Commutative diagrams
(For more examples, see this meta question.)
AMScd diagrams must start with a "require":
$\require{AMScd}$
\begin{CD}
A @>a>> B\\
@V b V V= @VV c V\\
C @>>d> D
\end{CD}
to get this diagram: $\require{AMScd}$ \begin{CD} A @>a>> B\\ @V b V V= @VV c V\\ C @>>d> D \end{CD}
@>>>
is used for arrow right
@<<<
is used for arrow left
@VVV
is used for arrow down
@AAA
is used for arrow up
@=
is used for horizontal double line
@|
is used for vertical double line
@.
is used for no arrow
Another example:
\begin{CD}
A @>>> B @>{\text{very long label}}>> C \\
@. @AAA @| \\
D @= E @<<< F
\end{CD}
\begin{CD} A @>>> B @>{\text{very long label}}>> C \\ @. @AAA @| \\ D @= E @<<< F \end{CD}
Long labels increase the length of the arrow and in this version also automatically increase corresponding arrows.
$\require{AMScd}$
\begin{CD}
RCOHR'SO_3Na @>{\text{Hydrolysis,$\Delta, Dil.HCl$}}>> (RCOR')+NaCl+SO_2+ H_2O
\end{CD}
$\require{AMScd}$ \begin{CD} \text{RCOHR'SO$_3$Na} @>{\text{Hydrolysis, $\Delta,$ Dil. HCl}}>> \text{(RCOR')+NaCl+SO$_2$+ H$_2$O} \end{CD}