Statement (logic)

In logic a statement is either (a) a meaningful declarative sentence that is either true or false, or (b) what is asserted or made by the use of a declarative sentence. In the latter case, a statement is distinct from a sentence in that a sentence is only one formulation of a statement, whereas there may be many other formulations expressing the same statement.

Philosopher of language, Peter Strawson advocated the use of the term "statement" in sense (b) in preference to proposition. Strawson used the term "Statement " to be such that two declarative sentences make the same statement if they say the same of the same thing. Thus the term "statement" may refer to a sentence or something made (expressed) by a sentence. In either case they are purported truth bearers.

Examples of sentences that are (or make) statements:

• "Socrates is a man."
• "A triangle has three sides."
• "Paris is the capital of Spain."

The first two (make statements that) are true, the third is (or makes a statement that is) false.

Examples of sentences that are not (or do not make) statements:

• "Who are you?"
• "Run!"
• "Greenness perambulates"
• "I had one grunch but the eggplant over there."
• "The King of France is wise."
• "Pegasus exists."

The first two examples are not declarative sentences and therefore are not (or do not make) statements. The third and fourth are declarative sentences but, lacking meaning, are neither true nor false and therefore are not (or do not make) statements. The fifth and sixth examples are a meaningful declarative sentence which Russell held was false but Stawson held was neither since it did not make a statement.

[edit] Statement as an abstract entity

In some treatments "statement" is introduced in order to distinguish a sentence from its information content. A statement is regarded as the information content of an information-bearing sentence. Thus, a sentence is related to the statement it bears like a numeral to the number it refers to. Statements are abstract, logical entities, while sentences are grammatical ones.^[1][2]

[edit] See also

• Claim (logic)
• Sentence (mathematical logic)
• Belief
• Concept
• Truthbearer - Statements

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• A. G. Hamilton, Logic for Mathematicians, Cambridge University Press, 1980, ISBN 0521292913.
• Rouse, David L., "Sentences, Statements and Arguments" (PDF), A Practical Introduction to Formal Logic., http://people.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Logic%20Text/Contents.htm/ 
• Ruzsa, Imre (2000), Bevezetés a modern logikába, Osiris tankönyvek, Budapest: Osiris, ISBN 963 379 978 3. 
• Jasa Xenakis, "Sentence and Statement", "Analysis" Vol. 16, No. 4 (Mar., 1956), pp. 91-94 http://www.jstor.org/pss/3326478/
• Peter Millican, "Statements and Modality: Strawson, Quine and Wolfram", http://philpapers.org/rec/MILSAM-2/
• P. F. Strawson, "On Referring" in Mind, Vol 59 No 235 (Jul 1950) P. F. Strawson (http://www.sol.lu.se/common/courses/LINC04/VT2010/Strawson1950.pdf/)