Alfred von Waldersee
Alfred von Waldersee | |
|---|---|
 Alfred von Waldersee pada 1902 | |
| Ketua Staf Am Jerman | |
| Dalam jawatan 10 Ogos 1888 – 7 Februari 1891 | |
| Raja | Wilhelm II |
| Canselor | |
| Didahului oleh | Helmuth von Moltke |
| Digantikan oleh | Alfred von Schlieffen |
| Maklumat peribadi | |
| Lahir | 8 April 1832 Potsdam, Provinsi Brandenburg, Kerajaan Prusia dalam Konfederasi Jerman |
| Meninggal dunia | 5 Mac 1904 (umur 71) Hanover, Provinsi Hanover, Kerajaan Prusia dalam Empayar Jerman |
| Pertalian | Georg von Waldersee |
| Nama panggilan | Weltmarschall (World Marshal) |
| Perkhidmatan tentera | |
| Kesetiaan |  Kingdom of Prussia (1850–1871) German Empire (1871–1904) |
| Cabang/khidmat |  Tentera Darat Prusia Tentera Darat Imperial Jerman |
| Tahun khidmat | 1850-1904 |
| Pangkat |  Generalfeldmarschall |
| Perang/Pertempuran | Perang Austria-Prusia Perang Perancis-Prusia Boxer Rebellion |
Alfred Heinrich Karl Ludwig Graf von Waldersee[a] (8 April 1832 – 5 Mac 1904) ialah seorang Generalfeldmarschall (Fil Marsyal) Jerman yang berkhidmat sebagai Ketua Staf Am Imperial Jerman dan Pemerintah Tertinggi Angkatan Ekspedisi Antarabangsa semasa Pemberontakan Boxer.
Dilahirkan dalam keluarga tentera, von Waldersee berkhidmat dengan cemerlang sebagai pegawai artileri, dan menjadi atase tentera Prusia di kedutaan Paris pada tahun 1870. Kedudukan ini memberinya pemahaman tentang pertahanan Perancis yang terbukti sangat penting dalam Perang Perancis-Prusia yang bakal tercetus, di mana beliau memainkan peranan penting. Kemudian, sebagai pembantu utama kepada Fil Marsyal Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Ketua Staf Am Imperial, von Waldersee memperoleh pengaruh terhadap bakal Kaiser Wilhelm II, yang melantiknya sebagai Ketua Staf sebaik sahaja menaiki takhta.
Apabila kawasan kedutaan asing di Peking dikepung oleh pemberontak Boxer pada tahun 1900, von Waldersee dilantik sebagai ketua pasukan bantuan Perikatan Lapan Negara. Walaupun beliau tiba terlalu lewat untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pertempuran, beliau mengetuai ekspedisi hukuman yang berjaya menumpaskan Boxer, dan dikatakan telah mengambil seorang perempuan simpanan Cina, Sai Jinhua.
Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Sekondeleutnant - 27 April 1850
- Premierleutnant - 9 Jun 1858
- Rittmeister - 18 Oktober 1863
- Major - 22 Mac 1871
- Oberstleutnant - 14 April 1874
- Oberst - 15 Jun 1876
- Generalmajor - 4 April 1882
- Generalleutnant - 17 September 1886
- General der Kavallerie - 12 Mac 1888
- Generaloberst - 27 Januari 1891
- Generalfeldmarschall - 6 Mei 1900
Pingat dan darjah kebesaran
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Prusia:
- Knight of Honour of the Johanniter Order, 1865; Knight of Justice, 1876[3]
- Knight of the Red Eagle, 4th Class with Swords, 1866; 2nd Class with Oak Leaves and Swords on Ring, 1874; with Star, 7 September 1881;[3] Grand Cross, 27 January 1889
- Iron Cross (1870), 1st Class
- Knight's Cross of the Royal Darjah Kerabat Diraja Hohenzollern, with Swords, 16 June 1871;[3] Grand Commander's Cross with Swords on Ring, 27 January 1891[4]
- Knight of the Prussian Crown, 1st Class, 22 March 1884[3]
- Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar and in Diamonds, 27 April 1900
- Pour le Mérite (military) with Oak leaves, 8 August 1901[5] – upon his return to Germany from his posting in China[6]
- Anhalt: Commander of Albert the Bear, 1st Class, 1878;[7] Grand Cross, 1886[8]
- Baden:[9]
- Knight of the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order, 1870
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1897
Bavaria:
- Grand Commander of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, 1879[10]
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1901[10]
- Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, with Swords, 16 May 1902
- Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion, with Swords, 1882[11]
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Meiningen Duci Ernestine: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
Hesse and by Rhine: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 21 September 1889[12]
Mecklenburg:
- Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Golden Crown
- Military Merit Cross, 1st Class (Schwerin)
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown and Swords
- Kingdom of Saxony:
- Grand Cross of the Albert Order, with Golden Star, 1889[13]
- Knight of the Rue Crown
Württemberg:
- Commander of the Württemberg Crown, with Swords, 1870;[14] Grand Cross with Swords, 1889[15]
- Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1883[15]
- Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
Austria-Hungary:[16]
- Commander of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1871;[17] Grand Cross, 1887; in Diamonds, 1889
- Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph, with Star, 1872
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1895; in Diamonds, 1901
French Empire: Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour
Kingdom of Italy:
- Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy, October 1901[18]
Holy See: Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX, 3 June 1903
Persian Empire: Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class
Russian Empire:
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, with Swords and in Diamonds
- Knight of St. Andrew, with Swords and in Diamonds, August 1901[19]
United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (military), 16 August 1901[20]
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Mengenai nama peribadi: Freiherr ialah satu gelaran kehormat, diterjemah sebagai Baron, bukan nama pertama atau nama tengah. Ia menjadi nama pertama sebelum tahun 1919 , gelaran silam dengan orang yang hidup selepas tahun 1919 merupakan bahagian sandaran nama keluarga, oleh itu menjadi nama utama sebelum nama keluarga dan tidak boleh ditukarkan. Gelaran bagi perempuan ialah Freifrau and Freiin.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- 1 2 Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat fur das jahr 1903, p. 37
- 1 2 Templat:Cite newspaper The Times
- 1 2 3 4 "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (dalam bahasa German), Berlin, 1: 57, 560, 945, 1004, 1886 – melalui hathitrust.orgCS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)", Preussische Ordens-Liste (dalam bahasa German), Berlin, 1: 5, 108, 1886 – melalui hathitrust.orgCS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ "Orden Pour le Mérite", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (dalam bahasa German), Berlin, 1895, m/s. 6 – melalui hathitrust.orgCS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Templat:Cite newspaper The Times
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1883) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 22
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für das Herzogthum Anhalt, 1894. Im Selbstverlage des Herausgebers. 1894. m/s. 19.
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1902), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 68, 72
- 1 2 "Königliche Orden", Hof- und – Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern (dalam bahasa German), 1902, m/s. 10, 27 – melalui hathitrust.orgCS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogthums Braunschweig für 1902. Bd. 1902. Braunschweig: Meyer, 1902. p. 10
- ↑ "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (dalam bahasa German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1898, m/s. 16 – melalui hathitrust.orgCS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. m/s. 161 – melalui hathitrust.org.
- ↑ Württemberg (Kingdom). Statistisches Landesamt (1877). Staatshandbuch für Württemberg. Druck von W. Kohlhammer. m/s. 39.
- 1 2 Württemberg (Kingdom). Statistisches Landesamt (1896). Staatshandbuch für Württemberg. Druck von W. Kohlhammer. m/s. 45, 97.
- ↑ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1904, m/s. 56, 66, 157, dicapai pada 14 January 2021
- ↑ "Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichsch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1883, m/s. 132, dicapai pada 5 February 2021
- ↑ Templat:Cite newspaper The Times
- ↑ Templat:Cite newspaper The Times
- ↑ "No. 27346". The London Gazette. 16 August 1901. m/s. 5409.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Craig, Gordon A. The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945 (Oxford U Press, 1964). online
- Mombauer, Annika. “Wilhelm, Waldersee, and the Boxer Rebellion.” in The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II’s Role in Imperial Germany eds. Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist. (Cambridge University Press, 2004) pp. 91–118.
- Trosclair, Wade James, "Alfred von Waldersee, monarchist: his private life, public image, and the limits of his ambition, 1882-1891" (LSU Theses #2782 2012) online
- Vlasov, Nikolay. "Political generals in Prussia-Germany: The Waldersee case." (Working Papers WP 2018-07, Centre for German and European Studies (CGES), 2018) [pautan mati]
- Waldersee, Alfred Count von. A Field-Marshal’s Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence, and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee. ed. Frederic Whyte. (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1924).
- books in German
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Petikan akbar mengenai Alfred von Waldersee di 20th Century Press Archives daripada ZBW
Petikan kata berkaitan Alfred von Waldersee di Wikipetik
| Pegawai tentera | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh Count Moltke |
Ketua Staf Am 1888–1891 |
Diikuti oleh: Count Schlieffen |
| Didahului oleh Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski |
Kuartermaster Jeneral Tentera Darat Jerman 27 Disember 1881 – 10 Ogos 1888 |
Diikuti oleh: Alfred von Schlieffen |
