Attention! This issue relates only for unhandled exception debug window which shows up for exceptions thrown by PHP like \ErrorException and handled by set_error_handler mechanism. These are exceptions based on FatalErrorException class. Exceptions handled by symfony/source code and displayed by kernel.exception event is not related. I wrote this issue text shown below before I relised this difference, but it is still relevant for unhandled exceptions.

I did everything as described in this topic. I use Ubuntu & PhpStorm & Chrome.
This path replacing mechanics not working for me at all.
I checked out this issue but it wont helped me neither.
I did a couple of tries which I generalised to this two scenarios:
First try:
framework.yml: ide: "phpstorm://open?file=%%f&line=%%l&/usr/local/>/var/www/project_name/"
php.ini: xdebug.file_link_format = ""
Result: not a phpstorm link

Second try:
no ide key in framework.yml
php.ini: xdebug.file_link_format = "phpstorm://open?file=%f&line=%l&/usr/local/>/var/www/project_name/"
Result its a link

BUT the link is phpstorm://open?file=/usr/local/app/src/Entity/WhatEverFile.php&line=205&/usr/local/>/var/www/project_name/ wich results to non existent file error in PhpStorm - it tries to open /usr/local/app/src/Entity/WhatEverFile.php file.

I have tried phpstorm://open?url=file://%f&line=%l&/usr/local/>/var/www/project_name/ format just in case.. but hopeless.