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Division I (NCAA)

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Main logo used by the NCAA in Division I, II, and III.

Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States.

D-I schools are generally the major collegiate athletic powers, with larger budgets, more elaborate facilities, and higher numbers of athletic scholarships in comparison to Division II and III. This level was once called the University Division of the NCAA in contrast to the College Division; this terminology was replaced with the current numeric (I, II, III) divisions in 1973.[1] In football only, Division I was further subdivided into Division I-A (the principal football schools) and Division I-AA in 1978;[2] these were renamed to "Football Bowl Subdivision" and "Football Championship Subdivision" in 2006.[3][4] Subsequently, the term "Division I-AAA" has been used by some to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all.[5] Currently Division I contains 346 Institutions. There currently is a moratorium on any additional movement up to Division I that is in effect until 2012.

All Division I schools must field athletes in at least seven sports for men and seven for women (or six for men and eight for women) with two team sports for each sex.[6] There are several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Division II and III.[6]

Contents

[edit] Scholarship limits by sport

The NCAA imposes limits on the total financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. It divides sports that it sponsors into two types for purposes of scholarship limitations:

The term "counter" is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a "counter" as "an individual who is receiving institutional financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport."[7]

The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in each sport is listed below.

[edit] Head-count sports

[edit] Equivalency sports

[edit] Men's

[edit] Women's

[edit] Both sexes

[edit] Rules for multi-sport athletes

The NCAA also has rules specifying the sport in which multi-sport athletes are to be counted, with the basic rules being:[17]

[edit] Subdivisions

Subdivisions in Division I exist only in football.[4][18] In all other sports, all Division I conferences are equivalent. The subdivisions were recently given names to reflect the differing levels of football play in them. Additionally, some sports, most notably ice hockey[19] and men's volleyball, have completely different conference structures that operate outside of the normal NCAA sports conference structure.

The method by which the NCAA determines whether a school is Bowl or Championship subdivision is first by attendance numbers and then by scholarships.[20]

For attendance reporting methods, the NCAA allows schools to report either total tickets sold or the number of persons in attendance at the games. They require a minimum average of 15,000 people in attendance every other year.[20] These numbers get posted to the NCAA statistics website for football each year. With the new rules starting in the 2006 season, the number of Bowl Subdivision schools could drop in the future if those schools are not able to pull in enough fans into the games. Additionally, 8 schools in the Championship subdivision had enough attendance to be moved up in 2005 (although they would need to either compete as independents or join a conference in order to do so).

[edit] Football Bowl Subdivision

See also: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) college football, formerly known as Division I-A, is the only NCAA-sponsored sport without an organized tournament to determine its champion.[21] Schools in Division I FBS compete in post-season bowl games, with the champions of six conferences receiving automatic bids to the highly lucrative Bowl Championship Series to determine a national champion. This is due to many factors, including that bowl games are sanctioned by the NCAA (primarily in terms of amateurism regulations and guaranteeing a minimum payout to conferences of the participating schools), but are not under its direct administration.

The remaining five conferences, often referred to as "Mid-majors",[22][23] do not receive automatic bids but their conference champions are eligible for an automatic bid if it ranks in the BCS top 12 or in the top 16 and ahead of the champion from a conference with an automatic bid. Only one "mid-major" champion can qualify for an automatic bid in any year. The one exception is Notre Dame, which has to rank in the top eight of the BCS standings to ensure a spot in a BCS bowl game.[24]

FBS schools are limited to a total of 85 football players receiving financial assistance.[25] For competitive reasons, a student receiving partial scholarship counts fully against the total of 85. Nearly all FBS schools that are not on NCAA probation give 85 full scholarships.

As of 2010, there are 120 full members of Division I FBS. The most recent addition to FBS was Western Kentucky University, which ended its two-year transition period from Division I FCS in 2008 and became a full FBS member in 2009.[26] In 2011, three schools will begin transitions to FBS, starting as FCS members in 2011 and attaining full FBS membership in 2013:

Any conference with at least 12 football teams may split its teams into two divisions and conduct a championship game between the division winners.[27][28] The prize is normally a specific bowl game bid for which the conference has a tie-in, or a guaranteed spot in the BCS (depending on the conference).

[edit] Conferences

Conference Nickname Founded Members Sports Headquarters
Atlantic Coast Conference ACC 1953 12 25 Greensboro, North Carolina
Big East Conference Big East 1979[FBS 1] 16 (17 in July 2012)[FBS 2] 23 Providence, Rhode Island
Big Ten Conference Big Ten 1896 11 (12 in July 2011) 25 Park Ridge, Illinois
Big 12 Conference Big 12 1996 12 (10 in July 2011) 21 Irving, Texas
Conference USA C-USA 1995[FBS 3] 12[FBS 4] 21 Irving, Texas
Division I FBS Independents 4
Mid-American Conference MAC 1946 12[FBS 5] 23 Cleveland, Ohio
Mountain West Conference MWC 1999 9 (8 in July 2011, 9 in July 2012)[FBS 6] 19 Colorado Springs, Colorado
Pacific-10 Conference Pac-10 1915[FBS 7] 10 (12 in July 2011)[FBS 8] 22 Walnut Creek, California
Southeastern Conference SEC 1932 12 20 Birmingham, Alabama
Sun Belt Conference Sun Belt 1976 12 (11 by July 2012)[FBS 9][FBS 10] 19 New Orleans, Louisiana
Western Athletic Conference WAC 1962 9 (8 in July 2011) 19 Greenwood Village, Colorado
Notes
  1. ^ The conference was founded in 1979, but did not sponsor football until 1991.
  2. ^ Of the 16 Big East schools, only eight play football in the conference. TCU will join as the 17th full member and ninth football member in 2012. Two schools sponsor football teams in the lower Football Championship Subdivision, and one plays football as an independent school. The rest do not play college football. Additionally, the conference features one associate member, Loyola University Maryland, which plays women's lacrosse in the Big East.
  3. ^ The conference was founded in 1995, with football competition starting in 1996.
  4. ^ In addition to the 12 full members, Conference USA features three schools—Florida International University, the University of Kentucky, and the University of South Carolina—which play men's soccer in the conference. Colorado College, a Division I school in men's ice hockey and a Division III school for all other sports, plays women's soccer in Conference USA, filling the void of Tulane, which suspended women's soccer until 2011 in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Colorado College's status in C-USA beyond the 2010 season is unknown.
  5. ^ In addition to the 12 full members, the Mid-American Conference features four members which only participate in one sport each: Chicago State University in men's tennis, Hartwick College in men's soccer, Missouri State University in women's field hockey and Temple University in football.
  6. ^ The MWC will gain one member and lose two members in July 2011, and will lose one member and gain two full members in 2012. Also in 2012, Hawaiʻi will join the MWC for football only, while becoming a full member of the non-football Big West Conference.
  7. ^ The charter of the Pac-10 dates only to the formation of the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) in 1959. However, the Pac-10 claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference, which was founded in 1915 and began competition in 1916, as its own. Of the nine members of the PCC at the time of its demise in 1958, only Idaho never joined the Pac-10, and the PCC's berth in the Rose Bowl passed to the AAWU.
  8. ^ The Pac-10 also includes several associate members which compete in a single sport in the conference; San Diego State University plays men's soccer and six additional schools participate in men's wrestling.
  9. ^ Only nine schools in the Sun Belt Conference currently sponsor FBS football teams. The University of South Alabama, which began playing football as an unclassified NCAA program in 2009, will become an FCS independent in 2011 and complete its FBS transition in 2013.
  10. ^ The University of Denver, a non-football member, announced its departure for the WAC on November 11, 2010.

[edit] Football Championship Subdivision

See also: NCAA Division I Football Championship

The Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly known as Division I-AA, determines its national champion "on the field" in a 20-team, single-elimination tournament.[29] With the expansion of the tournament field from 16 teams to 20 starting in 2010, the champions of 10 conferences receive automatic bids, with 10 "at-large" spots; 12 teams will receive first-round byes in the new tournament format. A team must have at least seven wins to be eligible for an at-large spot.[30][31]

The tournament traditionally begins on Thanksgiving weekend in late November, and during the era of the 16-team field ran for four weeks, ending with the championship game in mid-December. Since 2010, the tournament has run for four weeks (for seeds 13-20) to determine the two finalists, who play for the FCS national title in early January in Frisco, Texas, the scheduled host through the 2012 season. For thirteen seasons, the title game was played in Chattanooga, Tennessee, (1997–2009), preceded by five seasons in Huntington, West Virginia, where host Marshall advanced to the title game in four of the five years.[32]

When I-AA was formed in 1978, the playoffs included just four teams for its first three seasons, doubling to eight teams for one season in 1981. From 1982-85, I-AA changed to a 12-team tourney, with each of the top four seeds receiving a first-round bye and a home game in the quarterfinals.[33] The I-AA playoffs went to 16 teams in 1986, and the FCS playoffs expanded to 20 teams starting in 2010. After 28 seasons, the "I-AA" was dropped by the NCAA in 2006, although it is still informally and commonly used.

[edit] Abstainers

The Football Championship Subdivision includes several conferences which do not participate in the eponymous post-season championship tournament. The Ivy League was lowered to I-AA (FCS) following the 1981 season,[34] and plays a strict ten game schedule. It has yet to participate in the post-season tournament, despite an automatic bid, citing academic concerns. The Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) has its own championship game in mid-December between the champions of its East and West divisions. Also three of its member schools traditionally do not finish their regular seasons until Thanksgiving weekend. Grambling State and Southern play each other in the Bayou Classic, and Alabama State plays Tuskegee University (a Division II team) in the Turkey Day Classic. SWAC teams are eligible to accept at-large bids if their schedule is not in conflict. The last SWAC team to participate in the I-AA playoffs was Jackson State in 1997; the SWAC never achieved success in the tournament, going winless in 19 games in twenty years (1978–97).

The Pioneer Football League and Northeast Conference champions play in the Gridiron Classic, though all conference teams technically remain tournament eligible. If a league champion is invited to the national championship, the second-place team plays in the Gridiron Classic. The Northeast Conference will get an automatic bid to the tournament starting in 2010, as will the Big South Conference.

Schools in a transition period after joining the FCS from a lower division (or from the NAIA) are also ineligible for the playoffs.

[edit] Scholarships

Division I FCS schools are currently restricted to giving financial assistance amounting to 63 full scholarships. Unlike Bowl Subdivision schools, Championship Subdivision schools may divide their allotment into partial scholarships, but Championship Subdivision schools are limited to 85 players receiving any sort of athletic financial aid for football. Because of competitive forces, however, a substantial number of players in Championship Subdivision programs are on full scholarships.

A few Championship Subdivision conferences are composed of schools that offer no athletic scholarships at all, most notably the Ivy League and the Pioneer Football League, a football-only conference. The Ivy League allows no athletic scholarships at all, while the PFL consists of schools that offer scholarships in other sports but choose not to take on the expense of a scholarship football program. The Northeast Conference also sponsored non-scholarship football, but began offering a maximum of 30 full scholarship equivalents in 2006 (which will grow to 40 by 2011 after a later vote of the league's school Presidents and Athletic Directors). The Patriot League does not give football scholarships, but permits them in other sports (athletes receiving these scholarships are ineligible to play football for Patriot League schools).

[edit] Conferences

Conference Nickname Founded Full Members Sports Headquarters FCS Tournament Bid
Big Sky Conference Big Sky 1963 9 (11 by 2012)[FCS 1] 15 Ogden, Utah Automatic
Big South Conference Big South 1983 10[FCS 2] 18 Charlotte, North Carolina Automatic
Colonial Athletic Association CAA 1983[FCS 3] 12[FCS 4] 21 Richmond, Virginia Automatic
Division I FCS Independents 2 Invitation
Great West Conference Great West 2004[FCS 5] 7[FCS 6] 16 Elmhurst, Illinois Invitation
Ivy League Ivy League 1954 8 33 Princeton, New Jersey Automatic - (Abstains)
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference MEAC 1970 13[FCS 7] 15 Virginia Beach, Virginia Automatic
Missouri Valley Football Conference MVFC 1985 9 (10 by 2012)[FCS 8] 1 St. Louis, Missouri Automatic
Northeast Conference NEC 1981 12[FCS 9] 23 Somerset, New Jersey Automatic
Ohio Valley Conference OVC 1948 11[FCS 10] 17 Brentwood, Tennessee Automatic
Patriot League Patriot 1986 8[FCS 11] 23 Center Valley, Pennsylvania Automatic
Pioneer Football League PFL 1991 10 1 St. Louis, Missouri Invitation
Southern Conference SoCon 1921 12[FCS 12] 19 Spartanburg, South Carolina Automatic
Southland Conference Southland 1963 12 (10 by 2012)[FCS 13][FCS 14] 17 Frisco, Texas Automatic
Southwestern Athletic Conference SWAC 1920 10 18 Birmingham, Alabama Abstains
Notes
  1. ^ Cal Poly and UC Davis, currently football-only members of the Great West Conference and full members of the non-football Big West Conference, will join the Big Sky as football-only members, most likely in 2013. North Dakota and Southern Utah, also Great West football members, will become full Big Sky members in 2012.
  2. ^ The Big South has seven full members that sponsor football. Stony Brook of the non-football America East Conference is an associate member for that sport. Although Campbell will become a full member of the Big South in July 2011, its football program will remain in the Pioneer Football League.
  3. ^ The CAA football conference was only founded in 2007, but has a continuous history dating to the late 1930s (although not under the same charter):
    • The New England Conference was formed by five New England state universities in 1938. Four of these schools—Maine, UMass, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island—are still in the CAA football conference (although URI football will leave the CAA for the Northeast Conference in 2013).
    • In 1947, the members of the New England Conference affiliated with other schools both inside and outside New England to form the Yankee Conference under a separate charter.
    • In 1997, the Yankee Conference was absorbed by the Atlantic 10 Conference. The A10 inherited the Yankee Conference's automatic berth in the Division I-AA (now FCS) playoffs. In addition to the four charter New England Conference members mentioned above, five other members of the Yankee Conference at the time of the A10 merger are still in the CAA football conference.
    • After the 2006 season, all of the A10 football teams left for the new CAA football conference. The CAA inherited the A10's automatic berth in the FCS playoffs.
  4. ^ The CAA has 12 full members, but after Hofstra and Northeastern dropped football following the 2009 season, only four of the full members were part of the CAA football conference. These four schools are joined for football by six associate members. Two other full CAA members have plans to join the CAA football conference. Old Dominion began FCS play in 2009 and will begin CAA competition in 2011; Georgia State began FCS play in 2010 and will begin CAA competition in 2012.
  5. ^ The Great West Conference was a football-only conference until 2008, when it became an all-sports conference.
  6. ^ The football conference has 5 teams, only two of which are full Great West members. The Great West football conference will now disband after the 2011 season, with four of its football programs set to move to the Big Sky and the other to the Missouri Valley Football Conference.
  7. ^ The football conference currently consists of 11 of the 13 member schools following the 2010 addition of North Carolina Central University.
  8. ^ South Dakota will move from the Great West to the MVFC in 2012.
  9. ^ The conference has seven full members that sponsor football. Two schools from non-football conferences are associate members for football—Albany of the America East Conference and Duquesne of the Atlantic 10.
  10. ^ The football conference consists of 9 of the 11 member schools. Morehead State plays non-scholarship football in the Pioneer Football League, while SIU Edwardsville does not sponsor football.
  11. ^ Three of the full members do not sponsor FCS football. American does not sponsor football at all, while Army and Navy are FBS independents. Fordham and Georgetown are associate members in football. However, Fordham became ineligible for the conference title starting in 2010 when it started offering football scholarships, although it will play a full Patriot League schedule until at least 2012.
  12. ^ The football conference consists of 9 of the 12 member schools.
  13. ^ The football conference currently consists of 8 of the 12 member schools. Lamar revived its FCS football program in 2010 and will begin playing a full conference schedule in 2011. UTSA will launch an FCS football program in 2011, but will leave the Southland Conference in 2012 to join the WAC, fully transitioning to FBS football in 2013.
  14. ^ UTSA and Texas State announced their departure for the FBS WAC on November 11, 2010.

[edit] Division I non-football schools

Several Bowl Subdivision and Championship Subdivision conferences have member institutions that do not compete in football. Such schools are sometimes unofficially referred to as I-AAA.[5] For example, the Big East Conference, a Bowl Subdivision conference in football, has five members that discontinued their football programs (DePaul, Marquette, Providence, Seton Hall, and St. John's), plus an additional two members who play football in Championship Subdivision conferences (Georgetown and Villanova); conference member Notre Dame plays football as a Bowl Subdivision independent.

Bowl Subdivision football independents Army and Navy compete in the Patriot League, a FCS conference, in all other sports.

In addition, some schools officially affiliated with conferences that do not sponsor football do, in fact, field football teams. For example:

The following Division I conferences do not sponsor football. These conferences still compete in Division I for all sports that they sponsor.

[edit] Conferences

Conference Nickname Founded Members Sports Headquarters
America East Conference America East 1979 9 22 Boston, Massachusetts
Atlantic Sun Conference A-Sun 1978 11 (10 by July 2011)[NF 1] 17 Macon, Georgia
Atlantic 10 Conference A-10 1975 14 21 Newport News, Virginia
Big West Conference Big West / BWC 1969 9 (10 by 2012) 17 Irvine, California
Horizon League Horizon 1979 10 19 Indianapolis, Indiana
Independents Independents 5 (4 by July 2011)[NF 2]
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference MAAC 1980 10 25 Edison, New Jersey
Missouri Valley Conference MVC / Valley 1907 10 19 St. Louis, Missouri
The Summit League The Summit 1982 10 (9 by 2012)[NF 3] 19 Elmhurst, Illinois
West Coast Conference WCC 1952 8 (9 by July 2011)[NF 4] 13 San Bruno, California
  1. ^ Campbell, currently an Atlantic Sun member for most sports and the Pioneer Football League, will become a full member of the Big South Conference in 2011 (although its football program will remain in the PFL).
  2. ^ The number of independents will drop by one in July 2011 when New Orleans begins a transition to NCAA Division III.
  3. ^ The conference will gain one member in 2011, and lose one member in both 2011 and 2012. In 2011, Centenary will begin a transition to Division III. In the same year, South Dakota will join The Summit League from the Great West Conference; USD turned down an offer of full membership in the Big Sky Conference in favor of The Summit League and the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The following year, Southern Utah will join the Big Sky Conference.
  4. ^ BYU, currently a member of the Mountain West Conference, will join the WCC in July 2011, with its football program becoming an FBS independent.

Of these, the two that most recently sponsored football were the Atlantic-10 and the MAAC. The A-10 football league dissolved in 2006 with its members going to the Colonial Athletic Association. In addition, four A-10 schools (Dayton, Fordham, Duquesne, and Temple) play football in a conference other than the new CAA, which still includes three full-time A-10 members (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Richmond). The MAAC stopped sponsoring football in 2007, after most of its members gradually stopped fielding teams.

Other non-football conference schools that sponsor football include six of the Missouri Valley schools (Drake, Illinois State, Indiana State, Missouri State, Northern Iowa, and Southern Illinois) and three of the Horizon League schools (Butler, Valparaiso, and Youngstown State). The Missouri Valley Football Conference is a separate entity from the Missouri Valley Conference, despite sharing a name (from 2008).

[edit] Division I in ice hockey

As ice hockey is limited to a much smaller number of almost exclusively Northern schools, there is a completely different conference structure for teams.[19] These conferences feature a mix of teams that play their other sports in various Division I conferences, and even Division II and Division III schools. With the exception of the Ivy League's hockey-playing schools being members of the ECAC, there is no correlation between a team's ice hockey affiliation and its affiliation for other sports. For example, the Hockey East men's conference consists of one ACC school, one Big East school, four schools from America East, one from the A-10, one CAA school, and two schools from the D-II Northeast Ten Conference, whereas the CCHA and WCHA both have some Big Ten representation, plus Division II and III schools. Also, the divisional structure is truncated, with Division II competition in the sport abolished in 1999.

[edit] Conferences

Conference Nickname Founded Members (Men/Women)
Atlantic Hockey Atlantic Hockey 1997 12 (12/none)
Central Collegiate Hockey Association CCHA 1972 11 (11/none)
College Hockey America CHA 2002 5 (none/5)
ECAC Hockey N/A 1962 12 (12/12)
Hockey East Hockey East 1984 11 (10/8)
Independents 2 (1/1)
Western Collegiate Hockey Association WCHA 1951 13 (12/8)

[edit] Controversy

In the early 21st century, a controversy arose in the NCAA over whether schools will continue to be allowed to have one showcased program in Division I with the remainder of the athletic program in a lower division, as is the case of, notably, Johns Hopkins University lacrosse as well as Colorado College and University of Alabama in Huntsville in ice hockey. This is an especially important issue in hockey, which has no Division II national championship and has several schools whose other athletic programs compete in Division II and Division III.

This controversy was resolved at the 2004 NCAA Convention in Nashville, Tennessee when the members supported Proposal 65-1, the amended legislation co-sponsored by Colorado College, Clarkson University, Hartwick College, the Johns Hopkins University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Rutgers University-Newark, St. Lawrence University, and SUNY Oneonta.[35][36] Each school affected by this debate is allowed to grant financial aid to student-athletes who compete in Division I programs in one men's sport and one women's sport. It is still permitted for other schools to place one men's and one women's sport in Division I going forward, but they cannot offer scholarships without bringing the whole program into compliance with Division I rules. In addition, schools in Divisions II and III are allowed to "play up" in any sport that does not have a Division II championship, but only Division II programs and any Division III programs covered by the exemption can offer scholarships in those sports.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Crowley, Joseph N. (2006). In The Arena: The NCAA's First Century. NCAA Publications. pp. 42. http://www.ncaapublications.com/p-4039-in-the-arena-the-ncaas-first-century.aspx. 
  2. ^ "What to do with I-AA?". Football.stassen.com. http://football.stassen.com/records/notes/iaa.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  3. ^ "College Football Preview, 2008 Bowl Season". Collegefootballpoll.com. http://www.collegefootballpoll.com/games_preview_121108.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  4. ^ a b Wieberg, Steve (2006-08-03). "NCAA to rename college football subdivisions". Usatoday.Com. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-08-03-ncaa-subdivisions_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  5. ^ a b [1][dead link]
  6. ^ a b "The Official Web Site of the NCAA". NCAA.org. http://www.ncaa.org/wps/ncaa?ContentID=418. Retrieved 2009-11-19. [dead link]
  7. ^ "Rule 15.02.3 Counter" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 194. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010.  See also Rule 15.5.1, pp. 205–207, for a more comprehensive discussion of when an individual becomes a "counter".
  8. ^ "Rule 15.5.5.1 Men's Basketball" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 210. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  9. ^ "Rule 15.5.5.2 Women's Basketball" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 210. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  10. ^ "Rule 15.5.6.1 Football Bowl Subdivision. (FBS)" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 210. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  11. ^ a b c "Rule 15.5.2 Head-Count Sports Other Than Football and Basketball" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 207. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  12. ^ a b "Rule 15.5.4 Baseball Limitations" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 209. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  13. ^ "Rule 15.5.4.1 Minimum Equivalency Value" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 209. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  14. ^ "Rule 15.5.6.2 Football Championship Subdivision. (FCS)" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 210. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Rule 15.5.3.1 Maximum Equivalency Limits" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 207. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  16. ^ "Rule 15.5.7 Ice Hockey Limitations" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 211. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  17. ^ "Rule 15.5.9 Multi-Sport Participants" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. pp. 212–13. http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D111.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 
  18. ^ BY BRIAN NIELSEN Sports Editorbnielsen@jg-tc.com (2007-09-11). "> Sports > So what's in a college football subdivision name?". JG-TC.com. http://www.jg-tc.com/articles/2007/09/11/sports/doc46e763af81481733372007.txt. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  19. ^ a b "Conferences". Inside College Hockey. http://www.insidecollegehockey.com/3Conferences/conferencesSection.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  20. ^ a b Football Bowl Subdivision Membership Requirements (pdf file)
  21. ^ "Sports :NCAA Football Tournament: An Imagined Solution to a Real Problem". Meridian Magazine. http://www.meridianmagazine.com/sports/031128ncaa.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  22. ^ "Mid-major conferences use strong schedules to earn at-large bids - College Sports - ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. 2007-11-28. http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=3131139. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  23. ^ "Rise & Fall: Mid-Major Conference Review | College Basketball by Collegehoops.net". Collegehoopsnet.com. 2008-08-11. http://www.collegehoopsnet.com/rise-amp-fall-midmajor-conference-review-57498. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  24. ^ "CFB - - FOX Sports on MSN". Bcsfootball.org. 2006-02-19. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080406071334/http://www.bcsfootball.org/bcsfb/eligibility. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  25. ^ "College Football Scholarships. NCAA and NAIA Football Recruiting". Collegesportsscholarships.com. http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/football.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  26. ^ "WKU Football Playing on New FieldTurf Surface - Western Kentucky University Official Athletics Site". Wkusports.com. 2009-04-03. http://www.wkusports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=5400&ATCLID=3705830. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  27. ^ "An unlikely champ for Big Ten expansion: Paterno | Berry Tramel's Blog". Blog.newsok.com. http://blog.newsok.com/berrytramel/2009/05/06/an-unlikely-champ-for-big-ten-expansion-paterno/. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  28. ^ "Ground Zero East Lansing: Big Ten Roundtable - Antepenultimate edition". Groundzeroeastlansing.blogspot.com. 2008-11-11. http://groundzeroeastlansing.blogspot.com/2008/11/big-ten-roundtable-antepenultimate.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  29. ^ "NCAA Division I Football Championship". Div1fbchampionship.com. http://www.div1fbchampionship.com/. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  30. ^ "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA)-Previous Football Champions". Rauzulusstreet.com. http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/football/college1aa/college1aachampions.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  31. ^ The Sports Network. "The Sports Network - Football Championship Subdivision". 64.246.64.33. http://64.246.64.33/merge/tsnform.aspx?c=sportsnetwork&page=cfoot2/news/news.aspx?id=4146516. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  32. ^ "The FCS College Football Weekly Preview". Fcspreview.com. http://www.fcspreview.com/playoffs/championship.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  33. ^ http://www.fcspreview.com/history.html http://www.fcspreview.com/history.html
  34. ^ New York Times - 2006-11-17
  35. ^ "Clarkson University: News - Faculty Rep, Student-athlete Groups Oppose Ncaa Proposal 65". Clarkson.edu. 2003-12-22. http://www.clarkson.edu/news/view.php?id=335. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  36. ^ "Johns Hopkins Gazette | January 5, 2004". Jhu.edu. 2004-01-05. http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/2004/05jan04/05ncaa.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 

[edit] External links

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