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One World Trade Center

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"Freedom Tower" redirects here. For other uses, see Freedom Tower (disambiguation).
For the building complex destroyed in the September 11 attacks, see World Trade Center. For the specific WTC building formerly known as One World Trade Center, see List of tenants in One World Trade Center.
One World Trade Center

Computer rendering of One World Trade Center (with 7 WTC and the Empire State Building behind and to the right)
General information
Status Under Construction (69th Floor)
Type Office, Observation, WTO
Location New York City, New York
Coordinates 40°42′46.8″N 74°0′48.6″W / 40.713°N 74.0135°W / 40.713; -74.0135Coordinates: 40°42′46.8″N 74°0′48.6″W / 40.713°N 74.0135°W / 40.713; -74.0135
Construction started April 27, 2006
Estimated completion 2013
Opening January 2014[1]
Height
Antenna spire 1,776 ft (541.32 m)[2][3]
Roof 1,368 ft (417 m)
Top floor 1,314 ft (401 m)[2]
Technical details
Floor count 105[4] (some sources say 100)[2]
Floor area 2,599,980 sq ft (241,546 m2)[2]
Design and construction
Main contractor Tishman Construction
Architect David Childs (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)[5]
Developer Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Structural engineer WSP Cantor Seinuk
References
[6]

One World Trade Center (1 World Trade Center), more simply known as 1 WTC and formerly known as the Freedom Tower,[7] is the lead building of the new World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan in New York City, New York. The tower will be located in the northwest corner of the World Trade Center site, and will occupy the location where the original 8-story 6 World Trade Center once stood. The north side of the tower runs between the intersection of Vesey and West streets on the northwest and the intersection of Vesey and Washington streets on the northeast, with the site of the original North Tower/1 WTC offset to the southeast.[8] Construction on below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the building began on April 27, 2006.[9][10][11] On March 30, 2009, the Port Authority confirmed that the building will be known by its legal name of 'One World Trade Center', rather than the colloquial name 'Freedom Tower'.[7] Upon completion, One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the United States, standing at a height of 1,776 feet (541.3 m), and among the tallest buildings in the world.[12][13] It will be taller than the Empire State Building, and will be completed by the beginning of 2014.[1]

Along with One World Trade Center, the new World Trade Center site will feature three other high-rise office buildings along Greenwich Street and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. The construction is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild after the original World Trade Center complex was destroyed during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

Contents

[edit] History

Following the destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, there was much debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. Proposals began almost immediately, and by 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation organized a competition to determine how to use the land. Public rejection of the first round of designs, the "Preliminary Design Concepts", led to a second, more open competition in December 2002, the "Innovative Design Study", in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected. This design went through many revisions,[14] largely because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site on September 11, 2001.

A final design for the tower was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To satisfy security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added in April of that year. The final design included plans to clad the base in glass prisms to address criticism that the base looked like a "concrete bunker" (though these proved unworkable and a simpler facing is planned).[1] Contrasting with Libeskind's plan, the final design tapers the corners of the base outward as they rise. Its designers stated that the tower will be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna." Commenting on a completion date, Larry Silverstein stated "By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was."[15] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that enabled foundation construction to begin while a formal agreement was drafted on the following day, the 75th anniversary of the opening of the Empire State Building. Construction began with a formal ceremony that took place when the construction team arrived.[16] It is currently anticipated that the building's topping out will occur in late 2011. The building is projected to be ready for occupancy by January 2014.[1]

In 2009, the chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey stated that "One World Trade Center" is the legal name of the building and that this name is the "easiest for people to identify with".[17][18]

[edit] Architecture

Many remaining vestiges of the concepts drawn from the 2002 competition have since been discarded. One World Trade Center will now consist of simple symmetries and a more traditional design intended to bear comparison with selected elements of the existing New York skyline. There will now be a central spire drawing from precedents such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building (and also visually reminiscent of Tower 1 of the old World Trade Center) rather than an off-center spire intended to echo the Statue of Liberty.

According to David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the project architect of the new 1 World Trade Center, the tower:[19]

... will be a symbol of the entire project, as well as marking the memorial, and it occupies a very important piece of New York City property: the sky.

We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.

[edit] Design

Planned rebuilding
of the
World Trade Center
Towers
One World Trade Center (Freedom Tower)
Two World Trade Center (Tower 2)
Three World Trade Center (Tower 3)
Four World Trade Center (Tower 4)
Five World Trade Center (Tower 5)
7 World Trade Center
Memorial and museum
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Transit
Transportation Hub

One World Trade Center's program includes 2,600,000 square feet (242,000 m2) of office space, as well as an observation deck, restaurant, parking, and broadcast and antenna facilities, all supported by both above and below-ground mechanical infrastructure for the building and its adjacent public spaces. Below-ground tenant parking and storage, shopping and access to the PATH and subway trains and the World Financial Center are also provided.

A 65-foot (20 m) high public lobby, topped by a series of mechanical floors, form a 200-foot (61 m)-per-side visual cubic base to the tower. The next 69 floors, providing tenant office space, rise above the base to an elevation of 1,150 feet (350 m). Mechanical, observation and restaurant floors culminate in a rooftop observation deck at 1,362 feet (415 m) with a glass parapet extending to 1,368 feet (417 m) — the heights of the original Twin Towers. A shrouded antenna structure supported by cables, engineered by Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, rises to a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m), which is symbolic of the year the United States Declaration of Independence was signed (1776).

The 200-foot (61 m) sides at the square footprint of the base are almost as wide as the 208-foot (63 m) square of the original Twin Towers. The base was to be clad in more than 2,000 pieces of prismatic glass designed to draw upon the themes of motion and light.[20] This proved unworkable, however, and a simpler glass facade is planned for the base.[1] Cable-net glass facades on all four sides of the building, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex. They measure 60 feet (18 m) high and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides (for access to the restaurant and observation deck, respectively) to 50 feet (15 m) on the north side and 70 feet (21 m) on the south for primary tenant access.[21]

As the tower itself rises from this cubic base, its square edges are chamfered back, transforming the square into eight tall isosceles triangles in elevation, or an elongated square antiprism.[22] At its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon in plan and then culminates in a glass parapet (elevation 1,362 feet (415 m) and 1,368 feet (417 m)) whose plan is a square, rotated 45 degrees from the base. A mast containing the antenna for television broadcasters—designed by a collaboration among SOM, artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers and engineers—is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, similar to the Statue of Liberty's torch, to a height of 1,776 feet (541 m). Above the mast will be an intense beam of light that will be lit at night and will likely be visible over 1,000 feet (300 m) into the air above the tower.[23]

New safety features will include 3 feet (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls for all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems; extremely wide "emergency stairs"; a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters; and biological and chemical filters throughout its ventilation system. The building will no longer be 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were—at its closest point, West Street will be 65 feet (20 m) away. The windows on the side of the building facing in this direction will be equipped with specially tempered blast-resistant plastic, which will look nearly the same as the glass used in the other sides of the building.[23] The seventy elevators and 9 escalators for 1 World Trade Center will be provided by ThyssenKrupp,[24] with steel counterweights supplied by Concord Steel.[25] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[26]

"Ultra-clear", low-iron glass for the 185-foot (56 m) concrete base is being supplied by PPG Industries and manufactured in its Carlisle, Pennsylvania plant.[20] The curtain wall for the higher floors is being manufactured and assembled in Portland, Oregon by Benson Industries using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.[27] 1 World Trade Center will be green in several ways. Although the roof area of any tower is comparatively limited, the building will implement a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building's fuel cell will generate 4.8 million watts (MW), and waste steam will help generate electricity. One World Trade Center is expected to receive a Gold Certification by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.[26] Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center will be heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities located on site.[28]

Close to the building are the below-ground memorials featuring two glass reflecting pools. These pools are approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) below the surface, and are located on the exact locations of the former Twin Towers. The pools are intended to fill out the "footprint" of the towers, each being equal to the exact perimeter of the North and South Tower, respectively. Trees surround the area containing the pools, and the area is intended to be a contemplative and quiet area separated from the city. The names of the nearly 3,000 victims of the attacks on September 11, 2001 and 1993 World Trade Center Bombing will be inscribed in bronze and placed around each pool. Under the pools, there will be a museum of the World Trade Center attacks, called the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. The memorial is scheduled to be completed by September 11, 2011, the tenth anniversary of the attacks on the World Trade Center.[29]

[edit] Height

Height comparison of buildings in New York City

The roof (including a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet) of the top floor of One World Trade Center will be 1,368 feet (417 m), the same as the original One World Trade Center.[30] With its spire height (the criteria of two categories of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat), One World Trade Center will stand at 1,776 feet (541 m),[31] a figure symbolic of the year of the United States Declaration of Independence.[32]

With a structural height of 1,776 feet (541 m), One World Trade Center will surpass the 1,671 feet (509 m) height of Taipei 101 to become the world's tallest all-office building and the tallest building in the Americas, surpassing the Willis Tower (formerly known as the Sears Tower) in Chicago. However, its roof height will still be 83 feet (25 m) shorter than the Willis Tower and it will not surpass the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa.[33][34]

The Chicago Spire (with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m)) was expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was cancelled in 2009 due to financial difficulties.[35]

The World Trade Center's South Tower had an outdoor rooftop observation deck at 1,380 feet (420 m) and another indoor observation deck at 1,310 feet (400 m).[36] One World Trade Center's indoor observation deck will be at a height of approx 1,313 feet (400 m).[2]

[edit] Space allotment

One World Trade Center will have a top floor denoted as 82.[2] The first office floor of the building atop the 200-foot (61 m) square base will be designated as Floor 20 and the building will have 74 usable above-ground floors.[37][38] Sixty-nine floors will be designated as office floors,[39] and an observation deck will be at Floor 79.[40] Additionally, roughly 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) of retail space will exist below-grade, part of an overall 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of retail space to be spread throughout the site both in the below-grade concourses and on the lower floors of Towers 2, 3, and 4.[41]

[edit] Owners and Tenants

The building is owned principally by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around 5% equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization in exchange for an investment of at least US$100 million. Durst Organization assists in supervising the building construction, manages the building for the Port Authority and is responsible for leasing, property management and tenant installations.[42][43]

The State of New York has agreed to a 15-year lease of 415,000 square feet (38,600 m2) of space inside 1 WTC, with an option to extend the term of the lease and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2).[44] The General Services Administration (GSA) has agreed to lease approximately 645,000 square feet (59,900 m2) of space,[28][44] New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) plans to lease approximately 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2) of space. In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate an 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor.[45]

The building's first lease was announced on March 28, 2009, as a joint project between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Vantone Industrial Co. based in Beijing, that will create a 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", a business and cultural facility located between floors 64 and 69, that is said will represent business and cultural communities in China and serve as a hub for Chinese firms developing United States operations, as well as for US companies that wish to conduct business in China. The lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[46]

On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices of its 18 magazines into up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of the building.[47] Nine months later, on May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached a final agreement with the Port Authority to lease the space, a deal estimated to be valued at $2 billion over 25 years.[48]

[edit] Construction history

[edit] 2004–2007

The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid down in a ceremony on July 4, 2004,[49] but further construction of the tower was stalled until 2006. The cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006.[50] The project was delayed due to acrimonious disputes over money, security and design but the last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006 with a deal between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. During the summer of 2006, explosives were detonated at the World Trade Center construction site, testing the use of charges to clear bedrock for the building's foundation. Controlled explosions continued for approximately two months thereafter.

One World Trade Center tower construction as of August 7, 2007.

On November 18, 2006, 400 cubic yards (310 cubic metres) of concrete were poured onto the foundation of the One World Trade Center, carried by as many as 40 trucks. On December 17, 2006, a ceremony was held in Battery Park City, with the public invited to sign a 30-foot (9.1 m) steel beam.[51] This beam, the first to be installed, was welded on to the building's base on December 19, 2006.[52]

On January 9, 2007, a second set of beams was welded to the top of the first set. February 2007 estimates put the cost for construction of 1 WTC at $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter).[53] Approximately $1 billion of insurance money recouped by Silverstein in connection with the September 11 attacks is being used for construction of the new One World Trade Center.[53] The State of New York is expected to provide $250 million toward construction costs, and the Port Authority agreed to finance another $1 billion through bonds.[54] In 2007, Tishman Construction Corporation of New York completed a row of steel columns at the perimeter of the construction site. Two tower crane bases were erected, each base containing a functioning luffing-jib tower crane. By the end of 2007, the tower’s footings and foundations were nearly complete.[55]

[edit] 2008–2009

In January 2008, two construction cranes were moved into the construction site. The tower's concrete core began rising in the first months of 2008.[55] By February 22, 2008, 9,400 of the nearly 50,000 short tons (45,000 t) of steel necessary had been ordered.[56] By March 13, 2008, the steel for the tower had reached 70 feet (21 m) high, 10 feet (3 m) below street level.[57][58] From late March through early April, a 40-foot (12 m) tall mockup of a section of the tower's wall with twenty-four windows was tested by Construction Consulting Laboratory West in Ontario, California. The purpose of the testing was to ensure that the all-glass exterior of the tower will be able to withstand earthquakes and extreme weather conditions.[59] Testing also took place on another full-scale mockup south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Both mockups passed the tests.[60] In mid-April, a batch of concrete had to be replaced after it failed a stress test.[61]

On May 17, 2008, the tower's steel breached street level when new sections were bolted to two of the twenty-four jumbo steel columns marking the building's footprint. The new column sections brought the height of the structure up to 15 feet (4.6 m) above street level.[62] In June, the chamfered steel skeleton of the tower's concrete base had begun to take shape.[63] By the end of the month, the concrete had been poured for the floor of the tower's basement level B3.[64] In his June 30, 2008 World Trade Center Rebuilding Assessment to New York Governor David Paterson, Port Authority executive director Chris Ward noted that roughly 90 percent of the construction contracts had been bid.[65]

One World Trade Center Site on July 12, 2009.

By August, 1 WTC had reached 25 feet (7.6 m) above street level.[66] During its September 16 meeting, the Port Authority board approved contracts for security and building management systems,[67] and 95% of the contracts needed to complete the tower had been signed.[68] The $20 million security contract includes sophisticated video analysis in which computers would alert security personnel to abnormal situations automatically.[69] On October 10, Collavino Construction poured an additional 520 cubic yards (400 m3) of concrete for the tower's concrete core, raising it to just above street level.[70]

By February 11, 2009, the tower was 105 feet (32 m) above street level.[71] On July 2, 2009, over 1,200 cubic yards (920 m3) of concrete were poured to form parts of the street-level plaza. On August 13, the builders of 1 WTC set a 70 short tons (64,000 kilograms) piece of steel into place—the largest column installed yet at the building. Each steel column—made at a factory in Luxembourg—was about 60 feet (18 m) long. The columns at the bottom of the tower's foundation were about 35 feet (11 m) long.[72]

By November 1, 2009, the twenty-four perimeter columns of 1 WTC were all erected, and construction of the second floor (the first floor above ground level) was nearly complete. In addition, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey reported in their 2009 Q3 Annual Report that steel erection should commence by January 2010, and that the typical floor construction could begin.[73]

[edit] 2010–2011

Steel and concrete installation continued in 2010, where two cranes were on site. The fifth floor was finished on January 16. In February, construction began on the sixth floor, the last floor of 1 WTC's base, and the Port Authority announced that the tower's steel superstructure had reached 200 feet (61 m) above street level.[74] By the end of March 2010, steel beams began to be erected for the second office floor. In April, the 45-degree octagon was installed, the building's steel frame had reached 26 floors, and concrete was completed on the base structure in the latter part of the month.[75]

In May 2010, the Port Authority stated that they were building close to one floor per week, and was projected that One World Trade Center would reach 55 stories by the end of 2010.[76] The cocoon system was also installed, marking the first time a cocoon safety system has been installed on a steel superstructure in the city.[77]

On July 13, 2010, workers found an 18th century sailing ship at the World Trade Center site, while excavating an underground vehicle security center for One World Trade Center.[78] The remains of a 32-foot (9.8 m) section of the ship's hull and a 100-pound (45 kg) anchor were found,[79] with archaeologists stating that the ship was likely used as landfill material during the early 19th century to help expand Manhattan, as the hull had been truncated and the beams sawed. Timbers from the ship were removed and sent to a laboratory to try to date the vessel.[80]

By October 2010, the tower's steel superstructure reached 44 stories.[81][82] In November, stainless steel and glass facade panels were being prepared for later installation, with the panels scheduled to be assembled between the 20th and 24th floors.[83] On November 13, the first glass facade panels were installed on the 20th floor. Steven Coleman, spokesman for the Port Authority, stated, "Once they get rolling, they'll be able to install glass panels at a rate of one floor per week."[84] By November 17, the tower's steel had reached 48 stories.[85]

The Port Authority announced on December 16, 2010 that 1 WTC had reached the 52nd floor, and had risen to over 600 feet (180 m), marking the halfway point for the construction of the building's steel frame.[86][87] A spokesman for the Port Authority said that they should have the building topped out by the end of 2011.[88]

In January 2011, the tower steel reached the 54th floor and the glass reached the 24th floor. By February 2011, the tower reached 56 floors, 667 feet (203 m) above grade, while the glass panels reached the 27th floor.[89] On May 12, 2011, plans were cancelled to install prismatic glass on One World Trade Center's base due to technical problems.[1] As of May 29, 2011, One World Trade Center has reached 69 stories, while the facade installation has reached the 42nd floor.[4]

[edit] Estimated completion and cost

One WTC was originally expected to be completed and opened by 2011,[90][91] but an October 2008 report by the PANYNJ pushed back the estimated completion of the tower to some time between the second and fourth quarter of 2013, with the total estimated budget growing slightly from the 2007 estimate to $3.1 billion.[92] The building's opening is reported as January 2014.[1]

[edit] Construction gallery

[edit] Controversies

Further information: World Trade Center rebuilding controversy

The design of 1 WTC generated controversy due to the limited number of floors in the previous design (82) that were designated for office space and other amenities. The overall office space of the entire rebuilt World Trade Center will be reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) as compared with the original complex. The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in another major accident or terrorist attack. In a subsequent design, the highest space that could be occupied became comparable to the original World Trade Center.[93]

An unofficial movement to rebuild the lost towers instead of building a single tower, called The Twin Towers Alliance, collected more than seven thousand signatures supporting the rebuilding of the Twin Towers. Developer Donald Trump proposed a twin building design called World Trade Center Phoenix (Twin Towers II). The twin design would look similar to the original twin towers, but the buildings would be considerably taller with improved safety measures and would feature much larger windows.[94][95]

Former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's bid picked as a personal favor for a close friend.[96]

The base of the tower (fortified because of security concerns) has also been a source of controversy. A number of critics (notably Deroy Murdock of the National Review) have suggested that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the project "the Fear Tower".[97][98]

In May 2011, detailed floor plans of the tower were displayed on New York City's Department of Finance website resulting in an uproar from the media and citizens of the surrounding area who questioned the potential use of the plans for a future terrorist attack. New York Police Department Chief Ray Kelly described One World Trade Center as "the nation's number one terrorist target".

[edit] Key figures

[edit] Larry Silverstein

Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, will retain control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001. Silverstein has pledged to support the reconstruction and remains actively involved in most aspects of the redevelopment process.[99]

Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment.

[edit] David Childs

David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, initially joined the project at the urging of Silverstein and developed a proposal for 1 WTC in collaboration with Daniel Libeskind. The design was revised in May 2005 to address security concerns. He is the project architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day design development from rough inception to final completion.[100]

[edit] Daniel Libeskind

Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment in 2002. He included an initial proposal for the design of 1 WTC, a building with aerial gardens and windmills with an off-center spire. It was also Libeskind who denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station and instead placed it a block west because in profile it would line up with and resemble the Statue of Liberty. Although these designs have since been changed, his contributions continue to shape the design and development at the World Trade Center site.[101]

[edit] Dan Tishman

Dan Tishman, along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center, is leading the construction management effort for Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for 1 WTC.[102]

[edit] Douglas and Jody Durst

The co-presidents of the real estate development company The Durst Organization won the right to invest at least $100 million (but could reach as high as $300 million) in the project on July 7, 2010. They are a family-owned company that specializes in the development, managing, leasing, and operations of sustainable commercial construction space.[103][104][105] Conde Nast, a long-time Durst tenant, also confirmed a tentative deal to move into 1 World Trade Center in August 2010[104][105][106], and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011.[107]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Prismatic glass facade for WTC tower scrapped". Seattle Post Intelligencer, May 12, 2011
  2. ^ a b c d e f CTBUH - One World Trade Center
  3. ^ Emporis - One World Trade Center
  4. ^ a b "1 World Trade Center (Freedom Tower)". Lowermanhattan.info, accessed May 12, 2011
  5. ^ Freedom Tower WTC.com. Retrieved 2010-2-12.
  6. ^ One World Trade Center at SkyscraperPage
  7. ^ a b "Freedom Tower has a new preferred name". Associated Press. March 26, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29913195/. "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey chairman Anthony Coscia says the agency refers to the building as One World Trade Center. He says it's the building's legal name and "the one that's easiest for people to identify with"." 
  8. ^ "Building Features". wtc.com. 2007. http://www.wtc.com/inner_page.aspx?id=7. Retrieved March 19, 2007. 
  9. ^ "Building of N.Y. Freedom Tower begins". USA Today. Associated Press. April 28, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-04-27-ny-development_x.htm. Retrieved February 1, 2009. 
  10. ^ Charles V. Bagli (September 17, 2006). "U.S. and New York Plan to Occupy Freedom Tower". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/17cnd-freedom.html?_r=1&ei=5094&en=ed508a5e5cacea6b&hp=&ex=1158552000&oref=slogin&partner=homepage&pagewanted=all. Retrieved February 1, 2009. 
  11. ^ Amy, Westfeldt (April 27, 2006). "Construction Begins at Ground Zero". Associated Press. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/27/AR2006042700275.html. Retrieved January 18, 2009. 
  12. ^ Skyscraperpage.com, tallest buildings in NY
  13. ^ Skyscraperpage.com Tallest buildings under construction in the world
  14. ^ New York Times: "Freedom Tower's Evolution"
  15. ^ "Architects in New York unveil new Freedom Tower". Reuters. June 29, 2006. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/news/newswire.php/news/reuters/2006/06/29/world/architects-in-new-york-unveil-new-freedom-tower.html. 
  16. ^ "Trucks roll to begin Freedom Tower construction". New York Daily News. April 27, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-05-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20060503233834/http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/412525p-348812c.html. 
  17. ^ "Freedom Tower has a new preferred name". Associated Press. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5hBhzvIg8. Retrieved March 30, 2009. 
  18. ^ "The World Trade Centre Slow building". The Economist. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5hBhmQrCW. Retrieved May 31, 2009. 
  19. ^ Interview with David Childs (cont'd). Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  20. ^ a b PPG Industries (2010-10-29). "PPG to supply STARPHIRE ultra-clear glass to One World Trade Center". Press release. http://www.ppg.com/en/newsroom/news/Pages/20101029A.aspx. 
  21. ^ http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7788
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