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. 2015 Jul 27:5:12526.
doi: 10.1038/srep12526.

60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2

Marina Silva  1 , Farida Alshamali  2 , Paula Silva  3 , Carla Carrilho  4 , Flávio Mandlate  5 , Maria Jesus Trovoada  6 , Viktor Černý  7 , Luísa Pereira  3 , Pedro Soares  8
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
  • 2 1] IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [2] General Department of Forensic Sciences &Criminology, Dubai Police GHQ, 1493 Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
  • 3 1] IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [2] Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal [3] i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
  • 4 1] Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 257 Maputo, Moçambique [2] Hospital Central de Maputo, 1164 Maputo, Moçambique.
  • 5 1] Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 257 Maputo, Moçambique [2] Departamento de Saúde Mental, Ministério da Saúde, 14 Maputo, Moçambique.
  • 6 1] Instituto Gulbenkian Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal [2] Centro Nacional de Endemias, CP 23, São Tomé e Príncipe.
  • 7 Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128-43 Prague, Czech Republic.
  • 8 1] IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [2] CBMA (Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.

60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2

Marina Silva et al. Sci Rep. .
. 2015 Jul 27:5:12526.
doi: 10.1038/srep12526.

Authors

Marina Silva  1 , Farida Alshamali  2 , Paula Silva  3 , Carla Carrilho  4 , Flávio Mandlate  5 , Maria Jesus Trovoada  6 , Viktor Černý  7 , Luísa Pereira  3 , Pedro Soares  8

Affiliations

  • 1 IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
  • 2 1] IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [2] General Department of Forensic Sciences &Criminology, Dubai Police GHQ, 1493 Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
  • 3 1] IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [2] Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal [3] i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
  • 4 1] Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 257 Maputo, Moçambique [2] Hospital Central de Maputo, 1164 Maputo, Moçambique.
  • 5 1] Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 257 Maputo, Moçambique [2] Departamento de Saúde Mental, Ministério da Saúde, 14 Maputo, Moçambique.
  • 6 1] Instituto Gulbenkian Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal [2] Centro Nacional de Endemias, CP 23, São Tomé e Príncipe.
  • 7 Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128-43 Prague, Czech Republic.
  • 8 1] IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [2] CBMA (Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.

Abstract

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup L2 originated in Western Africa but is nowadays spread across the entire continent. L2 movements were previously postulated to be related to the Bantu expansion, but L2 expansions eastwards probably occurred much earlier. By reconstructing the phylogeny of L2 (44 new complete sequences) we provide insights on the complex net of within-African migrations in the last 60 thousand years (ka). Results show that lineages in Southern Africa cluster with Western/Central African lineages at a recent time scale, whereas, eastern lineages seem to be substantially more ancient. Three moments of expansion from a Central African source are associated to L2: (1) one migration at 70-50 ka into Eastern or Southern Africa, (2) postglacial movements (15-10 ka) into Eastern Africa; and (3) the southward Bantu Expansion in the last 5 ka. The complementary population and L0a phylogeography analyses indicate no strong evidence of mtDNA gene flow between eastern and southern populations during the later movement, suggesting low admixture between Eastern African populations and the Bantu migrants. This implies that, at least in the early stages, the Bantu expansion was mainly a demic diffusion with little incorporation of local populations.

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Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1. Schematic phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroup…

Figure 1. Schematic phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroup L2, based on ML age estimates.

Colour scheme…

Figure 1. Schematic phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroup L2, based on ML age estimates.
Colour scheme corresponding to the probable origin of each clade (WA – Western Africa, CA – Central Africa, EA – Eastern Africa, SA – Southern Africa, EUR – Europe, NE – Near East/Arabian Peninsula), new branch labels proposed in the present study are underlined.
Figure 2

Figure 2. Frequency distribution maps for mtDNA…

Figure 2. Frequency distribution maps for mtDNA haplogroup L2.

Maps for L2a ( a ),…

Figure 2. Frequency distribution maps for mtDNA haplogroup L2.
Maps for L2a (a), L2b (b), L2* (c), L2d (d), L2e (e) and total L2 (f). The map was obtained from the website www.outline-world-map.com.
Figure 3

Figure 3. MDS plot based on Slatkin’s…

Figure 3. MDS plot based on Slatkin’s linearized F ST .

Colour code: WA – Western Africa,…

Figure 3. MDS plot based on Slatkin’s linearized FST.
Colour code: WA – Western Africa, CA – Central Africa, EA – Eastern Africa, SA – Southern Africa.
Figure 4

Figure 4. Haplogroup composition of sub-Saharan African…

Figure 4. Haplogroup composition of sub-Saharan African countries.

Population abbreviations: BF – Burkina Faso, CV…

Figure 4. Haplogroup composition of sub-Saharan African countries.
Population abbreviations: BF – Burkina Faso, CV – Cape Verde, S. Africa – South Africa, S. Leone – Sierra Leone, STP – São Tomé and Príncipe, W. Pygmies – Western Pygmies. The map was obtained from the website www.outline-world-map.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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