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Malaya Federation of Malaya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 马来亚联合邦 மலாய் பேரவை
← 1948–1963 →
Flag Coat of arms
Capital	Kuala Lumpur
Language(s)	Malay and English
Government	Constitutional monarchy
Yang di-Pertuan Agong	Tuanku Abdul Rahman (1957-60) Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah (1960) Tuanku Syed Putra (1960-63)
Prime minister	Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra al-Haj
History
- Established	31 January 1948 1948
- Independence	31 August 1957
- Formation of Malaysia	16 September 1963 1963
Area
- 1963	132,364 km2 (51,106 sq mi)
Currency	Malaya and British Borneo dollar

History of Malaysia
This article is part of a series
Prehistoric Malaysia
Early kingdoms
Chi Tu (100BC-7th)
Gangga Negara (2nd–11th)
Langkasuka (2nd–14th)
Pan Pan (3rd–5th)
Srivijaya (7th–13th)
The rise of Muslim states
Kedah Kingdom (630-1136)
Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
Malacca Sultanate (1402–1511)
Sulu Sultanate (1450–1899)
Colonial era
Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641)
Dutch Malacca (1641–1824)
Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
British Malaya (1874–1946)
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (1909–1946)
Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1946)
North Borneo (1882–1963)
Japanese occupation (1941–1945)
Malaysia in transition
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
Independence (1957)
Federation of Malaysia (1963–present)
Malaysia Portal v · d · e

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The Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu), is the name given to a federation of 11 states (nine Malay states and two British Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca) that existed from 31 January 1948 until 16 September 1963.^[1] Comprising the nine Malay states and the British settlements of Penang and Malacca,^[2] it was eventually superseded by Malaysia.

Contents 1 History 2 The federation agreement 3 List of member states 4 System of government 4.1 Conditions of citizenship 4.2 Separation of powers of the federal and state governments 5 Demographics 6 Evolution of the Federation of Malaya 7 See also 8 References

[edit] History

From 1946 to 1948, the 11 states formed a single British crown colony known as the Malayan Union. Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states.

Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, which before this time had usually been considered to be part of Malaya.

The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. In 1963, the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and British North Borneo (which was renamed Sabah), which was being claimed to be part of the Sultanate of Sulu,^[3][4] formed a new federation called Malaysia. Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965.

[edit] The federation agreement

The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British-Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page "Blue Book". ^[5]

The Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed on 21 January 1948 at King House and announced by the British government. It was signed by the Malay rulers and Sir Edward Gent representing the British government. The agreement prepared for the establishment of Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The agreement was considered important as it nullified the Malayan Union and united the states in a federation for the first time. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored.

Between 1946 and 1948, the 11 states had formed a British colony called the Malayan Union. Due to the objection of the Malay peoople led by Dato Onn Jaafar, the Malayan Union was dissolved and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic position of the Malay rulers. The Malayan Union was officially dissolved on 21 January 1948.^[6]

In the federation agreement, although the Malay states became British protectorates, Penang and Malacca continued being colonies. As in the Malayan Union, the federation excluded Singapore, which was previously considered part of Malaya.

The Federation of Malaya received independence from the British Commonwealth on 31 August 1957.^[7] In 1963, the Federation of Malaya, together with Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo (renamed Sabah) formed a new federation named "Malaysia". Singapore then left Malaysia to form an independent republic on 9 August 1965.

[edit] List of member states

• Perlis
• Kedah
• Penang
• Perak
• Selangor
• Negeri Sembilan
• Malacca
• Johore
• Pahang
• Terengganu
• Kelantan

[edit] System of government

The government of the Federation of Malaya was headed by a British High Commissioner with executive powers, assisted and advised by the Federation of Malaya Executive Council and the Federation of Malaya Legislative Council.

• The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members.

• The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council comprised the High Commissioner as the Council President, 14 official and 50 unofficial members representing the Straits Settlements, business groups and all races. Additionally, 9 State Council Yang Di Pertua (heads of state), Chief Ministers and 2 representatives from the Straits Settlements became unofficial members.

• The Malay Conference of Rulers would advise the High Commissioner on immigration issues. The British Resident was replaced with a Chief Minister in each state of the federation.

[edit] Conditions of citizenship

The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement and naturalisation by application. Under the laws, the following were automatically granted citizenship:

1. Citizens of the Sultan of any state
2. British citizens born in Penang or Malacca who have lived continuously for 15 years in the federation
3. British citizens born in the federation whose fathers were born or lived continuously for 15 years in the federation
4. Anyone born in the federation, conversant in the Malay language and following Malay traditions in his or her daily life
5. Anyone born in the federation whose parents were born and lived continuously for 15 years in the federation

Via naturalisation (by application), one could achieve citizenship, given these criteria:

1. Born and lived for at least 8 of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made
2. Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 of 20 years before the application was made

In both cases (via naturalisation), applications must be well-behaved, swear allegiance and clarify their reasons for living in the federation, and are fluent in either the Malay or the English language.

The Federation of Malaya, through its constitution, guarantees the rights and special position of the Malay people as well as rights, powers and sovereignty of the Malay rulers in their respective states.^[8]

[edit] Separation of powers of the federal and state governments

The federation agreement Perjanjian Persekutuan set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states. The Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defence continued to be administered by the British government. The federation agreement was made the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and officially declared on 1 February 1948.^[9]

[edit] Demographics

Federation of Malaya Population ^[10]

Ethnic group	1948	1951
Malay	2,457,014		2,631,154
Chinese	1,928,965		2,043,971
Indian	536,646		566,371
Other	64,802		75,726

[edit] Evolution of the Federation of Malaya

[edit] See also

• Federal Legislative Council
• Peninsular Malaysia
• Malayan Emergency
• Reid Commission

[edit] References

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