property's tp_init has this code:

    if (Py_IS_TYPE(self, &PyProperty_Type)) {
        Py_XSETREF(self->prop_doc, prop_doc);
    } else {
        /* If this is a property subclass, put __doc__
           in dict of the subclass instance instead,
           otherwise it gets shadowed by __doc__ in the
           class's dict. */

        /*...*/
         PyObject_SetAttr((PyObject *)self, &_Py_ID(__doc__), prop_doc);
        /*...*/
    }

This assumes that subclasses of property have a __dict__ (or a __doc__ attribute settable by other means). That is the case when subclassed using the class statement, but might not be true using C.
A C-API reproducer is at https://github.com/wjakob/inheritance_issue/blob/master/inheritance_issue.c

I don't see a good way to fix this. We could:

• document that subclasses need to set Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT (or provide a __doc__ descriptor), or
• ignore the AttributeError, unless __doc__ was set explicitly?

• PR: gh-98963: Add a note to the error for property subclasses without __doc__ #99058

• PR: gh-98963: Restore the ability to have a dict-less property. #105262

• PR: [3.12] gh-98963: Restore the ability to have a dict-less property. (GH-105262) #105297