* testing: improving GenerateSubsetsTest

* testing: change List to more common Iterable

---------

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <93663085+DenizAltunkapan@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <93663085+DenizAltunkapan@users.noreply.github.com>

…ottom-Up DP) Implementations in Java along with their corresponding Tests (#6425)

* feat: Add 0/1 Knapsack and its tabulation implementation with their corresponding tests

* feat: Add 0/1 Knapsack and its tabulation implementation with their corresponding tests

* feat: Add 0/1 Knapsack and its tabulation implementation with their corresponding tests

* Feat:add 0/1knapsack and 0/1knapsacktabulation along with their tests

* Feat:add 0/1knapsack and 0/1knapsacktabulation along with their tests

* Feat:add 0/1knapsack and 0/1knapsacktabulation along with their tests

---------

Co-authored-by: Oleksandr Klymenko <alexanderklmn@gmail.com>

testing: refactor to ParameterizedTest PrefixEvaluatorTest

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <93663085+DenizAltunkapan@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: alxkm <alxkm@users.noreply.github.com>

testing: improve QueueByTwoStacksTest

Bumps [org.junit:junit-bom](https://github.com/junit-team/junit-framework) from 5.13.3 to 5.13.4.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/junit-team/junit-framework/releases)
- [Commits](junit-team/junit-framework@r5.13.3...r5.13.4)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: org.junit:junit-bom
  dependency-version: 5.13.4
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* testing: improve CircularBufferTest

* style: redundant whitespace

---------

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <93663085+DenizAltunkapan@users.noreply.github.com>

testing: improve SortStackTest

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <93663085+DenizAltunkapan@users.noreply.github.com>

* testing: improve QueueTest

* testing: fix test

testing: improve StackArrayTest

* testing: improve test coverage CursorLinkedListTest

* style: fix checkstyle formatting

testing: improve test coverage DequeTest

* testing: improve test coverage StackOfLinkedListTest

* testing: fix spotbugs

added program for evil number

* Add One-Time Pad Cipher implementation in Java

* Add One-Time Pad Cipher implementation (fixed)

* Add ThreadedBinaryTree with in-order traversal and tests

* feat: add threaded binary tree implementation and tests

* fix: remove redundant null check for SpotBugs compliance

* feat: implement One-Time Pad cipher (#6941)

* style: format OneTimePadCipher with clang-format

….0 (#7147)

Bumps [com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle](https://github.com/checkstyle/checkstyle) from 12.1.2 to 12.2.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/checkstyle/checkstyle/releases)
- [Commits](checkstyle/checkstyle@checkstyle-12.1.2...checkstyle-12.2.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle
  dependency-version: 12.2.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

…o 2025-11-14-10-05-32 (#7148)

chore(deps): bump gitpod/workspace-java-21

Bumps gitpod/workspace-java-21 from 2025-10-06-13-14-25 to 2025-11-14-10-05-32.

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: gitpod/workspace-java-21
  dependency-version: 2025-11-14-10-05-32
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add Snell's Law implementation for refraction angle

* Add tests for Snell's Law calculations

* Update documentation with reference link to Snell's Law

Added a reference link to Snell's Law in the documentation.

* Prevent instantiation of SnellLaw class

Make SnellLaw class non-instantiable by adding a private constructor.

* Rename SnellsLawTest to SnellLawTest

* Refactor SnellLawTest for clarity and accuracy

* Rename SnellsLaw.java to SnellLaw.java

* Refactor SnellLawTest with additional assertions

* Refactor SnellLaw class constructor and error handling

Refactor SnellLaw constructor and error message formatting.

* Fix missing newline at end of SnellLawTest.java

Ensure that the SnellLawTest class has a newline at the end of the file.

* Simplify assertions in SnellLawTest

* Simplify exception throwing for total internal reflection

… 7.7.2 (#7153)

chore(deps): bump com.mebigfatguy.fb-contrib:fb-contrib

Bumps [com.mebigfatguy.fb-contrib:fb-contrib](https://github.com/mebigfatguy/fb-contrib) from 7.7.1 to 7.7.2.
- [Commits](https://github.com/mebigfatguy/fb-contrib/commits/v7.7.2)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: com.mebigfatguy.fb-contrib:fb-contrib
  dependency-version: 7.7.2
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

…7155)

Add time and space complexity comments for specific sorting algorithms

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <deniz.altunkapan@outlook.com>

* Add unit tests for graph algorithms (BFS, DFS, Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford) #7133

- Created BellmanFordTest.java with 10 test methods covering various graph scenarios

- Created ConnectedComponentTest.java with 15 test methods for DFS-based component counting

- Enhanced MatrixGraphsTest.java with additional BFS/DFS test cases

- Enhanced DijkstraAlgorithmTest.java with comprehensive shortest path tests

Fixes #7133

* fix: format files using clang

* fix: removing my changes on pull_request_template

---------

Co-authored-by: prashantdubeypng <vinoddubey6059@gmail.com>

…7154)

Bumps [org.mockito:mockito-core](https://github.com/mockito/mockito) from 5.20.0 to 5.21.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/mockito/mockito/releases)
- [Commits](mockito/mockito@v5.20.0...v5.21.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: org.mockito:mockito-core
  dependency-version: 5.21.0
  dependency-type: direct:development
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <deniz.altunkapan@outlook.com>

)

Bumps [actions/cache](https://github.com/actions/cache) from 4 to 5.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/cache/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/cache/blob/main/RELEASES.md)
- [Commits](actions/cache@v4...v5)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/cache
  dependency-version: '5'
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add Z-Algorithm (string pattern matching) with tests

* Add Z-Algorithm (string pattern matching) with tests

* Add Z-Algorithm (string pattern matching) with tests

* Fix checkstyle errors for ZAlgorithm

* Fix: clang-format and checkstyle compliance for ZAlgorithm

* feat: BinaryTreeToString.java Added with tests

* fix: javadoc added to BinaryTreeToString

* fix: link to leetcode added

added program for lucky number

….0 (#7167)

Bumps [com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle](https://github.com/checkstyle/checkstyle) from 12.2.0 to 12.3.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/checkstyle/checkstyle/releases)
- [Commits](checkstyle/checkstyle@checkstyle-12.2.0...checkstyle-12.3.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle
  dependency-version: 12.3.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* [FEAT] Add Thin Lens formula for ray optics

* [CI] Re-run clang-format checks

* [CI] Re-run checks after rebase

* [STYLE] Apply clang-format to ThinLensTest

---------

Co-authored-by: Koushik Sai <nyamathabadkoushik@gmail.com>

* commit1

* Fix clang-format spacing in array declarations

* Add additional edge cases to GCD unit tests

* Rename GCD test methods and add descriptive names

* Fix formatting in GCD tests

---------

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <deniz.altunkapan@outlook.com>

* Implement LengthOfLastWord algorithm in strings package

* Add JUnit tests for LengthOfLastWord algorithm

* style: fix import order and spacing for clang-format

)

* Improve QuickSort documentation with detailed comments and explanations

* Format QuickSort documentation and fix JavaDoc layout

* Add recursive factorial implementation with tests

* [STYLE] Apply clang-format

* Move recursive factorial to recursion package and remove duplicate

* Move recursive factorial to recursion package and remove duplicate

* Apply clang-format to factorial recursion tests

* Apply clang-format to factorial recursion tests

---------

Co-authored-by: Koushik Sai <nyamathabadkoushik@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <deniz.altunkapan@outlook.com>

* Add immutable HashMap implementation

* Add immutable HashMap implementation

* Applied clang-format

---------

Co-authored-by: Koushik Sai <nyamathabadkoushik@gmail.com>

* Add StochasticMatrix utility class

This class provides methods to check if a matrix is row-stochastic or column-stochastic, ensuring all elements are non-negative and the sums of rows or columns equal 1.

* Change package from maths to matrix

Updated package declaration for StochasticMatrix class.

* Change package declaration in StochasticMatrixTest

* Delete src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/StochasticMatrixTest.java

* Refactor matrix initialization for test cases

* Fix formatting of matrix initialization in tests

* Remove unnecessary newline in StochasticMatrix

* Add import statement for JUnit in StochasticMatrixTest

* Add additional assertions to StochasticMatrixTest

* Clean up import statements in StochasticMatrixTest

Removed unused import statements for cleaner code.

* Reorder import statements in StochasticMatrixTest

* Remove unused import assertThrows from StochasticMatrixTest

Removed unused import for assertThrows.

* Added 0/1 Knapsack Algorithm using Dynamic Programming in Java

* Fix Checkstyle whitespace issues in Knapsack.java

* Formatted Knapsack.java to pass linter and added 0/1 Knapsack algorithm

* Formatted Knapsack.java to pass linter and added 0/1 Knapsack algorithm

* Formatted Knapsack.java to pass linter and added 0/1 Knapsack algorithm

* Formatted Knapsack.java to pass linter and added 0/1 Knapsack algorithm

---------

Co-authored-by: Deniz Altunkapan <deniz.altunkapan@outlook.com>

Co-authored-by: DenizAltunkapan <DenizAltunkapan@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add checklist item for test class inclusion

* Update pull request template for algorithm tests

….1 (#7188)

Bumps [com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle](https://github.com/checkstyle/checkstyle) from 12.3.0 to 12.3.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/checkstyle/checkstyle/releases)
- [Commits](checkstyle/checkstyle@checkstyle-12.3.0...checkstyle-12.3.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle
  dependency-version: 12.3.1
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>