1990 Intifada · 1988 Tunis Raid · 1989 Bus 405 attack 1993–1999 Palestinian suicide attacks 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre 1994 Wachsman rescue attempt 2000–2005 Al-Aqsa Intifada · Palestinian rocket attacks (list) · Palestinian suicide attacks · Massacres during Al-Aqsa Intifada · Assassinations during Al-Aqsa Intifada 2000 October 2000 events 2001 Santorini 2002 Operation Noah's Ark 2002 Operation Defensive Shield · Battle of Jenin · Siege of Bethlehem · Battle of Nablus 2002 Operation Determined Path 2003 Abu Hasan 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2004 Israel-Gaza conflict · Operation Rainbow · Operation Days of Penitence 2005 Shevet Ahim 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict · Gaza beach explosion · Operation Autumn Clouds · Beit Hanoun shelling 2006-2007 Fatah-Hamas conflict 2007–2008 Israel-Gaza conflict · Operation Hot Winter 2007 (ongoing) Gaza Strip blockade 2008 Mercaz HaRav shooting 2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack 2008–2009 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead) 2010 Gaza flotilla raid (ships, participants, reactions, legal) 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign	Hussein-McMahon Correspondence Sykes-Picot Agreement Balfour Declaration White Paper of 1939 Israeli Declaration of Independence Palestinian Declaration of Independence 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority 1997 Hebron Agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Road map for peace Quartet on the Middle East 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan 2007 Annapolis Conference 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy Valley of Peace initiative Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in 2010 Palestine Papers United Nations involvement Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations UN Partition Plan Resolution 181 UN Resolution 194 UN Resolution 242 Alleged United Nations bias in Israel-Palestine issues

v · d · eArab–Israeli conflict v · d · eParticipants in the Arab–Israeli conflict Governments Egypt • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Lebanon • Palestinian National Authority • Saudi Arabia • Syria Active organizations Abu Nidal Organization • Amal • al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades • Syrian Social Nationalist Party • Arab League • Arab Liberation Front • Ba'ath Party • Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Fatah • Guardians of the Cedars • Hamas • Hezbollah • Jaish al-Islam • Kataeb • Lebanese Forces • al-Mourabitoun • Muslim Brotherhood • Palestinian Islamic Jihad • Palestine Liberation Front • Palestine Liberation Organization • Palestinian Popular Struggle Front • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command • Popular Resistance Committees • as-Saiqa Formerly active organizations Arab Higher Committee • Arab Liberation Army • Black Hand • Black September • Haganah • Holy War Army • Irgun (Etzel) • Japanese Red Army • Lehi • Palmach • Revolutionary Cells • South Lebanon Army Other governments Algeria • China • Cuba • France • Iran • Kuwait • Libya • Morocco • North Korea • Norway • Pakistan • Russia • Sudan • Tunisia • Turkey • Uganda • United Arab Emirates • United Kingdom • United States • Venezuela • Yemen Other organizations European Union • United Nations Former states British Mandate of Palestine • Soviet Union • United Arab Republic v · d · ePeople involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict Lester B. Pearson • Abd al-Hakim Amer • Hosni Mubarak • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Anwar Sadat • Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Ali Khamenei • Ruhollah Khomeini • Faisal I • Saddam Hussein • Ehud Barak • Menachem Begin • David Ben-Gurion • Moshe Dayan • Levi Eshkol • Golda Meir • Benjamin Netanyahu • Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres • Yitzhak Rabin • Yitzhak Shamir • Ariel Sharon • Chaim Weizmann • King Abdullah I • King Abdullah II • King Hussein • Emile Lahoud • Hassan Nasrallah • Fouad Siniora • Recep Tayyip Erdogan • Mona Juul • Johan Jørgen Holst • Terje Rød-Larsen • Mahmoud Abbas • Yasser Arafat • Marwan Barghouti • George Habash • Ismail Haniya • Amin al-Husayni • Khaled Mashal • Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi • Ahmed Shukeiri • Ahmed Yassin • King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) • King Abdullah • King Fahd • King Faisal • Folke Bernadotte • Hafez al-Assad • Bashar al-Assad • Shukri al-Quwatli • Salah Jadid • Ernest Bevin • Arthur Balfour • Tony Blair • Richard Crossman • Madeleine Albright • Ralph Bunche • George H. W. Bush • George W. Bush • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • Henry Kissinger • Ronald Reagan • Condoleezza Rice • Dennis Ross • Harry S. Truman • Cyrus R. Vance v · d · eArab-Israeli armed engagements Before 1947 1920 Nebi Musa riots · 1921 Jaffa riots · 1929 Hebron–Safed riots · 1933 Palestine riots · 1936–1939 Arab revolt · 1947–1949 1947 Jerusalem riots · 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine · 1948–1949 Arab–Israeli War 1950s 1950s terrorism against Israel · Fedayeen · Retribution operations 1953 Qibya massacre · 1954 Operation Susannah · 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1962–1970 Operations Porcupine and Gravy (North Yemen Civil War) · 1964–1967 War over Water · 1966 Samu incident · 1967 Six-Day War · 1967–1970 War of Attrition · 1968 Battle of Karameh · 1968 Operation Gift 1969 Cherbourg Project 1970s 1970 Shelling on Lebanon · 1970 Black September in Jordan · 1972 Sabena Flight 571 (Operation Isotope) · 1972 Lod Airport massacre · 1972 Operation Crate 3 · 1972 Munich Olympics massacre · 1972–1979 Operation Wrath of God (Airstrike · Spring of Youth) · 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 · 1973 Yom Kippur War · 1974 Ma'alot massacre · 1974 Airstrike on Lebanon · 1975 Savoy Operation · 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War · 1976 Operation Entebbe · 1978 Coastal Road massacre · 1978 Operation Litani 1980s 1980 Misgav Am hostages rescue · 1981 Operation Opera · 1982 Damour Airstrike · 1982 Lebanon War · 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict · 1984 Kav 300 affair · 1985 PLO ships bombing · 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking · 1985 Operation Wooden Leg · 1987–1993 First Intifada · 1988 Mothers' Bus rescue · 1988 Tunis raid · 1989 Sheik Abdel Karim Obeid kidnapping 1990s 1991 Gulf War · 1992 Operation Bramble Bush · 1992 Abbas al-Musawi killing · 1993–2008 List of Palestinian suicide attacks · 1993 Operation Accountability · 1994 Airstrike on Lebanon · 1994 Mustafa Dirani kidnapping · 1994 Waxman rescue attempt · 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath (April War) · 1996 Western Wall Tunnel riots 2000s 2000–2005 Al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada) · 2000 October events · 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict · 2001–present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel (2001-2006 · 2007 · 2008 · Gaza War · 2009 · 2010 · 2011) · 2001 Santorini · 2002 Operation Noah's Ark · 2002 Operation Defensive Shield (Jenin · Nablus · Bethlehem) · 2002–present West Bank barrier · 2002 Operation Determined Path · 2003 Abu Hasan · 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike · 2004 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Rainbow · Operation Days of Penitence) · 2005 Operation Shevet Ahim · 2006–2011 Fatah–Hamas conflict · 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods · 2006 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Autumn Clouds) · 2006 Lebanon War · 2007–present Lebanese rockets · 2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Hot Winter) · 2007 Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip · 2007–present Blockade of the Gaza Strip · 2007 Operation Orchard · 2008–2009 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead) · 2009 Sudan airstrikes · 2009 Francop affair (Operation Four Species) 2010s 2010 Gaza flotilla raid (ships · participants · reactions · legal assessments) · 2010 Adaisseh skirmish · 2010 Hamas terror campaign · 2011 Capture of Victoria ship (Operation Iron Law) · 2011 Sudan airstrike · 2011 Nakba riots (Border demonstrations) · 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks v · d · eDiplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflict 1914 Damascus Protocol • 1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence • 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement • 1917 Balfour Declaration • 1918 Declaration to the Seven • 1918 Anglo-French Declaration • 1919 Faisal–Weizmann Agreement • 1920 San Remo conference • 1922 Churchill White Paper • 1939 White Paper • 1947 UN Partition Plan • 1948 Establishment of Israel • 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 • 1949 Armistice Agreements • 1964 Palestinian National Covenant • 1967 Khartoum Resolution • 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 339 • 1974 UNSC Resolution 350 • 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 • 1978 Camp David Accords • 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 • 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty • 1979 UNSC Resolution 452 • 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 • 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 • 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement • 1991 Madrid Conference • 1993 Oslo Accords • 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace • 1998 Wye River Memorandum • 2000 Camp David Summit • 2000 Clinton's Parameters • 2001 Taba Summit • 2001 UNSC Resolution 1373 • 2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative • 2002 Road map for peace • 2003 Geneva Accord • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1566 • 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 • 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit • 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan • 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document • 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 • 2007 Annapolis Conference • 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks