How do I append one string to another in Python?

Question

How do I efficiently append one string to another? Are there any faster alternatives to:

var1 = "foo"
var2 = "bar"
var3 = var1 + var2

---

_{For handling multiple strings in a list, see How to concatenate (join) items in a list to a single string.}

_{See How do I put a variable’s value inside a string (interpolate it into the string)? if some inputs are not strings, but the result should still be a string.}

Answer 1

If you only have one reference to a string and you concatenate another string to the end, CPython now special cases this and tries to extend the string in place.

The end result is that the operation is amortized O(n).

e.g.

s = ""
for i in range(n):
    s += str(i)

used to be O(n^2), but now it is O(n).

More information

From the source (bytesobject.c):

void
PyBytes_ConcatAndDel(register PyObject **pv, register PyObject *w)
{
    PyBytes_Concat(pv, w);
    Py_XDECREF(w);
}


/* The following function breaks the notion that strings are immutable:
   it changes the size of a string.  We get away with this only if there
   is only one module referencing the object.  You can also think of it
   as creating a new string object and destroying the old one, only
   more efficiently.  In any case, don't use this if the string may
   already be known to some other part of the code...
   Note that if there's not enough memory to resize the string, the original
   string object at *pv is deallocated, *pv is set to NULL, an "out of
   memory" exception is set, and -1 is returned.  Else (on success) 0 is
   returned, and the value in *pv may or may not be the same as on input.
   As always, an extra byte is allocated for a trailing \0 byte (newsize
   does *not* include that), and a trailing \0 byte is stored.
*/

int
_PyBytes_Resize(PyObject **pv, Py_ssize_t newsize)
{
    register PyObject *v;
    register PyBytesObject *sv;
    v = *pv;
    if (!PyBytes_Check(v) || Py_REFCNT(v) != 1 || newsize < 0) {
        *pv = 0;
        Py_DECREF(v);
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    /* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
    _Py_ForgetReference(v);
    *pv = (PyObject *)
        PyObject_REALLOC((char *)v, PyBytesObject_SIZE + newsize);
    if (*pv == NULL) {
        PyObject_Del(v);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    _Py_NewReference(*pv);
    sv = (PyBytesObject *) *pv;
    Py_SIZE(sv) = newsize;
    sv->ob_sval[newsize] = '\0';
    sv->ob_shash = -1;          /* invalidate cached hash value */
    return 0;
}

It's easy enough to verify empirically.

$ python -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(10):s+='a'"
1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.85 usec per loop
$ python -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(100):s+='a'"
10000 loops, best of 3: 16.8 usec per loop
$ python -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(1000):s+='a'"
10000 loops, best of 3: 158 usec per loop
$ python -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(10000):s+='a'"
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.71 msec per loop
$ python -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(100000):s+='a'"
10 loops, best of 3: 14.6 msec per loop
$ python -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(1000000):s+='a'"
10 loops, best of 3: 173 msec per loop

It's important however to note that this optimisation isn't part of the Python spec. It's only in the cPython implementation as far as I know. The same empirical testing on pypy or jython for example might show the older O(n**2) performance.

$ pypy -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(10):s+='a'"
10000 loops, best of 3: 90.8 usec per loop
$ pypy -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(100):s+='a'"
1000 loops, best of 3: 896 usec per loop
$ pypy -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(1000):s+='a'"
100 loops, best of 3: 9.03 msec per loop
$ pypy -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(10000):s+='a'"
10 loops, best of 3: 89.5 msec per loop

So far so good, but then,

$ pypy -m timeit -s"s=''" "for i in xrange(100000):s+='a'"
10 loops, best of 3: 12.8 sec per loop

ouch even worse than quadratic. So pypy is doing something that works well with short strings, but performs poorly for larger strings.

Answer 2

Don't prematurely optimize. If you have no reason to believe there's a speed bottleneck caused by string concatenations then just stick with + and +=:

s  = 'foo'
s += 'bar'
s += 'baz'

That said, if you're aiming for something like Java's StringBuilder, the canonical Python idiom is to add items to a list and then use str.join to concatenate them all at the end:

l = []
l.append('foo')
l.append('bar')
l.append('baz')

s = ''.join(l)

Answer 3

str1 = "Hello"
str2 = "World"
newstr = " ".join((str1, str2))

That joins str1 and str2 with a space as separators. You can also do "".join(str1, str2, ...). str.join() takes an iterable, so you'd have to put the strings in a list or a tuple.

That's about as efficient as it gets for a builtin method.

Answer 4

Don't.

That is, for most cases you are better off generating the whole string in one go rather than appending to an existing string.

For example, don't do: obj1.name + ":" + str(obj1.count)

Instead: use "%s:%d" % (obj1.name, obj1.count)

That will be easier to read and more efficient.

Answer 5

Python 3.6 gives us f-strings, which are a delight:

var1 = "foo"
var2 = "bar"
var3 = f"{var1}{var2}"
print(var3)                       # prints foobar

You can do most anything inside the curly braces

print(f"1 + 1 == {1 + 1}")        # prints 1 + 1 == 2

Answer 6

If you're appending two strings then just use +.

If you need to do many append operations to build a large string, you can use StringIO. The interface is like a file: you write to append text to it, and then use getvalue() to get the combined string.

Answer 7

it really depends on your application. If you're looping through hundreds of words and want to append them all into a list, .join() is better. But if you're putting together a long sentence, you're better off using +=.

Answer 8

Basically, no difference. The only consistent trend is that Python seems to be getting slower with every version... :(

---

List

%%timeit
x = []
for i in range(100000000):  # xrange on Python 2.7
    x.append('a')
x = ''.join(x)

Python 2.7

1 loop, best of 3: 7.34 s per loop

Python 3.4

1 loop, best of 3: 7.99 s per loop

Python 3.5

1 loop, best of 3: 8.48 s per loop

Python 3.6

1 loop, best of 3: 9.93 s per loop

---

String

%%timeit
x = ''
for i in range(100000000):  # xrange on Python 2.7
    x += 'a'

Python 2.7:

1 loop, best of 3: 7.41 s per loop

Python 3.4

1 loop, best of 3: 9.08 s per loop

Python 3.5

1 loop, best of 3: 8.82 s per loop

Python 3.6

1 loop, best of 3: 9.24 s per loop

Answer 9

Append strings with the add function:

str1 = "Hello"
str2 = " World"
str3 = str1.__add__(str2)
print(str3)

Output:

Hello World

Answer 10

a='foo'
b='baaz'

a.__add__(b)

out: 'foobaaz'

Answer 11

One other option is to use .format as following:

print("{}{}".format(var1, var2))

Answer 12

Depends on what you are trying to do. If you are formatting a variable into a string to print, e.g. you want the output to be:

Hello, Bob

Given the name Bob, you'd want to us %s. print("Hello, %s" % my_variable) It's efficient, and it works with all data-types (so you don't have to do str(my_variable) like you do with "a" + str(5)).

Answer 13

You can use this to join strings: f"{var1} {var2}"