Equant

For the telecommunications company named Equant, see Equant (France Télécom).

The basic elements of Ptolemaic astronomy, showing a planet on an epicycle with a deferent and an equant point.

Equant (or punctum aequans) is a mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed motion of heavenly bodies.

The equant point, indicated in the diagram by the large • , is placed so that it is directly opposite the Earth from the center of the deferent, indicated by the ×. A planet or the center of an epicycle (a smaller circle carrying the planet) was conceived to move with a uniform speed with respect to the equant. In other words, to a hypothetical observer placed at the equant point, the center of the epicycle would appear to move at a steady speed. However, the planet/center of epicycle will not move uniformly on its deferent. The angle α between the axis on which the equant and the Earth lie is a function of time t:

$\alpha(t) = \Omega t - \arcsin\left(\frac{E}{R} \sin(\Omega t) \right)$

where Ω is the constant angular speed seen from the equant which is situated at a distance E when the radius of the deferent is R.

This concept solved the problem of accounting for the anomalistic motion of the planets but was believed by some to compromise the goals of the ancient astronomer, namely uniform circular motion. Noted critics of the equant include the Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din Tusi who developed the Tusi-couple as an alternative explanation^{[citation needed]}, and Nicolaus Copernicus. Dislike of the equant was a major motivation for Copernicus to construct his heliocentric system.

External links

• Ptolemaic System – at Rice University's Galileo Project
• Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University

See also

• Equidimensional: This is a synonym for equant when it is used as an adjective.