.. _bytes-ops:

Native bytes operations

These ``bytes`` operations have fast, optimized implementations. Other

bytes operations use generic implementations that are often slower.

Construction

* Bytes literal

* ``bytes(x: list)``

Operators

* Concatenation (``b1 + b2``)

* Indexing (``b[n]``)

* Slicing (``b[n:m]``, ``b[n:]``, ``b[:m]``)

* Comparisons (``==``, ``!=``)

.. _bytes-methods:

Methods

* ``b.decode()``

* ``b.decode(encoding: str)``

* ``b.decode(encoding: str, errors: str)``

* ``b.join(x: Iterable)``

.. note::

:ref:`str.encode() <str-methods>` is also optimized.

Formatting

A subset of % formatting operations are optimized (``b"..." % (...)``).

Functions

* ``len(b: bytes)``

* ``ord(b: bytes)``

bytes_operations

.. _str-methods:

* ``s.encode()``

* ``s.encode(encoding: str)``

* ``s.encode(encoding: str, errors: str)``

.. note::

:ref:`bytes.decode() <bytes-methods>` is also optimized.

Formatting

A subset of these common string formatting expressions are optimized:

* F-strings

* ``"...".format(...)``

* ``"..." % (...)``

* ``len(s: str)``

* ``ord(s: str)``