Old Occitan
| Old Occitan, Old Provençal | |
|---|---|
| Proensals, Occitan ancian | |
| Spoken in | – |
| Region | – |
| Native speakers | – |
| Language family |
Indo-European
|
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | No official regulation |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | pro |
| ISO 639-3 | pro |
Old Occitan, also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitan language, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries.[1][2] Old Occitan generally includes Early and Old Occitan. Middle Occitan is sometimes included in Old Occitan, sometimes in Modern Occitan.[3] As the term occitanus appeared around the year 1300,[4] Old Occitan is referred to as "Romance" (romans /roˈmans/) or "Provençal" (proensals) in medieval texts.
Contents |
[edit] History
Among the earliest records of Occitan are the Tomida femina, the Boecis, and the Cançó de Santa Fe. The Catalan language diverged from Old Occitan between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.[5] Early texts in the Catalan dialect are the Homilies d'Organyà and the Greuges de Guitard Isarn. Old Occitan, the language used by the troubadours, was the first Romance language with a literary corpus and had an enormous influence on the development of lyric poetry in other European languages. The interpunct was a feature of the language, and survives today in Catalan.
[edit] Extracts
[edit] Gallo-Romance (Occitan precursor)
- From the Oaths of Strasbourg (842):
|
Pro Deo amur et pro Christian poblo et nostro commun salvament, d'ist di in avant, in quant Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai eo cist meon fradre Karlo et in ajudha et in cadhuna cosa, si cum om per dreit son fradre salvar dist, in o quid il me altresi fazet, et ab Ludher nul plaid numquam prindrai, qui, meon vol, cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit. |
For the love of God and for Christendom and our common salvation, from this day onwards, as God will give me the wisdom and power, I shall protect this brother of mine Charles, with aid or anything else, as one ought to protect one's brother, so that he may do the same for me, and I shall never knowingly make any covenant with Lothair that would harm this brother of mine Charles. |
[edit] Old Occitan
- From Bertran de Born's Ab joi mou lo vers e·l comens (ca. 1200, translated by James H. Donalson):
|
Bela Domna·l vostre cors gens |
O pretty lady, all your grace |
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Nathaniel B. Smith, Thomas Goddard Bergin, An Old Provençal primer, Garland, 1984, ISBN 0824090306
- Paden, William D. 1998. An Introduction to Old Occitan. Modern Language Association of America. ISBN 0 87352 293 1.
- Povl Skårup, Morphologie élémentaire de l'ancien occitan, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, ISBN 8772894288
- Romieu, Maurice; Bianchi, André (2002) (in Occitan and French). Iniciacion a l'occitan ancian / Initiation à l'ancien occitan. Pessac: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux. ISBN 2-86781-275-5.
[edit] References
- ^ Rebecca Posner, The Romance Languages, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0521281393
- ^ Frank M. Chambers, An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification. Diane, 1985 ISBN 0871691671
- ^ "The Early Occitan period is generally considered to extend from ca. 800 to 1000, Old Occitan from 1000 to 1350, and Middle Occitan from 1350 to 1550" in William W. Kibler, Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0824044444
- ^ Smith and Bergin, Old Provençal Primer, p. 2
- ^ Riquer, Martí de, Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel, 1964
[edit] External links
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