diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes index 2f5a030981fb94..5682b9150a36e2 100644 --- a/.gitattributes +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ *.ico binary *.jpg binary *.pck binary +*.pdf binary *.png binary *.psd binary *.tar binary @@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ PCbuild/readme.txt dos **/clinic/*.cpp.h generated **/clinic/*.h.h generated *_db.h generated +Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.svg generated Doc/data/stable_abi.dat generated Doc/library/token-list.inc generated Include/internal/pycore_ast.h generated diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS index 16331b65e52979..c1de8a529a8db7 100644 --- a/.github/CODEOWNERS +++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS @@ -326,3 +326,8 @@ Modules/_xxtestfuzz/ @ammaraskar **/*templateobject* @lysnikolaou **/*templatelib* @lysnikolaou **/*tstring* @lysnikolaou + +# Remote debugging +Python/remote_debug.h @pablogsal +Python/remote_debugging.c @pablogsal +Modules/_remote_debugging_module.c @pablogsal @ambv @1st1 diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml index b192508c78685c..e26433786f74e4 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/build.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml @@ -15,7 +15,13 @@ permissions: contents: read concurrency: - group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}-reusable + # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#concurrency + # 'group' must be a key uniquely representing a PR or push event. + # github.workflow is the workflow name + # github.actor is the user invoking the workflow + # github.head_ref is the source branch of the PR or otherwise blank + # github.run_id is a unique number for the current run + group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.actor }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }} cancel-in-progress: true env: @@ -43,6 +49,53 @@ jobs: if: fromJSON(needs.build-context.outputs.run-docs) uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-docs.yml + check-abi: + name: 'Check if the ABI has changed' + runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 # 24.04 causes spurious errors + needs: build-context + if: needs.build-context.outputs.run-tests == 'true' + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v4 + with: + persist-credentials: false + - uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: '3.x' + - name: Install dependencies + run: | + sudo ./.github/workflows/posix-deps-apt.sh + sudo apt-get install -yq abigail-tools + - name: Build CPython + env: + CFLAGS: -g3 -O0 + run: | + # Build Python with the libpython dynamic library + ./configure --enable-shared + make -j4 + - name: Check for changes in the ABI + id: check + run: | + if ! make check-abidump; then + echo "Generated ABI file is not up to date." + echo "Please add the release manager of this branch as a reviewer of this PR." + echo "" + echo "The up to date ABI file should be attached to this build as an artifact." + echo "" + echo "To learn more about this check: https://devguide.python.org/getting-started/setup-building/index.html#regenerate-the-abi-dump" + echo "" + exit 1 + fi + - name: Generate updated ABI files + if: ${{ failure() && steps.check.conclusion == 'failure' }} + run: | + make regen-abidump + - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4 + name: Publish updated ABI files + if: ${{ failure() && steps.check.conclusion == 'failure' }} + with: + name: abi-data + path: ./Doc/data/*.abi + check-autoconf-regen: name: 'Check if Autoconf files are up to date' # Don't use ubuntu-latest but a specific version to make the job diff --git a/.github/workflows/mypy.yml b/.github/workflows/mypy.yml index 908daaf3a6019a..9dbdd606fff472 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/mypy.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/mypy.yml @@ -13,7 +13,13 @@ on: - "Lib/test/libregrtest/**" - "Lib/tomllib/**" - "Misc/mypy/**" + - "Tools/build/compute-changes.py" + - "Tools/build/deepfreeze.py" - "Tools/build/generate_sbom.py" + - "Tools/build/generate-build-details.py" + - "Tools/build/verify_ensurepip_wheels.py" + - "Tools/build/update_file.py" + - "Tools/build/umarshal.py" - "Tools/cases_generator/**" - "Tools/clinic/**" - "Tools/jit/**" diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-context.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-context.yml index 73dc254edc5fbc..d2668ddcac1a3d 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/reusable-context.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-context.yml @@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ jobs: run: python Tools/build/compute-changes.py env: GITHUB_DEFAULT_BRANCH: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }} + GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }} CCF_TARGET_REF: ${{ github.base_ref || github.event.repository.default_branch }} CCF_HEAD_REF: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }} diff --git a/.github/workflows/tail-call.yml b/.github/workflows/tail-call.yml index 4636372e26c41b..e32cbf0aaa3c3e 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/tail-call.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/tail-call.yml @@ -137,4 +137,3 @@ jobs: CC=clang-20 ./configure --with-tail-call-interp --disable-gil make all --jobs 4 ./python -m test --multiprocess 0 --timeout 4500 --verbose2 --verbose3 - diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 2a6f249275c32e..7965f6a404368e 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -170,6 +170,3 @@ Python/frozen_modules/MANIFEST # Ignore ./python binary on Unix but still look into ./Python/ directory. /python !/Python/ - -# main branch only: ABI files are not checked/maintained. -Doc/data/python*.abi diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml index 7ad829c94d50f3..822a8a9f4e5076 100644 --- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml +++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml @@ -43,10 +43,14 @@ repos: exclude: ^Lib/test/test_tomllib/ - id: check-yaml - id: end-of-file-fixer - types: [python] + types_or: [python, yaml] exclude: Lib/test/tokenizedata/coding20731.py + - id: end-of-file-fixer + files: '^\.github/CODEOWNERS$' + - id: trailing-whitespace + types_or: [c, inc, python, rst, yaml] - id: trailing-whitespace - types_or: [c, inc, python, rst] + files: '^\.github/CODEOWNERS|\.(gram)$' - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema rev: 0.33.0 diff --git a/.readthedocs.yml b/.readthedocs.yml index a57de00544e4e3..0a2c3f8345367f 100644 --- a/.readthedocs.yml +++ b/.readthedocs.yml @@ -32,4 +32,3 @@ build: - make -C Doc venv html - mkdir _readthedocs - mv Doc/build/html _readthedocs/html - diff --git a/Doc/c-api/allocation.rst b/Doc/c-api/allocation.rst index 7cbc99ad145ad4..59d913a0462382 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/allocation.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/allocation.rst @@ -16,7 +16,20 @@ Allocating Objects on the Heap Initialize a newly allocated object *op* with its type and initial reference. Returns the initialized object. Other fields of the object are - not affected. + not initialized. Despite its name, this function is unrelated to the + object's :meth:`~object.__init__` method (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init` + slot). Specifically, this function does **not** call the object's + :meth:`!__init__` method. + + In general, consider this function to be a low-level routine. Use + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` where possible. + For implementing :c:member:`!tp_alloc` for your type, prefer + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` or :c:func:`PyObject_New`. + + .. note:: + + This function only initializes the object's memory corresponding to the + initial :c:type:`PyObject` structure. It does not zero the rest. .. c:function:: PyVarObject* PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size) @@ -24,38 +37,107 @@ Allocating Objects on the Heap This does everything :c:func:`PyObject_Init` does, and also initializes the length information for a variable-size object. + .. note:: + + This function only initializes some of the object's memory. It does not + zero the rest. + .. c:macro:: PyObject_New(TYPE, typeobj) - Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* - and the Python type object *typeobj* (``PyTypeObject*``). - Fields not defined by the Python object header are not initialized. - The caller will own the only reference to the object - (i.e. its reference count will be one). - The size of the memory allocation is determined from the - :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` field of the type object. + Allocates a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and the + Python type object *typeobj* (``PyTypeObject*``) by calling + :c:func:`PyObject_Malloc` to allocate memory and initializing it like + :c:func:`PyObject_Init`. The caller will own the only reference to the + object (i.e. its reference count will be one). + + Avoid calling this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot instead. + + When populating a type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot, + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` is preferred over a custom function that + simply calls this macro. + + This macro does not call :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc`, + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` (:meth:`~object.__new__`), or + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init` (:meth:`~object.__init__`). + + This cannot be used for objects with :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` set in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`; use :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` instead. + + Memory allocated by this macro must be freed with :c:func:`PyObject_Free` + (usually called via the object's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot). + + .. note:: + + The returned memory is not guaranteed to have been completely zeroed + before it was initialized. + + .. note:: + + This macro does not construct a fully initialized object of the given + type; it merely allocates memory and prepares it for further + initialization by :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init`. To construct a + fully initialized object, call *typeobj* instead. For example:: - Note that this function is unsuitable if *typeobj* has - :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` set. For such objects, - use :c:func:`PyObject_GC_New` instead. + PyObject *foo = PyObject_CallNoArgs((PyObject *)&PyFoo_Type); + + .. seealso:: + + * :c:func:`PyObject_Free` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` + * :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` .. c:macro:: PyObject_NewVar(TYPE, typeobj, size) - Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and the - Python type object *typeobj* (``PyTypeObject*``). - Fields not defined by the Python object header - are not initialized. The allocated memory allows for the *TYPE* structure - plus *size* (``Py_ssize_t``) fields of the size - given by the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize` field of - *typeobj*. This is useful for implementing objects like tuples, which are - able to determine their size at construction time. Embedding the array of - fields into the same allocation decreases the number of allocations, - improving the memory management efficiency. + Like :c:macro:`PyObject_New` except: + + * It allocates enough memory for the *TYPE* structure plus *size* + (``Py_ssize_t``) fields of the size given by the + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize` field of *typeobj*. + * The memory is initialized like :c:func:`PyObject_InitVar`. + + This is useful for implementing objects like tuples, which are able to + determine their size at construction time. Embedding the array of fields + into the same allocation decreases the number of allocations, improving the + memory management efficiency. + + Avoid calling this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot instead. + + When populating a type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot, + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` is preferred over a custom function that + simply calls this macro. + + This cannot be used for objects with :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` set in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`; use :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar` + instead. + + Memory allocated by this function must be freed with :c:func:`PyObject_Free` + (usually called via the object's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot). + + .. note:: + + The returned memory is not guaranteed to have been completely zeroed + before it was initialized. + + .. note:: + + This macro does not construct a fully initialized object of the given + type; it merely allocates memory and prepares it for further + initialization by :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init`. To construct a + fully initialized object, call *typeobj* instead. For example:: + + PyObject *list_instance = PyObject_CallNoArgs((PyObject *)&PyList_Type); + + .. seealso:: - Note that this function is unsuitable if *typeobj* has - :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` set. For such objects, - use :c:func:`PyObject_GC_NewVar` instead. + * :c:func:`PyObject_Free` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar` + * :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` .. c:function:: void PyObject_Del(void *op) @@ -71,6 +153,6 @@ Allocating Objects on the Heap .. seealso:: - :c:func:`PyModule_Create` + :ref:`moduleobjects` To allocate and create extension modules. diff --git a/Doc/c-api/code.rst b/Doc/c-api/code.rst index 6eae24b38fae48..42594f063b0709 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/code.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/code.rst @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ bound into a function. Type of a code object watcher callback function. If *event* is ``PY_CODE_EVENT_CREATE``, then the callback is invoked - after `co` has been fully initialized. Otherwise, the callback is invoked + after *co* has been fully initialized. Otherwise, the callback is invoked before the destruction of *co* takes place, so the prior state of *co* can be inspected. diff --git a/Doc/c-api/function.rst b/Doc/c-api/function.rst index 58792edeed25e3..63b78f677674e9 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/function.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/function.rst @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ There are a few functions specific to Python functions. unpredictable effects, including infinite recursion. If *event* is ``PyFunction_EVENT_CREATE``, then the callback is invoked - after `func` has been fully initialized. Otherwise, the callback is invoked + after *func* has been fully initialized. Otherwise, the callback is invoked before the modification to *func* takes place, so the prior state of *func* can be inspected. The runtime is permitted to optimize away the creation of function objects when possible. In such cases no event will be emitted. diff --git a/Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst b/Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst index d1f0982b818931..f6fa52b36c5ab3 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst @@ -57,11 +57,49 @@ rules: Analogous to :c:macro:`PyObject_New` but for container objects with the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set. + Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot instead. + + When populating a type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot, + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` is preferred over a custom function that + simply calls this macro. + + Memory allocated by this macro must be freed with + :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` (usually called via the object's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot). + + .. seealso:: + + * :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_New` + * :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` + + .. c:macro:: PyObject_GC_NewVar(TYPE, typeobj, size) Analogous to :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar` but for container objects with the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set. + Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot instead. + + When populating a type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot, + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` is preferred over a custom function that + simply calls this macro. + + Memory allocated by this macro must be freed with + :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` (usually called via the object's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot). + + .. seealso:: + + * :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar` + * :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` + + .. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnstable_Object_GC_NewWithExtraData(PyTypeObject *type, size_t extra_size) Analogous to :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` but allocates *extra_size* @@ -73,6 +111,10 @@ rules: The extra data will be deallocated with the object, but otherwise it is not managed by Python. + Memory allocated by this function must be freed with + :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` (usually called via the object's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot). + .. warning:: The function is marked as unstable because the final mechanism for reserving extra data after an instance is not yet decided. @@ -136,6 +178,21 @@ rules: Releases memory allocated to an object using :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`. + Do not call this directly to free an object's memory; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot instead. + + Do not use this for memory allocated by :c:macro:`PyObject_New`, + :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar`, or related allocation functions; use + :c:func:`PyObject_Free` instead. + + .. seealso:: + + * :c:func:`PyObject_Free` is the non-GC equivalent of this function. + * :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar` + * :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` + .. c:function:: void PyObject_GC_UnTrack(void *op) @@ -180,9 +237,9 @@ provided. In order to use this macro, the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` must name its arguments exactly *visit* and *arg*: -.. c:function:: void Py_VISIT(PyObject *o) +.. c:macro:: Py_VISIT(o) - If *o* is not ``NULL``, call the *visit* callback, with arguments *o* + If the :c:expr:`PyObject *` *o* is not ``NULL``, call the *visit* callback, with arguments *o* and *arg*. If *visit* returns a non-zero value, then return it. Using this macro, :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handlers look like:: diff --git a/Doc/c-api/init.rst b/Doc/c-api/init.rst index 52f64a61006b74..4d0c39dc9a19d2 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/init.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/init.rst @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ to 1 and ``-bb`` sets :c:data:`Py_BytesWarningFlag` to 2. Set by the :option:`-i` option. - .. deprecated:: 3.12 + .. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.15 .. c:var:: int Py_IsolatedFlag @@ -1083,8 +1083,36 @@ Note that the ``PyGILState_*`` functions assume there is only one global interpreter (created automatically by :c:func:`Py_Initialize`). Python supports the creation of additional interpreters (using :c:func:`Py_NewInterpreter`), but mixing multiple interpreters and the -``PyGILState_*`` API is unsupported. +``PyGILState_*`` API is unsupported. This is because :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` +and similar functions default to :term:`attaching ` a +:term:`thread state` for the main interpreter, meaning that the thread can't safely +interact with the calling subinterpreter. + +Supporting subinterpreters in non-Python threads +------------------------------------------------ + +If you would like to support subinterpreters with non-Python created threads, you +must use the ``PyThreadState_*`` API instead of the traditional ``PyGILState_*`` +API. + +In particular, you must store the interpreter state from the calling +function and pass it to :c:func:`PyThreadState_New`, which will ensure that +the :term:`thread state` is targeting the correct interpreter:: + + /* The return value of PyInterpreterState_Get() from the + function that created this thread. */ + PyInterpreterState *interp = ThreadData->interp; + PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_New(interp); + PyThreadState_Swap(tstate); + + /* GIL of the subinterpreter is now held. + Perform Python actions here. */ + result = CallSomeFunction(); + /* evaluate result or handle exception */ + /* Destroy the thread state. No Python API allowed beyond this point. */ + PyThreadState_Clear(tstate); + PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent(); .. _fork-and-threads: @@ -1261,6 +1289,10 @@ code, or when embedding the Python interpreter: .. seealso: :c:func:`PyEval_ReleaseThread` + .. note:: + Similar to :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure`, this function will hang the + thread if the runtime is finalizing. + The following functions use thread-local storage, and are not compatible with sub-interpreters: @@ -1287,10 +1319,10 @@ with sub-interpreters: When the function returns, there will be an :term:`attached thread state` and the thread will be able to call arbitrary Python code. Failure is a fatal error. - .. note:: - Calling this function from a thread when the runtime is finalizing will - hang the thread until the program exits, even if the thread was not - created by Python. Refer to + .. warning:: + Calling this function when the runtime is finalizing is unsafe. Doing + so will either hang the thread until the program ends, or fully crash + the interpreter in rare cases. Refer to :ref:`cautions-regarding-runtime-finalization` for more details. .. versionchanged:: 3.14 @@ -1307,7 +1339,6 @@ with sub-interpreters: Every call to :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` must be matched by a call to :c:func:`PyGILState_Release` on the same thread. - .. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyGILState_GetThisThreadState() Get the :term:`attached thread state` for this thread. May return ``NULL`` if no @@ -1315,20 +1346,30 @@ with sub-interpreters: always has such a thread-state, even if no auto-thread-state call has been made on the main thread. This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function. - .. seealso: :c:func:`PyThreadState_Get`` + .. note:: + This function does not account for :term:`thread states ` created + by something other than :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` (such as :c:func:`PyThreadState_New`). + Prefer :c:func:`PyThreadState_Get` or :c:func:`PyThreadState_GetUnchecked` + for most cases. + .. seealso: :c:func:`PyThreadState_Get`` .. c:function:: int PyGILState_Check() Return ``1`` if the current thread is holding the :term:`GIL` and ``0`` otherwise. This function can be called from any thread at any time. - Only if it has had its Python thread state initialized and currently is - holding the :term:`GIL` will it return ``1``. + Only if it has had its :term:`thread state ` initialized + via :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` will it return ``1``. This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function. It can be useful for example in callback contexts or memory allocation functions when knowing that the :term:`GIL` is locked can allow the caller to perform sensitive actions or otherwise behave differently. + .. note:: + If the current Python process has ever created a subinterpreter, this + function will *always* return ``1``. Prefer :c:func:`PyThreadState_GetUnchecked` + for most cases. + .. versionadded:: 3.4 diff --git a/Doc/c-api/intro.rst b/Doc/c-api/intro.rst index c8c60eb9f48f45..9701429438def4 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/intro.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/intro.rst @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ complete listing. item defined in the module file. Example:: static struct PyModuleDef spam_module = { - PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, + .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, .m_name = "spam", ... }; @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ complete listing. PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_spam(void) { - return PyModule_Create(&spam_module); + return PyModuleDef_Init(&spam_module); } @@ -844,3 +844,41 @@ after every statement run by the interpreter.) Please refer to :file:`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` in the Python source distribution for more detailed information. + + +.. _c-api-tools: + +Recommended third party tools +============================= + +The following third party tools offer both simpler and more sophisticated +approaches to creating C, C++ and Rust extensions for Python: + +* `Cython `_ +* `cffi `_ +* `HPy `_ +* `nanobind `_ (C++) +* `Numba `_ +* `pybind11 `_ (C++) +* `PyO3 `_ (Rust) +* `SWIG `_ + +Using tools such as these can help avoid writing code that is tightly bound to +a particular version of CPython, avoid reference counting errors, and focus +more on your own code than on using the CPython API. In general, new versions +of Python can be supported by updating the tool, and your code will often use +newer and more efficient APIs automatically. Some tools also support compiling +for other implementations of Python from a single set of sources. + +These projects are not supported by the same people who maintain Python, and +issues need to be raised with the projects directly. Remember to check that the +project is still maintained and supported, as the list above may become +outdated. + +.. seealso:: + + `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions `_ + The Python Packaging User Guide not only covers several available + tools that simplify the creation of binary extensions, but also + discusses the various reasons why creating an extension module may be + desirable in the first place. diff --git a/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..dca9f87e9e0aca --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +digraph "Life Events" { + graph [ + fontnames="svg" + fontsize=12.0 + id="life_events_graph" + layout="dot" + margin="0,0" + ranksep=0.25 + stylesheet="lifecycle.dot.css" + ] + node [ + fontname="Courier" + fontsize=12.0 + ] + edge [ + fontname="Times-Italic" + fontsize=12.0 + ] + + "start" [fontname="Times-Italic" shape=plain label=< start > style=invis] + { + rank="same" + "tp_new" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_new" target="_top"] + "tp_alloc" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_alloc" target="_top"] + } + "tp_init" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_init" target="_top"] + "reachable" [fontname="Times-Italic" shape=box] + "tp_traverse" [ + href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" + ordering="in" + target="_top" + ] + "finalized?" [ + fontname="Times-Italic" + label=finalized?> + ordering="in" + shape=diamond + tooltip="marked as finalized?" + ] + "tp_finalize" [ + href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_finalize" + ordering="in" + target="_top" + ] + "tp_clear" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" target="_top"] + "uncollectable" [ + fontname="Times-Italic" + label=(leaked)> + shape=box + tooltip="uncollectable (leaked)" + ] + "tp_dealloc" [ + href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc" + ordering="in" + target="_top" + ] + "tp_free" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_free" target="_top"] + + "start" -> "tp_new" [ + label=< type call > + ] + "tp_new" -> "tp_alloc" [ + label=< direct call > arrowhead=empty + labeltooltip="tp_new to tp_alloc: direct call" + tooltip="tp_new to tp_alloc: direct call" + ] + "tp_new" -> "tp_init" [tooltip="tp_new to tp_init"] + "tp_init" -> "reachable" [tooltip="tp_init to reachable"] + "reachable" -> "tp_traverse" [ + dir="back" + label=< not in a
cyclic
isolate > + labeltooltip="tp_traverse to reachable: not in a cyclic isolate" + tooltip="tp_traverse to reachable: not in a cyclic isolate" + ] + "reachable" -> "tp_traverse" [ + label=< periodic
cyclic isolate
detection > + labeltooltip="reachable to tp_traverse: periodic cyclic isolate detection" + tooltip="reachable to tp_traverse: periodic cyclic isolate detection" + ] + "reachable" -> "tp_init" [tooltip="reachable to tp_init"] + "reachable" -> "tp_finalize" [ + dir="back" + label=< resurrected
(maybe remove
finalized mark) > + labeltooltip="tp_finalize to reachable: resurrected (maybe remove finalized mark)" + tooltip="tp_finalize to reachable: resurrected (maybe remove finalized mark)" + ] + "tp_traverse" -> "finalized?" [ + label=< cyclic
isolate > + labeltooltip="tp_traverse to finalized?: cyclic isolate" + tooltip="tp_traverse to finalized?: cyclic isolate" + ] + "reachable" -> "finalized?" [ + label=< no refs > + labeltooltip="reachable to finalized?: no refs" + tooltip="reachable to finalized?: no refs" + ] + "finalized?" -> "tp_finalize" [ + label=< no (mark
as finalized) > + labeltooltip="finalized? to tp_finalize: no (mark as finalized)" + tooltip="finalized? to tp_finalize: no (mark as finalized)" + ] + "finalized?" -> "tp_clear" [ + label=< yes > + labeltooltip="finalized? to tp_clear: yes" + tooltip="finalized? to tp_clear: yes" + ] + "tp_finalize" -> "tp_clear" [ + label=< no refs or
cyclic isolate > + labeltooltip="tp_finalize to tp_clear: no refs or cyclic isolate" + tooltip="tp_finalize to tp_clear: no refs or cyclic isolate" + ] + "tp_finalize" -> "tp_dealloc" [ + arrowtail=empty + dir="back" + href="lifecycle.html#c.PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc" + style=dashed + label=< recommended
call (see
explanation)> + labeltooltip="tp_dealloc to tp_finalize: recommended call (see explanation)" + target="_top" + tooltip="tp_dealloc to tp_finalize: recommended call (see explanation)" + ] + "tp_finalize" -> "tp_dealloc" [ + label=< no refs > + labeltooltip="tp_finalize to tp_dealloc: no refs" + tooltip="tp_finalize to tp_dealloc: no refs" + ] + "tp_clear" -> "tp_dealloc" [ + label=< no refs > + labeltooltip="tp_clear to tp_dealloc: no refs" + tooltip="tp_clear to tp_dealloc: no refs" + ] + "tp_clear" -> "uncollectable" [ + label=< cyclic
isolate > + labeltooltip="tp_clear to uncollectable: cyclic isolate" + tooltip="tp_clear to uncollectable: cyclic isolate" + ] + "uncollectable" -> "tp_dealloc" [ + style=invis + tooltip="uncollectable to tp_dealloc" + ] + "reachable" -> "uncollectable" [ + label=< cyclic
isolate
(no GC
support) > + labeltooltip="reachable to uncollectable: cyclic isolate (no GC support)" + tooltip="reachable to uncollectable: cyclic isolate (no GC support)" + ] + "reachable" -> "tp_dealloc" [ + label=< no refs> + labeltooltip="reachable to tp_dealloc: no refs" + ] + "tp_dealloc" -> "tp_free" [ + arrowhead=empty + label=< direct call > + labeltooltip="tp_dealloc to tp_free: direct call" + tooltip="tp_dealloc to tp_free: direct call" + ] +} diff --git a/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.css b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..3abf95b74da6ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.css @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#life_events_graph { + --svg-fgcolor: currentcolor; + --svg-bgcolor: transparent; +} +#life_events_graph a { + color: inherit; +} +#life_events_graph [stroke="black"] { + stroke: var(--svg-fgcolor); +} +#life_events_graph text, +#life_events_graph [fill="black"] { + fill: var(--svg-fgcolor); +} +#life_events_graph [fill="white"] { + fill: var(--svg-bgcolor); +} +#life_events_graph [fill="none"] { + /* On links, setting fill will make the entire shape clickable */ + fill: var(--svg-bgcolor); +} diff --git a/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.pdf b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.pdf new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..ed5b5039c83e2c Binary files /dev/null and b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.pdf differ diff --git a/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.svg b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..7ace27dfcba113 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.dot.svg @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ + + + + + + + +Life Events + + + + +tp_new + + +tp_new + + + + + +start->tp_new + + + + + + +    type call   + + + + + +tp_alloc + + +tp_alloc + + + + + +tp_new->tp_alloc + + + + + + +  direct call   + + + + + +tp_init + + +tp_init + + + + + +tp_new->tp_init + + + + + + + + +reachable + +reachable + + + +tp_init->reachable + + + + + + + + +reachable->tp_init + + + + + + + + +tp_traverse + + +tp_traverse + + + + + +reachable->tp_traverse + + + + + + +  not in a   +  cyclic   +  isolate   + + + + + +reachable->tp_traverse + + + + + + +  periodic   +  cyclic isolate    +  detection   + + + + + +finalized? + + +marked as +finalized? + + + + + +reachable->finalized? + + + + + + +  no refs   + + + + + +tp_finalize + + +tp_finalize + + + + + +reachable->tp_finalize + + + + + + +  resurrected   +  (maybe remove   +  finalized mark)   + + + + + +uncollectable + + +uncollectable +(leaked) + + + + + +reachable->uncollectable + + + + + + +  cyclic   +  isolate   +  (no GC   +  support)   + + + + + +tp_dealloc + + +tp_dealloc + + + + + +reachable->tp_dealloc + + + +  no refs + + + + + +tp_traverse->finalized? + + + + + + +  cyclic   +  isolate   + + + + + +finalized?->tp_finalize + + + + + + +  no (mark   +  as finalized)   + + + + + +tp_clear + + +tp_clear + + + + + +finalized?->tp_clear + + + + + + +  yes   + + + + + +tp_finalize->tp_clear + + + + + + +  no refs or    +  cyclic isolate   + + + + + +tp_finalize->tp_dealloc + + + + + + +  recommended +  call (see +  explanation) + + + + + +tp_finalize->tp_dealloc + + + + + + +   no refs   + + + + + +tp_clear->uncollectable + + + + + + +  cyclic   +  isolate   + + + + + +tp_clear->tp_dealloc + + + + + + +  no refs   + + + + + + +tp_free + + +tp_free + + + + + +tp_dealloc->tp_free + + + + + + +    direct call   + + + + + diff --git a/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.rst b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.rst new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..0e2ffc096caba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/c-api/lifecycle.rst @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +.. highlight:: c + +.. _life-cycle: + +Object Life Cycle +================= + +This section explains how a type's slots relate to each other throughout the +life of an object. It is not intended to be a complete canonical reference for +the slots; instead, refer to the slot-specific documentation in +:ref:`type-structs` for details about a particular slot. + + +Life Events +----------- + +The figure below illustrates the order of events that can occur throughout an +object's life. An arrow from *A* to *B* indicates that event *B* can occur +after event *A* has occurred, with the arrow's label indicating the condition +that must be true for *B* to occur after *A*. + +.. only:: html and not epub + + .. raw:: html + + + + .. raw:: html + :file: lifecycle.dot.svg + + .. raw:: html + + + +.. only:: epub or not (html or latex) + + .. image:: lifecycle.dot.svg + :align: center + :class: invert-in-dark-mode + :alt: Diagram showing events in an object's life. Explained in detail + below. + +.. only:: latex + + .. image:: lifecycle.dot.pdf + :align: center + :class: invert-in-dark-mode + :alt: Diagram showing events in an object's life. Explained in detail + below. + +.. container:: + :name: life-events-graph-description + + Explanation: + + * When a new object is constructed by calling its type: + + #. :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` is called to create a new object. + #. :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` is directly called by + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` to allocate the memory for the new + object. + #. :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init` initializes the newly created object. + :c:member:`!tp_init` can be called again to re-initialize an object, if + desired. The :c:member:`!tp_init` call can also be skipped entirely, + for example by Python code calling :py:meth:`~object.__new__`. + + * After :c:member:`!tp_init` completes, the object is ready to use. + * Some time after the last reference to an object is removed: + + #. If an object is not marked as *finalized*, it might be finalized by + marking it as *finalized* and calling its + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` function. Python does + *not* finalize an object when the last reference to it is deleted; use + :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` to ensure that + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` is always called. + #. If the object is marked as finalized, + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` might be called by the garbage collector + to clear references held by the object. It is *not* called when the + object's reference count reaches zero. + #. :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` is called to destroy the object. + To avoid code duplication, :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` typically + calls into :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` to free up the object's + references. + #. When :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` finishes object destruction, + it directly calls :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` (usually set to + :c:func:`PyObject_Free` or :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` automatically as + appropriate for the type) to deallocate the memory. + + * The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` function is permitted to add a + reference to the object if desired. If it does, the object is + *resurrected*, preventing its pending destruction. (Only + :c:member:`!tp_finalize` is allowed to resurrect an object; + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` and + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` cannot without calling into + :c:member:`!tp_finalize`.) Resurrecting an object may + or may not cause the object's *finalized* mark to be removed. Currently, + Python does not remove the *finalized* mark from a resurrected object if + it supports garbage collection (i.e., the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` + flag is set) but does remove the mark if the object does not support + garbage collection; either or both of these behaviors may change in the + future. + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` can optionally call + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` via + :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` if it wishes to reuse that + code to help with object destruction. This is recommended because it + guarantees that :c:member:`!tp_finalize` is always called before + destruction. See the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` documentation + for example code. + * If the object is a member of a :term:`cyclic isolate` and either + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` fails to break the reference cycle or + the cyclic isolate is not detected (perhaps :func:`gc.disable` was called, + or the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag was erroneously omitted in one + of the involved types), the objects remain indefinitely uncollectable + (they "leak"). See :data:`gc.garbage`. + + If the object is marked as supporting garbage collection (the + :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`), the following events are also possible: + + * The garbage collector occasionally calls + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` to identify :term:`cyclic isolates + `. + * When the garbage collector discovers a :term:`cyclic isolate`, it + finalizes one of the objects in the group by marking it as *finalized* and + calling its :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` function, if it has one. + This repeats until the cyclic isolate doesn't exist or all of the objects + have been finalized. + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` is permitted to resurrect the object + by adding a reference from outside the :term:`cyclic isolate`. The new + reference causes the group of objects to no longer form a cyclic isolate + (the reference cycle may still exist, but if it does the objects are no + longer isolated). + * When the garbage collector discovers a :term:`cyclic isolate` and all of + the objects in the group have already been marked as *finalized*, the + garbage collector clears one or more of the uncleared objects in the group + (possibly concurrently) by calling each's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` function. This repeats as long as the + cyclic isolate still exists and not all of the objects have been cleared. + + +Cyclic Isolate Destruction +-------------------------- + +Listed below are the stages of life of a hypothetical :term:`cyclic isolate` +that continues to exist after each member object is finalized or cleared. It +is a memory leak if a cyclic isolate progresses through all of these stages; it should +vanish once all objects are cleared, if not sooner. A cyclic isolate can +vanish either because the reference cycle is broken or because the objects are +no longer isolated due to finalizer resurrection (see +:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`). + +0. **Reachable** (not yet a cyclic isolate): All objects are in their normal, + reachable state. A reference cycle could exist, but an external reference + means the objects are not yet isolated. +#. **Unreachable but consistent:** The final reference from outside the cyclic + group of objects has been removed, causing the objects to become isolated + (thus a cyclic isolate is born). None of the group's objects have been + finalized or cleared yet. The cyclic isolate remains at this stage until + some future run of the garbage collector (not necessarily the next run + because the next run might not scan every object). +#. **Mix of finalized and not finalized:** Objects in a cyclic isolate are + finalized one at a time, which means that there is a period of time when the + cyclic isolate is composed of a mix of finalized and non-finalized objects. + Finalization order is unspecified, so it can appear random. A finalized + object must behave in a sane manner when non-finalized objects interact with + it, and a non-finalized object must be able to tolerate the finalization of + an arbitrary subset of its referents. +#. **All finalized:** All objects in a cyclic isolate are finalized before any + of them are cleared. +#. **Mix of finalized and cleared:** The objects can be cleared serially or + concurrently (but with the :term:`GIL` held); either way, some will finish + before others. A finalized object must be able to tolerate the clearing of + a subset of its referents. :pep:`442` calls this stage "cyclic trash". +#. **Leaked:** If a cyclic isolate still exists after all objects in the group + have been finalized and cleared, then the objects remain indefinitely + uncollectable (see :data:`gc.garbage`). It is a bug if a cyclic isolate + reaches this stage---it means the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` methods + of the participating objects have failed to break the reference cycle as + required. + +If :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` did not exist, then Python would have no +way to safely break a reference cycle. Simply destroying an object in a cyclic +isolate would result in a dangling pointer, triggering undefined behavior when +an object referencing the destroyed object is itself destroyed. The clearing +step makes object destruction a two-phase process: first +:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` is called to partially destroy the objects +enough to detangle them from each other, then +:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` is called to complete the destruction. + +Unlike clearing, finalization is not a phase of destruction. A finalized +object must still behave properly by continuing to fulfill its design +contracts. An object's finalizer is allowed to execute arbitrary Python code, +and is even allowed to prevent the impending destruction by adding a reference. +The finalizer is only related to destruction by call order---if it runs, it runs +before destruction, which starts with :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` (if +called) and concludes with :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`. + +The finalization step is not necessary to safely reclaim the objects in a +cyclic isolate, but its existence makes it easier to design types that behave +in a sane manner when objects are cleared. Clearing an object might +necessarily leave it in a broken, partially destroyed state---it might be +unsafe to call any of the cleared object's methods or access any of its +attributes. With finalization, only finalized objects can possibly interact +with cleared objects; non-finalized objects are guaranteed to interact with +only non-cleared (but potentially finalized) objects. + +To summarize the possible interactions: + +* A non-finalized object might have references to or from non-finalized and + finalized objects, but not to or from cleared objects. +* A finalized object might have references to or from non-finalized, finalized, + and cleared objects. +* A cleared object might have references to or from finalized and cleared + objects, but not to or from non-finalized objects. + +Without any reference cycles, an object can be simply destroyed once its last +reference is deleted; the finalization and clearing steps are not necessary to +safely reclaim unused objects. However, it can be useful to automatically call +:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` and :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` +before destruction anyway because type design is simplified when all objects +always experience the same series of events regardless of whether they +participated in a cyclic isolate. Python currently only calls +:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` and :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` as +needed to destroy a cyclic isolate; this may change in a future version. + + +Functions +--------- + +To allocate and free memory, see :ref:`allocating-objects`. + + +.. c:function:: void PyObject_CallFinalizer(PyObject *op) + + Finalizes the object as described in :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`. + Call this function (or :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc`) instead + of calling :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` directly because this + function may deduplicate multiple calls to :c:member:`!tp_finalize`. + Currently, calls are only deduplicated if the type supports garbage + collection (i.e., the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set); this may + change in the future. + + +.. c:function:: int PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(PyObject *op) + + Same as :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizer` but meant to be called at the + beginning of the object's destructor (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`). + There must not be any references to the object. If the object's finalizer + resurrects the object, this function returns -1; no further destruction + should happen. Otherwise, this function returns 0 and destruction can + continue normally. + + .. seealso:: + + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` for example code. diff --git a/Doc/c-api/memory.rst b/Doc/c-api/memory.rst index 64ae35daa703b8..61fa49f8681cce 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/memory.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/memory.rst @@ -376,6 +376,24 @@ The :ref:`default object allocator ` uses the If *p* is ``NULL``, no operation is performed. + Do not call this directly to free an object's memory; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` slot instead. + + Do not use this for memory allocated by :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or + :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`; use :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` instead. + + .. seealso:: + + * :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` is the equivalent of this function for memory + allocated by types that support garbage collection. + * :c:func:`PyObject_Malloc` + * :c:func:`PyObject_Realloc` + * :c:func:`PyObject_Calloc` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_New` + * :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar` + * :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` + * :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` + .. _default-memory-allocators: diff --git a/Doc/c-api/objimpl.rst b/Doc/c-api/objimpl.rst index 8bd8c107c98bdf..83de4248039949 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/objimpl.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/objimpl.rst @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ object types. .. toctree:: allocation.rst + lifecycle.rst structures.rst typeobj.rst gcsupport.rst diff --git a/Doc/c-api/type.rst b/Doc/c-api/type.rst index ec2867b0ce09ba..2176b8e492f306 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/type.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/type.rst @@ -151,14 +151,29 @@ Type Objects .. c:function:: PyObject* PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems) - Generic handler for the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot of a type object. Use - Python's default memory allocation mechanism to allocate a new instance and - initialize all its contents to ``NULL``. + Generic handler for the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot of a type + object. Uses Python's default memory allocation mechanism to allocate memory + for a new instance, zeros the memory, then initializes the memory as if by + calling :c:func:`PyObject_Init` or :c:func:`PyObject_InitVar`. + + Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot instead. + + For types that support garbage collection (i.e., the + :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set), this function behaves like + :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar` (except the + memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization), and should be + paired with :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` in :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free`. + Otherwise, it behaves like :c:macro:`PyObject_New` or + :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed + before initialization) and should be paired with :c:func:`PyObject_Free` in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free`. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds) - Generic handler for the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` slot of a type object. Create a - new instance using the type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot. + Generic handler for the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` slot of a type + object. Creates a new instance using the type's + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot and returns the resulting object. .. c:function:: int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type) diff --git a/Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst b/Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst index 3b9f07778d5ace..91046c0e6f18ae 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Quick Reference | :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_setattro` | :c:type:`setattrofunc` | __setattr__, | X | X | | G | | | | __delattr__ | | | | | +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+ - | :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_as_buffer` | :c:type:`PyBufferProcs` * | | | | | % | + | :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_as_buffer` | :c:type:`PyBufferProcs` * | :ref:`sub-slots` | | | | % | +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+ | :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags` | unsigned long | | X | X | | ? | +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+ @@ -325,9 +325,10 @@ sub-slots +---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+ | | +---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+ - | :c:member:`~PyBufferProcs.bf_getbuffer` | :c:func:`getbufferproc` | | + | :c:member:`~PyBufferProcs.bf_getbuffer` | :c:func:`getbufferproc` | __buffer__ | +---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+ - | :c:member:`~PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer` | :c:func:`releasebufferproc` | | + | :c:member:`~PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer` | :c:func:`releasebufferproc` | __release_\ | + | | | buffer\__ | +---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+ .. _slot-typedefs-table: @@ -676,77 +677,122 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) .. c:member:: destructor PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc - A pointer to the instance destructor function. This function must be defined - unless the type guarantees that its instances will never be deallocated (as is - the case for the singletons ``None`` and ``Ellipsis``). The function signature is:: + A pointer to the instance destructor function. The function signature is:: void tp_dealloc(PyObject *self); - The destructor function is called by the :c:func:`Py_DECREF` and - :c:func:`Py_XDECREF` macros when the new reference count is zero. At this point, - the instance is still in existence, but there are no references to it. The - destructor function should free all references which the instance owns, free all - memory buffers owned by the instance (using the freeing function corresponding - to the allocation function used to allocate the buffer), and call the type's - :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` function. If the type is not subtypable - (doesn't have the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE` flag bit set), it is - permissible to call the object deallocator directly instead of via - :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free`. The object deallocator should be the one used to allocate the - instance; this is normally :c:func:`PyObject_Free` if the instance was allocated - using :c:macro:`PyObject_New` or :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar`, or - :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del` if the instance was allocated using - :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`. - - If the type supports garbage collection (has the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` - flag bit set), the destructor should call :c:func:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack` + The destructor function should remove all references which the instance owns + (e.g., call :c:func:`Py_CLEAR`), free all memory buffers owned by the + instance, and call the type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` function to + free the object itself. + + No guarantees are made about when an object is destroyed, except: + + * Python will destroy an object immediately or some time after the final + reference to the object is deleted, unless its finalizer + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`) subsequently resurrects the + object. + * An object will not be destroyed while it is being automatically finalized + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`) or automatically cleared + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`). + + CPython currently destroys an object immediately from :c:func:`Py_DECREF` + when the new reference count is zero, but this may change in a future + version. + + It is recommended to call :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` at the + beginning of :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` to guarantee that the object is always + finalized before destruction. + + If the type supports garbage collection (the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` + flag is set), the destructor should call :c:func:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack` before clearing any member fields. - .. code-block:: c + It is permissible to call :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` from + :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` to reduce code duplication and to guarantee that the + object is always cleared before destruction. Beware that + :c:member:`!tp_clear` might have already been called. - static void - foo_dealloc(PyObject *op) - { + If the type is heap allocated (:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`), the + deallocator should release the owned reference to its type object (via + :c:func:`Py_DECREF`) after calling the type deallocator. See the example + code below.:: + + static void + foo_dealloc(PyObject *op) + { foo_object *self = (foo_object *) op; PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self); Py_CLEAR(self->ref); Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self); - } + } + + :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` must leave the exception status unchanged. If it + needs to call something that might raise an exception, the exception state + must be backed up first and restored later (after logging any exceptions + with :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`). + + Example:: - Finally, if the type is heap allocated (:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`), the - deallocator should release the owned reference to its type object - (via :c:func:`Py_DECREF`) after - calling the type deallocator. In order to avoid dangling pointers, the - recommended way to achieve this is: + static void + foo_dealloc(PyObject *self) + { + PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException(); - .. code-block:: c + if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(self) < 0) { + // self was resurrected. + goto done; + } - static void - foo_dealloc(PyObject *op) - { - PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(op); - // free references and buffers here - tp->tp_free(op); - Py_DECREF(tp); - } + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self); - .. warning:: + if (tp->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC) { + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self); + } - In a garbage collected Python, :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` may be called from - any Python thread, not just the thread which created the object (if the - object becomes part of a refcount cycle, that cycle might be collected by - a garbage collection on any thread). This is not a problem for Python - API calls, since the thread on which :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` is called - with an :term:`attached thread state`. However, if the object being - destroyed in turn destroys objects from some other C or C++ library, care - should be taken to ensure that destroying those objects on the thread - which called :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` will not violate any assumptions of - the library. + // Optional, but convenient to avoid code duplication. + if (tp->tp_clear && tp->tp_clear(self) < 0) { + PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self); + } + + // Any additional destruction goes here. + + tp->tp_free(self); + self = NULL; // In case PyErr_WriteUnraisable() is called below. + + if (tp->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) { + Py_CLEAR(tp); + } + + done: + // Optional, if something was called that might have raised an + // exception. + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self); + } + PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc); + } + + :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` may be called from + any Python thread, not just the thread which created the object (if the + object becomes part of a refcount cycle, that cycle might be collected by + a garbage collection on any thread). This is not a problem for Python + API calls, since the thread on which :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` is called + with an :term:`attached thread state`. However, if the object being + destroyed in turn destroys objects from some other C library, care + should be taken to ensure that destroying those objects on the thread + which called :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` will not violate any assumptions of + the library. **Inheritance:** This field is inherited by subtypes. + .. seealso:: + + :ref:`life-cycle` for details about how this slot relates to other slots. + .. c:member:: Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset @@ -1137,11 +1183,11 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) .. c:macro:: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC This bit is set when the object supports garbage collection. If this bit - is set, instances must be created using :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` and - destroyed using :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del`. More information in section - :ref:`supporting-cycle-detection`. This bit also implies that the - GC-related fields :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` and :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` are present in - the type object. + is set, memory for new instances (see :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc`) + must be allocated using :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` and deallocated (see + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free`) using :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del`. More + information in section :ref:`supporting-cycle-detection`. **Inheritance:** @@ -1192,7 +1238,7 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) .. c:macro:: Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT - This bit indicates that instances of the class have a `~object.__dict__` + This bit indicates that instances of the class have a :attr:`~object.__dict__` attribute, and that the space for the dictionary is managed by the VM. If this flag is set, :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` should also be set. @@ -1478,6 +1524,11 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) heap-allocated superclass). If they do not, the type object may not be garbage-collected. + .. note:: + + The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` function can be called from any + thread. + .. versionchanged:: 3.9 Heap-allocated types are expected to visit ``Py_TYPE(self)`` in @@ -1497,20 +1548,101 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) .. c:member:: inquiry PyTypeObject.tp_clear - An optional pointer to a clear function for the garbage collector. This is only - used if the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit is set. The signature is:: + An optional pointer to a clear function. The signature is:: int tp_clear(PyObject *); - The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` member function is used to break reference cycles in cyclic - garbage detected by the garbage collector. Taken together, all :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` - functions in the system must combine to break all reference cycles. This is - subtle, and if in any doubt supply a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` function. For example, - the tuple type does not implement a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` function, because it's - possible to prove that no reference cycle can be composed entirely of tuples. - Therefore the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` functions of other types must be sufficient to - break any cycle containing a tuple. This isn't immediately obvious, and there's - rarely a good reason to avoid implementing :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`. + The purpose of this function is to break reference cycles that are causing a + :term:`cyclic isolate` so that the objects can be safely destroyed. A + cleared object is a partially destroyed object; the object is not obligated + to satisfy design invariants held during normal use. + + :c:member:`!tp_clear` does not need to delete references to objects that + can't participate in reference cycles, such as Python strings or Python + integers. However, it may be convenient to clear all references, and write + the type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` function to invoke + :c:member:`!tp_clear` to avoid code duplication. (Beware that + :c:member:`!tp_clear` might have already been called. Prefer calling + idempotent functions like :c:func:`Py_CLEAR`.) + + Any non-trivial cleanup should be performed in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` instead of :c:member:`!tp_clear`. + + .. note:: + + If :c:member:`!tp_clear` fails to break a reference cycle then the + objects in the :term:`cyclic isolate` may remain indefinitely + uncollectable ("leak"). See :data:`gc.garbage`. + + .. note:: + + Referents (direct and indirect) might have already been cleared; they are + not guaranteed to be in a consistent state. + + .. note:: + + The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` function can be called from any + thread. + + .. note:: + + An object is not guaranteed to be automatically cleared before its + destructor (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`) is called. + + This function differs from the destructor + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`) in the following ways: + + * The purpose of clearing an object is to remove references to other objects + that might participate in a reference cycle. The purpose of the + destructor, on the other hand, is a superset: it must release *all* + resources it owns, including references to objects that cannot participate + in a reference cycle (e.g., integers) as well as the object's own memory + (by calling :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free`). + * When :c:member:`!tp_clear` is called, other objects might still hold + references to the object being cleared. Because of this, + :c:member:`!tp_clear` must not deallocate the object's own memory + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free`). The destructor, on the other hand, + is only called when no (strong) references exist, and as such, must + safely destroy the object itself by deallocating it. + * :c:member:`!tp_clear` might never be automatically called. An object's + destructor, on the other hand, will be automatically called some time + after the object becomes unreachable (i.e., either there are no references + to the object or the object is a member of a :term:`cyclic isolate`). + + No guarantees are made about when, if, or how often Python automatically + clears an object, except: + + * Python will not automatically clear an object if it is reachable, i.e., + there is a reference to it and it is not a member of a :term:`cyclic + isolate`. + * Python will not automatically clear an object if it has not been + automatically finalized (see :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`). (If + the finalizer resurrected the object, the object may or may not be + automatically finalized again before it is cleared.) + * If an object is a member of a :term:`cyclic isolate`, Python will not + automatically clear it if any member of the cyclic isolate has not yet + been automatically finalized (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`). + * Python will not destroy an object until after any automatic calls to its + :c:member:`!tp_clear` function have returned. This ensures that the act + of breaking a reference cycle does not invalidate the ``self`` pointer + while :c:member:`!tp_clear` is still executing. + * Python will not automatically call :c:member:`!tp_clear` multiple times + concurrently. + + CPython currently only automatically clears objects as needed to break + reference cycles in a :term:`cyclic isolate`, but future versions might + clear objects regularly before their destruction. + + Taken together, all :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` functions in the + system must combine to break all reference cycles. This is subtle, and if + in any doubt supply a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` function. For + example, the tuple type does not implement a + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` function, because it's possible to prove + that no reference cycle can be composed entirely of tuples. Therefore the + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` functions of other types are responsible + for breaking any cycle containing a tuple. This isn't immediately obvious, + and there's rarely a good reason to avoid implementing + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`. Implementations of :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` should drop the instance's references to those of its members that may be Python objects, and set its pointers to those @@ -1545,18 +1677,6 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) PyObject_ClearManagedDict((PyObject*)self); - Note that :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` is not *always* called - before an instance is deallocated. For example, when reference counting - is enough to determine that an object is no longer used, the cyclic garbage - collector is not involved and :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` is - called directly. - - Because the goal of :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` functions is to break reference cycles, - it's not necessary to clear contained objects like Python strings or Python - integers, which can't participate in reference cycles. On the other hand, it may - be convenient to clear all contained Python objects, and write the type's - :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` function to invoke :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`. - More information about Python's garbage collection scheme can be found in section :ref:`supporting-cycle-detection`. @@ -1569,6 +1689,10 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype. + .. seealso:: + + :ref:`life-cycle` for details about how this slot relates to other slots. + .. c:member:: richcmpfunc PyTypeObject.tp_richcompare @@ -1945,18 +2069,17 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) **Inheritance:** - This field is inherited by static subtypes, but not by dynamic - subtypes (subtypes created by a class statement). + Static subtypes inherit this slot, which will be + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` if inherited from :class:`object`. + + :ref:`Heap subtypes ` do not inherit this slot. **Default:** - For dynamic subtypes, this field is always set to - :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc`, to force a standard heap - allocation strategy. + For heap subtypes, this field is always set to + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc`. - For static subtypes, :c:data:`PyBaseObject_Type` uses - :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc`. That is the recommended value - for all statically defined types. + For static subtypes, this slot is inherited (see above). .. c:member:: newfunc PyTypeObject.tp_new @@ -2004,20 +2127,27 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) void tp_free(void *self); - An initializer that is compatible with this signature is :c:func:`PyObject_Free`. + This function must free the memory allocated by + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc`. **Inheritance:** - This field is inherited by static subtypes, but not by dynamic - subtypes (subtypes created by a class statement) + Static subtypes inherit this slot, which will be :c:func:`PyObject_Free` if + inherited from :class:`object`. Exception: If the type supports garbage + collection (i.e., the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`) and it would inherit + :c:func:`PyObject_Free`, then this slot is not inherited but instead defaults + to :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del`. + + :ref:`Heap subtypes ` do not inherit this slot. **Default:** - In dynamic subtypes, this field is set to a deallocator suitable to - match :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` and the value of the - :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit. + For :ref:`heap subtypes `, this slot defaults to a deallocator suitable to match + :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc` and the value of the + :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag. - For static subtypes, :c:data:`PyBaseObject_Type` uses :c:func:`PyObject_Free`. + For static subtypes, this slot is inherited (see above). .. c:member:: inquiry PyTypeObject.tp_is_gc @@ -2144,29 +2274,138 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) .. c:member:: destructor PyTypeObject.tp_finalize - An optional pointer to an instance finalization function. Its signature is:: + An optional pointer to an instance finalization function. This is the C + implementation of the :meth:`~object.__del__` special method. Its signature + is:: void tp_finalize(PyObject *self); - If :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` is set, the interpreter calls it once when - finalizing an instance. It is called either from the garbage - collector (if the instance is part of an isolated reference cycle) or - just before the object is deallocated. Either way, it is guaranteed - to be called before attempting to break reference cycles, ensuring - that it finds the object in a sane state. + The primary purpose of finalization is to perform any non-trivial cleanup + that must be performed before the object is destroyed, while the object and + any other objects it directly or indirectly references are still in a + consistent state. The finalizer is allowed to execute + arbitrary Python code. + + Before Python automatically finalizes an object, some of the object's direct + or indirect referents might have themselves been automatically finalized. + However, none of the referents will have been automatically cleared + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`) yet. + + Other non-finalized objects might still be using a finalized object, so the + finalizer must leave the object in a sane state (e.g., invariants are still + met). + + .. note:: + + After Python automatically finalizes an object, Python might start + automatically clearing (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`) the object + and its referents (direct and indirect). Cleared objects are not + guaranteed to be in a consistent state; a finalized object must be able + to tolerate cleared referents. + + .. note:: + + An object is not guaranteed to be automatically finalized before its + destructor (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`) is called. It is + recommended to call :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` at the + beginning of :c:member:`!tp_dealloc` to guarantee that the object is + always finalized before destruction. + + .. note:: + + The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` function can be called from any + thread, although the :term:`GIL` will be held. - :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` should not mutate the current exception status; - therefore, a recommended way to write a non-trivial finalizer is:: + .. note:: + + The :c:member:`!tp_finalize` function can be called during shutdown, + after some global variables have been deleted. See the documentation of + the :meth:`~object.__del__` method for details. + + When Python finalizes an object, it behaves like the following algorithm: + + #. Python might mark the object as *finalized*. Currently, Python always + marks objects whose type supports garbage collection (i.e., the + :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set in + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`) and never marks other types of + objects; this might change in a future version. + #. If the object is not marked as *finalized* and its + :c:member:`!tp_finalize` finalizer function is non-``NULL``, the + finalizer function is called. + #. If the finalizer function was called and the finalizer made the object + reachable (i.e., there is a reference to the object and it is not a + member of a :term:`cyclic isolate`), then the finalizer is said to have + *resurrected* the object. It is unspecified whether the finalizer can + also resurrect the object by adding a new reference to the object that + does not make it reachable, i.e., the object is (still) a member of a + cyclic isolate. + #. If the finalizer resurrected the object, the object's pending destruction + is canceled and the object's *finalized* mark might be removed if + present. Currently, Python never removes the *finalized* mark; this + might change in a future version. + + *Automatic finalization* refers to any finalization performed by Python + except via calls to :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizer` or + :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc`. No guarantees are made about + when, if, or how often an object is automatically finalized, except: + + * Python will not automatically finalize an object if it is reachable, i.e., + there is a reference to it and it is not a member of a :term:`cyclic + isolate`. + * Python will not automatically finalize an object if finalizing it would + not mark the object as *finalized*. Currently, this applies to objects + whose type does not support garbage collection, i.e., the + :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is not set. Such objects can still be + manually finalized by calling :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizer` or + :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc`. + * Python will not automatically finalize any two members of a :term:`cyclic + isolate` concurrently. + * Python will not automatically finalize an object after it has + automatically cleared (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`) the object. + * If an object is a member of a :term:`cyclic isolate`, Python will not + automatically finalize it after automatically clearing (see + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`) any other member. + * Python will automatically finalize every member of a :term:`cyclic + isolate` before it automatically clears (see + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`) any of them. + * If Python is going to automatically clear an object + (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`), it will automatically finalize the + object first. + + Python currently only automatically finalizes objects that are members of a + :term:`cyclic isolate`, but future versions might finalize objects regularly + before their destruction. + + To manually finalize an object, do not call this function directly; call + :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizer` or + :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` instead. + + :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` should leave the current exception + status unchanged. The recommended way to write a non-trivial finalizer is + to back up the exception at the beginning by calling + :c:func:`PyErr_GetRaisedException` and restore the exception at the end by + calling :c:func:`PyErr_SetRaisedException`. If an exception is encountered + in the middle of the finalizer, log and clear it with + :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable` or :c:func:`PyErr_FormatUnraisable`. For + example:: static void - local_finalize(PyObject *self) + foo_finalize(PyObject *self) { - /* Save the current exception, if any. */ + // Save the current exception, if any. PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException(); - /* ... */ + // ... - /* Restore the saved exception. */ + if (do_something_that_might_raise() != success_indicator) { + PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self); + goto done; + } + + done: + // Restore the saved exception. This silently discards any exception + // raised above, so be sure to call PyErr_WriteUnraisable first if + // necessary. PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc); } @@ -2182,7 +2421,13 @@ and :c:data:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.) :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE` flags bit in order for this field to be used. This is no longer required. - .. seealso:: "Safe object finalization" (:pep:`442`) + .. seealso:: + + * :pep:`442`: "Safe object finalization" + * :ref:`life-cycle` for details about how this slot relates to other + slots. + * :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizer` + * :c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` .. c:member:: vectorcallfunc PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall diff --git a/Doc/c-api/unicode.rst b/Doc/c-api/unicode.rst index 95987e872ce639..684432da81c61f 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/unicode.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/unicode.rst @@ -645,6 +645,17 @@ APIs: difference being that it decrements the reference count of *right* by one. +.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap(PyObject* string) + + Return a mapping suitable for decoding a custom single-byte encoding. + Given a Unicode string *string* of up to 256 characters representing an encoding + table, returns either a compact internal mapping object or a dictionary + mapping character ordinals to byte values. Raises a :exc:`TypeError` and + return ``NULL`` on invalid input. + + .. versionadded:: 3.2 + + .. c:function:: const char* PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding(void) Return the name of the default string encoding, ``"utf-8"``. @@ -1715,10 +1726,6 @@ They all return ``NULL`` or ``-1`` if an exception occurs. from user input, prefer calling :c:func:`PyUnicode_FromString` and :c:func:`PyUnicode_InternInPlace` directly. - .. impl-detail:: - - Strings interned this way are made :term:`immortal`. - .. c:function:: unsigned int PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(PyObject *str) diff --git a/Doc/conf.py b/Doc/conf.py index 467961dd5e2bff..7fadad66cb3238 100644 --- a/Doc/conf.py +++ b/Doc/conf.py @@ -308,7 +308,6 @@ ('py:attr', '__annotations__'), ('py:meth', '__missing__'), ('py:attr', '__wrapped__'), - ('py:attr', 'decimal.Context.clamp'), ('py:meth', 'index'), # list.index, tuple.index, etc. ] diff --git a/Doc/data/python3.14.abi b/Doc/data/python3.14.abi new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..225dfc3dc251b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/data/python3.14.abi @@ -0,0 +1,31473 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/Doc/data/refcounts.dat b/Doc/data/refcounts.dat index ca99b9e6d37141..c97cd2b8d1e3cb 100644 --- a/Doc/data/refcounts.dat +++ b/Doc/data/refcounts.dat @@ -2781,6 +2781,9 @@ PyUnicode_AppendAndDel:void::: PyUnicode_AppendAndDel:PyObject**:p_left:0: PyUnicode_AppendAndDel:PyObject*:right:-1: +PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap:PyObject*::+1: +PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap:PyObject*:string::: + PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding:const char*::: PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding::void:: diff --git a/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.14.rst b/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.14.rst index 6159fa48848285..9aac10840a663f 100644 --- a/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.14.rst +++ b/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.14.rst @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Pending removal in Python 3.14 :meth:`~pathlib.PurePath.relative_to`: passing additional arguments is deprecated. -* :mod:`pkgutil`: :func:`!pkgutil.find_loader` and :func:!pkgutil.get_loader` +* :mod:`pkgutil`: :func:`!pkgutil.find_loader` and :func:`!pkgutil.get_loader` now raise :exc:`DeprecationWarning`; use :func:`importlib.util.find_spec` instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in :gh:`97850`.) diff --git a/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.15.rst b/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.15.rst index 7b32275ad86760..c80588b27b635a 100644 --- a/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.15.rst +++ b/Doc/deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.15.rst @@ -85,6 +85,13 @@ Pending removal in Python 3.15 has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use the class-based syntax or the functional syntax instead. + * When using the functional syntax of :class:`~typing.TypedDict`\s, failing + to pass a value to the *fields* parameter (``TD = TypedDict("TD")``) or + passing ``None`` (``TD = TypedDict("TD", None)``) has been deprecated + since Python 3.13. + Use ``class TD(TypedDict): pass`` or ``TD = TypedDict("TD", {})`` + to create a TypedDict with zero field. + * The :func:`typing.no_type_check_decorator` decorator function has been deprecated since Python 3.13. After eight years in the :mod:`typing` module, diff --git a/Doc/extending/building.rst b/Doc/extending/building.rst index ddde567f6f3efa..a58eb40d431c59 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/building.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/building.rst @@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ instance. See :ref:`initializing-modules` for details. .. highlight:: python For modules with ASCII-only names, the function must be named -``PyInit_``, with ```` replaced by the name of the -module. When using :ref:`multi-phase-initialization`, non-ASCII module names +:samp:`PyInit_{}`, with ```` replaced by the name of the module. +When using :ref:`multi-phase-initialization`, non-ASCII module names are allowed. In this case, the initialization function name is -``PyInitU_``, with ```` encoded using Python's +:samp:`PyInitU_{}`, with ```` encoded using Python's *punycode* encoding with hyphens replaced by underscores. In Python:: def initfunc_name(name): diff --git a/Doc/extending/embedding.rst b/Doc/extending/embedding.rst index b777862da79f14..cb41889437c8b0 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/embedding.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/embedding.rst @@ -245,21 +245,23 @@ Python extension. For example:: return PyLong_FromLong(numargs); } - static PyMethodDef EmbMethods[] = { + static PyMethodDef emb_module_methods[] = { {"numargs", emb_numargs, METH_VARARGS, "Return the number of arguments received by the process."}, {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} }; - static PyModuleDef EmbModule = { - PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, "emb", NULL, -1, EmbMethods, - NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL + static struct PyModuleDef emb_module = { + .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, + .m_name = "emb", + .m_size = 0, + .m_methods = emb_module_methods, }; static PyObject* PyInit_emb(void) { - return PyModule_Create(&EmbModule); + return PyModuleDef_Init(&emb_module); } Insert the above code just above the :c:func:`main` function. Also, insert the diff --git a/Doc/extending/extending.rst b/Doc/extending/extending.rst index b0493bed75b151..fd63495674651b 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/extending.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/extending.rst @@ -203,31 +203,57 @@ function usually raises :c:data:`PyExc_TypeError`. If you have an argument whos value must be in a particular range or must satisfy other conditions, :c:data:`PyExc_ValueError` is appropriate. -You can also define a new exception that is unique to your module. For this, you -usually declare a static object variable at the beginning of your file:: +You can also define a new exception that is unique to your module. +The simplest way to do this is to declare a static global object variable at +the beginning of the file:: - static PyObject *SpamError; + static PyObject *SpamError = NULL; -and initialize it in your module's initialization function (:c:func:`!PyInit_spam`) -with an exception object:: +and initialize it by calling :c:func:`PyErr_NewException` in the module's +:c:data:`Py_mod_exec` function (:c:func:`!spam_module_exec`):: - PyMODINIT_FUNC - PyInit_spam(void) - { - PyObject *m; + SpamError = PyErr_NewException("spam.error", NULL, NULL); - m = PyModule_Create(&spammodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; +Since :c:data:`!SpamError` is a global variable, it will be overwitten every time +the module is reinitialized, when the :c:data:`Py_mod_exec` function is called. + +For now, let's avoid the issue: we will block repeated initialization by raising an +:py:exc:`ImportError`:: + static PyObject *SpamError = NULL; + + static int + spam_module_exec(PyObject *m) + { + if (SpamError != NULL) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, + "cannot initialize spam module more than once"); + return -1; + } SpamError = PyErr_NewException("spam.error", NULL, NULL); - if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "error", SpamError) < 0) { - Py_CLEAR(SpamError); - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; + if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "SpamError", SpamError) < 0) { + return -1; } - return m; + return 0; + } + + static PyModuleDef_Slot spam_module_slots[] = { + {Py_mod_exec, spam_module_exec}, + {0, NULL} + }; + + static struct PyModuleDef spam_module = { + .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, + .m_name = "spam", + .m_size = 0, // non-negative + .m_slots = spam_module_slots, + }; + + PyMODINIT_FUNC + PyInit_spam(void) + { + return PyModuleDef_Init(&spam_module); } Note that the Python name for the exception object is :exc:`!spam.error`. The @@ -242,6 +268,11 @@ needed to ensure that it will not be discarded, causing :c:data:`!SpamError` to become a dangling pointer. Should it become a dangling pointer, C code which raises the exception could cause a core dump or other unintended side effects. +For now, the :c:func:`Py_DECREF` call to remove this reference is missing. +Even when the Python interpreter shuts down, the global :c:data:`!SpamError` +variable will not be garbage-collected. It will "leak". +We did, however, ensure that this will happen at most once per process. + We discuss the use of :c:macro:`PyMODINIT_FUNC` as a function return type later in this sample. @@ -318,7 +349,7 @@ The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function I promised to show how :c:func:`!spam_system` is called from Python programs. First, we need to list its name and address in a "method table":: - static PyMethodDef SpamMethods[] = { + static PyMethodDef spam_methods[] = { ... {"system", spam_system, METH_VARARGS, "Execute a shell command."}, @@ -343,13 +374,10 @@ function. The method table must be referenced in the module definition structure:: - static struct PyModuleDef spammodule = { - PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, - "spam", /* name of module */ - spam_doc, /* module documentation, may be NULL */ - -1, /* size of per-interpreter state of the module, - or -1 if the module keeps state in global variables. */ - SpamMethods + static struct PyModuleDef spam_module = { + ... + .m_methods = spam_methods, + ... }; This structure, in turn, must be passed to the interpreter in the module's @@ -360,23 +388,17 @@ only non-\ ``static`` item defined in the module file:: PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_spam(void) { - return PyModule_Create(&spammodule); + return PyModuleDef_Init(&spam_module); } Note that :c:macro:`PyMODINIT_FUNC` declares the function as ``PyObject *`` return type, declares any special linkage declarations required by the platform, and for C++ declares the function as ``extern "C"``. -When the Python program imports module :mod:`!spam` for the first time, -:c:func:`!PyInit_spam` is called. (See below for comments about embedding Python.) -It calls :c:func:`PyModule_Create`, which returns a module object, and -inserts built-in function objects into the newly created module based upon the -table (an array of :c:type:`PyMethodDef` structures) found in the module definition. -:c:func:`PyModule_Create` returns a pointer to the module object -that it creates. It may abort with a fatal error for -certain errors, or return ``NULL`` if the module could not be initialized -satisfactorily. The init function must return the module object to its caller, -so that it then gets inserted into ``sys.modules``. +:c:func:`!PyInit_spam` is called when each interpreter imports its module +:mod:`!spam` for the first time. (See below for comments about embedding Python.) +A pointer to the module definition must be returned via :c:func:`PyModuleDef_Init`, +so that the import machinery can create the module and store it in ``sys.modules``. When embedding Python, the :c:func:`!PyInit_spam` function is not called automatically unless there's an entry in the :c:data:`PyImport_Inittab` table. @@ -433,23 +455,19 @@ optionally followed by an import of the module:: .. note:: - Removing entries from ``sys.modules`` or importing compiled modules into - multiple interpreters within a process (or following a :c:func:`fork` without an - intervening :c:func:`exec`) can create problems for some extension modules. - Extension module authors should exercise caution when initializing internal data - structures. + If you declare a global variable or a local static one, the module may + experience unintended side-effects on re-initialisation, for example when + removing entries from ``sys.modules`` or importing compiled modules into + multiple interpreters within a process + (or following a :c:func:`fork` without an intervening :c:func:`exec`). + If module state is not yet fully :ref:`isolated `, + authors should consider marking the module as having no support for subinterpreters + (via :c:macro:`Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED`). A more substantial example module is included in the Python source distribution -as :file:`Modules/xxmodule.c`. This file may be used as a template or simply +as :file:`Modules/xxlimited.c`. This file may be used as a template or simply read as an example. -.. note:: - - Unlike our ``spam`` example, ``xxmodule`` uses *multi-phase initialization* - (new in Python 3.5), where a PyModuleDef structure is returned from - ``PyInit_spam``, and creation of the module is left to the import machinery. - For details on multi-phase initialization, see :PEP:`489`. - .. _compilation: @@ -790,18 +808,17 @@ Philbrick (philbrick@hks.com):: {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} /* sentinel */ }; - static struct PyModuleDef keywdargmodule = { - PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, - "keywdarg", - NULL, - -1, - keywdarg_methods + static struct PyModuleDef keywdarg_module = { + .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, + .m_name = "keywdarg", + .m_size = 0, + .m_methods = keywdarg_methods, }; PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_keywdarg(void) { - return PyModule_Create(&keywdargmodule); + return PyModuleDef_Init(&keywdarg_module); } @@ -1072,8 +1089,9 @@ why his :meth:`!__del__` methods would fail... The second case of problems with a borrowed reference is a variant involving threads. Normally, multiple threads in the Python interpreter can't get in each -other's way, because there is a global lock protecting Python's entire object -space. However, it is possible to temporarily release this lock using the macro +other's way, because there is a :term:`global lock ` +protecting Python's entire object space. +However, it is possible to temporarily release this lock using the macro :c:macro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS`, and to re-acquire it using :c:macro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS`. This is common around blocking I/O calls, to let other threads use the processor while waiting for the I/O to complete. @@ -1259,20 +1277,15 @@ two more lines must be added:: #include "spammodule.h" The ``#define`` is used to tell the header file that it is being included in the -exporting module, not a client module. Finally, the module's initialization -function must take care of initializing the C API pointer array:: +exporting module, not a client module. Finally, the module's :c:data:`mod_exec +` function must take care of initializing the C API pointer array:: - PyMODINIT_FUNC - PyInit_spam(void) + static int + spam_module_exec(PyObject *m) { - PyObject *m; static void *PySpam_API[PySpam_API_pointers]; PyObject *c_api_object; - m = PyModule_Create(&spammodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - /* Initialize the C API pointer array */ PySpam_API[PySpam_System_NUM] = (void *)PySpam_System; @@ -1280,11 +1293,10 @@ function must take care of initializing the C API pointer array:: c_api_object = PyCapsule_New((void *)PySpam_API, "spam._C_API", NULL); if (PyModule_Add(m, "_C_API", c_api_object) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; + return -1; } - return m; + return 0; } Note that ``PySpam_API`` is declared ``static``; otherwise the pointer @@ -1343,20 +1355,16 @@ like this:: All that a client module must do in order to have access to the function :c:func:`!PySpam_System` is to call the function (or rather macro) -:c:func:`!import_spam` in its initialization function:: +:c:func:`!import_spam` in its :c:data:`mod_exec ` function:: - PyMODINIT_FUNC - PyInit_client(void) + static int + client_module_exec(PyObject *m) { - PyObject *m; - - m = PyModule_Create(&clientmodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - if (import_spam() < 0) - return NULL; + if (import_spam() < 0) { + return -1; + } /* additional initialization can happen here */ - return m; + return 0; } The main disadvantage of this approach is that the file :file:`spammodule.h` is diff --git a/Doc/extending/index.rst b/Doc/extending/index.rst index 01b4df6d44acff..4cc2c96d8d5b47 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/index.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/index.rst @@ -26,19 +26,9 @@ Recommended third party tools ============================= This guide only covers the basic tools for creating extensions provided -as part of this version of CPython. Third party tools like -`Cython `_, `cffi `_, -`SWIG `_ and `Numba `_ -offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++ -extensions for Python. - -.. seealso:: - - `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions `_ - The Python Packaging User Guide not only covers several available - tools that simplify the creation of binary extensions, but also - discusses the various reasons why creating an extension module may be - desirable in the first place. +as part of this version of CPython. Some :ref:`third party tools +` offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating +C and C++ extensions for Python. Creating extensions without third party tools @@ -49,6 +39,10 @@ assistance from third party tools. It is intended primarily for creators of those tools, rather than being a recommended way to create your own C extensions. +.. seealso:: + + :pep:`489` -- Multi-phase extension module initialization + .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 :numbered: diff --git a/Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst b/Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst index 3fc91841416d71..f14690de4f86e8 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst @@ -55,8 +55,10 @@ from the previous chapter. This file defines three things: #. How the :class:`!Custom` **type** behaves: this is the ``CustomType`` struct, which defines a set of flags and function pointers that the interpreter inspects when specific operations are requested. -#. How to initialize the :mod:`!custom` module: this is the ``PyInit_custom`` - function and the associated ``custommodule`` struct. +#. How to define and execute the :mod:`!custom` module: this is the + ``PyInit_custom`` function and the associated ``custom_module`` struct for + defining the module, and the ``custom_module_exec`` function to set up + a fresh module object. The first bit is:: @@ -171,18 +173,18 @@ implementation provided by the API function :c:func:`PyType_GenericNew`. :: .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew, Everything else in the file should be familiar, except for some code in -:c:func:`!PyInit_custom`:: +:c:func:`!custom_module_exec`:: - if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) - return; + if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } This initializes the :class:`!Custom` type, filling in a number of members to the appropriate default values, including :c:member:`~PyObject.ob_type` that we initially set to ``NULL``. :: if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; + return -1; } This adds the type to the module dictionary. This allows us to create @@ -875,27 +877,22 @@ but let the base class handle it by calling its own :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_ The :c:type:`PyTypeObject` struct supports a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_base` specifying the type's concrete base class. Due to cross-platform compiler issues, you can't fill that field directly with a reference to -:c:type:`PyList_Type`; it should be done later in the module initialization +:c:type:`PyList_Type`; it should be done in the :c:data:`Py_mod_exec` function:: - PyMODINIT_FUNC - PyInit_sublist(void) + static int + sublist_module_exec(PyObject *m) { - PyObject* m; SubListType.tp_base = &PyList_Type; - if (PyType_Ready(&SubListType) < 0) - return NULL; - - m = PyModule_Create(&sublistmodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; + if (PyType_Ready(&SubListType) < 0) { + return -1; + } if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "SubList", (PyObject *) &SubListType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; + return -1; } - return m; + return 0; } Before calling :c:func:`PyType_Ready`, the type structure must have the diff --git a/Doc/faq/extending.rst b/Doc/faq/extending.rst index 3147fda7c37124..1d5abed2317b0c 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/extending.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/extending.rst @@ -37,24 +37,9 @@ Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? ---------------------------------------------- There are a number of alternatives to writing your own C extensions, depending -on what you're trying to do. - -.. XXX make sure these all work - -`Cython `_ and its relative `Pyrex -`_ are compilers -that accept a slightly modified form of Python and generate the corresponding -C code. Cython and Pyrex make it possible to write an extension without having -to learn Python's C API. - -If you need to interface to some C or C++ library for which no Python extension -currently exists, you can try wrapping the library's data types and functions -with a tool such as `SWIG `_. `SIP -`__, `CXX -`_ `Boost -`_, or `Weave -`_ are also -alternatives for wrapping C++ libraries. +on what you're trying to do. :ref:`Recommended third party tools ` +offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++ +extensions for Python. How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C? diff --git a/Doc/glossary.rst b/Doc/glossary.rst index 0b26e18efd7f1b..c5c7994f1262a9 100644 --- a/Doc/glossary.rst +++ b/Doc/glossary.rst @@ -355,6 +355,12 @@ Glossary tasks (see :mod:`asyncio`) associate each task with a context which becomes the current context whenever the task starts or resumes execution. + cyclic isolate + A subgroup of one or more objects that reference each other in a reference + cycle, but are not referenced by objects outside the group. The goal of + the :term:`cyclic garbage collector ` is to identify these groups and break the reference + cycles so that the memory can be reclaimed. + decorator A function returning another function, usually applied as a function transformation using the ``@wrapper`` syntax. Common examples for diff --git a/Doc/howto/annotations.rst b/Doc/howto/annotations.rst index 78f3704ba5d000..d7deb6c6bc1768 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/annotations.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/annotations.rst @@ -248,4 +248,9 @@ quirks by using :func:`annotationlib.get_annotations` on Python 3.14+ or :func:`inspect.get_annotations` on Python 3.10+. On earlier versions of Python, you can avoid these bugs by accessing the annotations from the class's :attr:`~type.__dict__` -(e.g., ``cls.__dict__.get('__annotations__', None)``). +(for example, ``cls.__dict__.get('__annotations__', None)``). + +In some versions of Python, instances of classes may have an ``__annotations__`` +attribute. However, this is not supported functionality. If you need the +annotations of an instance, you can use :func:`type` to access its class +(for example, ``annotationlib.get_annotations(type(myinstance))`` on Python 3.14+). diff --git a/Doc/howto/cporting.rst b/Doc/howto/cporting.rst index 7773620b40b973..cf857aed0425ec 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/cporting.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/cporting.rst @@ -14,13 +14,11 @@ We recommend the following resources for porting extension modules to Python 3: module. * The `Porting guide`_ from the *py3c* project provides opinionated suggestions with supporting code. -* The `Cython`_ and `CFFI`_ libraries offer abstractions over - Python's C API. +* :ref:`Recommended third party tools ` offer abstractions over + the Python's C API. Extensions generally need to be re-written to use one of them, but the library then handles differences between various Python versions and implementations. .. _Migrating C extensions: http://python3porting.com/cextensions.html .. _Porting guide: https://py3c.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guide.html -.. _Cython: https://cython.org/ -.. _CFFI: https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ diff --git a/Doc/howto/free-threading-extensions.rst b/Doc/howto/free-threading-extensions.rst index 3f6ee517050bd8..175bb5dc831848 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/free-threading-extensions.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/free-threading-extensions.rst @@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ You can use it to enable code that only runs under the free-threaded build:: /* code that only runs in the free-threaded build */ #endif +.. note:: + + On Windows, this macro is not defined automatically, but must be specified + to the compiler when building. The :func:`sysconfig.get_config_var` function + can be used to determine whether the current running interpreter had the + macro defined. + + Module Initialization ===================== @@ -388,7 +396,7 @@ The wheels, shared libraries, and binaries are indicated by a ``t`` suffix. free-threaded build, with the ``t`` suffix, such as ``python3.13t``. * `pypa/cibuildwheel `_ supports the free-threaded build if you set - `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT `_. + `CIBW_ENABLE to cpython-freethreading `_. Limited C API and Stable ABI ............................ diff --git a/Doc/howto/free-threading-python.rst b/Doc/howto/free-threading-python.rst index f7a894ac2cd78e..c33cef2c8e935b 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/free-threading-python.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/free-threading-python.rst @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ optionally support installing free-threaded Python binaries. The installers are available at https://www.python.org/downloads/. For information on other platforms, see the `Installing a Free-Threaded Python -`_, a +`_, a community-maintained installation guide for installing free-threaded Python. When building CPython from source, the :option:`--disable-gil` configure option diff --git a/Doc/howto/isolating-extensions.rst b/Doc/howto/isolating-extensions.rst index a636e06bda8344..5513cd7367519f 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/isolating-extensions.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/isolating-extensions.rst @@ -215,21 +215,36 @@ multiple interpreters correctly. If this is not yet the case for your module, you can explicitly make your module loadable only once per process. For example:: + // A process-wide flag static int loaded = 0; + // Mutex to provide thread safety (only needed for free-threaded Python) + static PyMutex modinit_mutex = {0}; + static int exec_module(PyObject* module) { + PyMutex_Lock(&modinit_mutex); if (loaded) { + PyMutex_Unlock(&modinit_mutex); PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "cannot load module more than once per process"); return -1; } loaded = 1; + PyMutex_Unlock(&modinit_mutex); // ... rest of initialization } +If your module's :c:member:`PyModuleDef.m_clear` function is able to prepare +for future re-initialization, it should clear the ``loaded`` flag. +In this case, your module won't support multiple instances existing +*concurrently*, but it will, for example, support being loaded after +Python runtime shutdown (:c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx`) and re-initialization +(:c:func:`Py_Initialize`). + + Module State Access from Functions ---------------------------------- diff --git a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom.c b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom.c index 5253f879360210..039a1a7219349c 100644 --- a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom.c +++ b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom.c @@ -16,28 +16,37 @@ static PyTypeObject CustomType = { .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew, }; -static PyModuleDef custommodule = { +static int +custom_module_exec(PyObject *m) +{ + if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + return 0; +} + +static PyModuleDef_Slot custom_module_slots[] = { + {Py_mod_exec, custom_module_exec}, + // Just use this while using static types + {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED}, + {0, NULL} +}; + +static PyModuleDef custom_module = { .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, .m_name = "custom", .m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.", - .m_size = -1, + .m_size = 0, + .m_slots = custom_module_slots, }; PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_custom(void) { - PyObject *m; - if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) - return NULL; - - m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - - if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; - } - - return m; + return PyModuleDef_Init(&custom_module); } diff --git a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom2.c b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom2.c index a87917583ca495..1ff8e707d1b0a0 100644 --- a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom2.c +++ b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom2.c @@ -106,28 +106,36 @@ static PyTypeObject CustomType = { .tp_methods = Custom_methods, }; -static PyModuleDef custommodule = { - .m_base =PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, +static int +custom_module_exec(PyObject *m) +{ + if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + return 0; +} + +static PyModuleDef_Slot custom_module_slots[] = { + {Py_mod_exec, custom_module_exec}, + {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED}, + {0, NULL} +}; + +static PyModuleDef custom_module = { + .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, .m_name = "custom2", .m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.", - .m_size = -1, + .m_size = 0, + .m_slots = custom_module_slots, }; PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_custom2(void) { - PyObject *m; - if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) - return NULL; - - m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - - if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; - } - - return m; + return PyModuleDef_Init(&custom_module); } diff --git a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom3.c b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom3.c index 854034d4066d20..22f50eb0e1de89 100644 --- a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom3.c +++ b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom3.c @@ -151,28 +151,36 @@ static PyTypeObject CustomType = { .tp_getset = Custom_getsetters, }; -static PyModuleDef custommodule = { +static int +custom_module_exec(PyObject *m) +{ + if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + return 0; +} + +static PyModuleDef_Slot custom_module_slots[] = { + {Py_mod_exec, custom_module_exec}, + {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED}, + {0, NULL} +}; + +static PyModuleDef custom_module = { .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, .m_name = "custom3", .m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.", - .m_size = -1, + .m_size = 0, + .m_slots = custom_module_slots, }; PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_custom3(void) { - PyObject *m; - if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) - return NULL; - - m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - - if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; - } - - return m; + return PyModuleDef_Init(&custom_module); } diff --git a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom4.c b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom4.c index a0a1eeb289190b..07585aff5987f3 100644 --- a/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom4.c +++ b/Doc/includes/newtypes/custom4.c @@ -170,28 +170,36 @@ static PyTypeObject CustomType = { .tp_getset = Custom_getsetters, }; -static PyModuleDef custommodule = { +static int +custom_module_exec(PyObject *m) +{ + if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + return 0; +} + +static PyModuleDef_Slot custom_module_slots[] = { + {Py_mod_exec, custom_module_exec}, + {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED}, + {0, NULL} +}; + +static PyModuleDef custom_module = { .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, .m_name = "custom4", .m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.", - .m_size = -1, + .m_size = 0, + .m_slots = custom_module_slots, }; PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_custom4(void) { - PyObject *m; - if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) - return NULL; - - m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - - if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; - } - - return m; + return PyModuleDef_Init(&custom_module); } diff --git a/Doc/includes/newtypes/sublist.c b/Doc/includes/newtypes/sublist.c index 00664f3454156f..b784456a4ef667 100644 --- a/Doc/includes/newtypes/sublist.c +++ b/Doc/includes/newtypes/sublist.c @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ SubList_init(PyObject *op, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds) } static PyTypeObject SubListType = { - PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) + .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) .tp_name = "sublist.SubList", .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("SubList objects"), .tp_basicsize = sizeof(SubListObject), @@ -41,29 +41,37 @@ static PyTypeObject SubListType = { .tp_methods = SubList_methods, }; -static PyModuleDef sublistmodule = { - PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, +static int +sublist_module_exec(PyObject *m) +{ + SubListType.tp_base = &PyList_Type; + if (PyType_Ready(&SubListType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "SubList", (PyObject *) &SubListType) < 0) { + return -1; + } + + return 0; +} + +static PyModuleDef_Slot sublist_module_slots[] = { + {Py_mod_exec, sublist_module_exec}, + {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED}, + {0, NULL} +}; + +static PyModuleDef sublist_module = { + .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, .m_name = "sublist", .m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.", - .m_size = -1, + .m_size = 0, + .m_slots = sublist_module_slots, }; PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_sublist(void) { - PyObject *m; - SubListType.tp_base = &PyList_Type; - if (PyType_Ready(&SubListType) < 0) - return NULL; - - m = PyModule_Create(&sublistmodule); - if (m == NULL) - return NULL; - - if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "SubList", (PyObject *) &SubListType) < 0) { - Py_DECREF(m); - return NULL; - } - - return m; + return PyModuleDef_Init(&sublist_module); } diff --git a/Doc/library/annotationlib.rst b/Doc/library/annotationlib.rst index ff9578b6088f28..7dfc11449a6cbc 100644 --- a/Doc/library/annotationlib.rst +++ b/Doc/library/annotationlib.rst @@ -127,16 +127,27 @@ Classes Values are the result of evaluating the annotation expressions. - .. attribute:: FORWARDREF + .. attribute:: VALUE_WITH_FAKE_GLOBALS :value: 2 + Special value used to signal that an annotate function is being + evaluated in a special environment with fake globals. When passed this + value, annotate functions should either return the same value as for + the :attr:`Format.VALUE` format, or raise :exc:`NotImplementedError` + to signal that they do not support execution in this environment. + This format is only used internally and should not be passed to + the functions in this module. + + .. attribute:: FORWARDREF + :value: 3 + Values are real annotation values (as per :attr:`Format.VALUE` format) for defined values, and :class:`ForwardRef` proxies for undefined values. Real objects may contain references to :class:`ForwardRef` proxy objects. .. attribute:: STRING - :value: 3 + :value: 4 Values are the text string of the annotation as it appears in the source code, up to modifications including, but not restricted to, @@ -144,17 +155,6 @@ Classes The exact values of these strings may change in future versions of Python. - .. attribute:: VALUE_WITH_FAKE_GLOBALS - :value: 4 - - Special value used to signal that an annotate function is being - evaluated in a special environment with fake globals. When passed this - value, annotate functions should either return the same value as for - the :attr:`Format.VALUE` format, or raise :exc:`NotImplementedError` - to signal that they do not support execution in this environment. - This format is only used internally and should not be passed to - the functions in this module. - .. versionadded:: 3.14 .. class:: ForwardRef @@ -211,6 +211,10 @@ Classes means may not have any information about their scope, so passing arguments to this method may be necessary to evaluate them successfully. + If no *owner*, *globals*, *locals*, or *type_params* are provided and the + :class:`~ForwardRef` does not contain information about its origin, + empty globals and locals dictionaries are used. + .. versionadded:: 3.14 @@ -485,3 +489,117 @@ annotations from the class and puts them in a separate attribute: typ.classvars = classvars # Store the ClassVars in a separate attribute return typ + +Limitations of the ``STRING`` format +------------------------------------ + +The :attr:`~Format.STRING` format is meant to approximate the source code +of the annotation, but the implementation strategy used means that it is not +always possible to recover the exact source code. + +First, the stringifier of course cannot recover any information that is not present in +the compiled code, including comments, whitespace, parenthesization, and operations that +get simplified by the compiler. + +Second, the stringifier can intercept almost all operations that involve names looked +up in some scope, but it cannot intercept operations that operate fully on constants. +As a corollary, this also means it is not safe to request the ``STRING`` format on +untrusted code: Python is powerful enough that it is possible to achieve arbitrary +code execution even with no access to any globals or builtins. For example: + +.. code-block:: pycon + + >>> def f(x: (1).__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()[-1].__init__.__builtins__["print"]("Hello world")): pass + ... + >>> annotationlib.get_annotations(f, format=annotationlib.Format.SOURCE) + Hello world + {'x': 'None'} + +.. note:: + This particular example works as of the time of writing, but it relies on + implementation details and is not guaranteed to work in the future. + +Among the different kinds of expressions that exist in Python, +as represented by the :mod:`ast` module, some expressions are supported, +meaning that the ``STRING`` format can generally recover the original source code; +others are unsupported, meaning that they may result in incorrect output or an error. + +The following are supported (sometimes with caveats): + +* :class:`ast.BinOp` +* :class:`ast.UnaryOp` + + * :class:`ast.Invert` (``~``), :class:`ast.UAdd` (``+``), and :class:`ast.USub` (``-``) are supported + * :class:`ast.Not` (``not``) is not supported + +* :class:`ast.Dict` (except when using ``**`` unpacking) +* :class:`ast.Set` +* :class:`ast.Compare` + + * :class:`ast.Eq` and :class:`ast.NotEq` are supported + * :class:`ast.Lt`, :class:`ast.LtE`, :class:`ast.Gt`, and :class:`ast.GtE` are supported, but the operand may be flipped + * :class:`ast.Is`, :class:`ast.IsNot`, :class:`ast.In`, and :class:`ast.NotIn` are not supported + +* :class:`ast.Call` (except when using ``**`` unpacking) +* :class:`ast.Constant` (though not the exact representation of the constant; for example, escape + sequences in strings are lost; hexadecimal numbers are converted to decimal) +* :class:`ast.Attribute` (assuming the value is not a constant) +* :class:`ast.Subscript` (assuming the value is not a constant) +* :class:`ast.Starred` (``*`` unpacking) +* :class:`ast.Name` +* :class:`ast.List` +* :class:`ast.Tuple` +* :class:`ast.Slice` + +The following are unsupported, but throw an informative error when encountered by the +stringifier: + +* :class:`ast.FormattedValue` (f-strings; error is not detected if conversion specifiers like ``!r`` + are used) +* :class:`ast.JoinedStr` (f-strings) + +The following are unsupported and result in incorrect output: + +* :class:`ast.BoolOp` (``and`` and ``or``) +* :class:`ast.IfExp` +* :class:`ast.Lambda` +* :class:`ast.ListComp` +* :class:`ast.SetComp` +* :class:`ast.DictComp` +* :class:`ast.GeneratorExp` + +The following are disallowed in annotation scopes and therefore not relevant: + +* :class:`ast.NamedExpr` (``:=``) +* :class:`ast.Await` +* :class:`ast.Yield` +* :class:`ast.YieldFrom` + + +Limitations of the ``FORWARDREF`` format +---------------------------------------- + +The :attr:`~Format.FORWARDREF` format aims to produce real values as much +as possible, with anything that cannot be resolved replaced with +:class:`ForwardRef` objects. It is affected by broadly the same Limitations +as the :attr:`~Format.STRING` format: annotations that perform operations on +literals or that use unsupported expression types may raise exceptions when +evaluated using the :attr:`~Format.FORWARDREF` format. + +Below are a few examples of the behavior with unsupported expressions: + +.. code-block:: pycon + + >>> from annotationlib import get_annotations, Format + >>> def zerodiv(x: 1 / 0): ... + >>> get_annotations(zerodiv, format=Format.STRING) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ZeroDivisionError: division by zero + >>> get_annotations(zerodiv, format=Format.FORWARDREF) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ZeroDivisionError: division by zero + >>> def ifexp(x: 1 if y else 0): ... + >>> get_annotations(ifexp, format=Format.STRING) + {'x': '1'} diff --git a/Doc/library/archiving.rst b/Doc/library/archiving.rst index c9284949af4972..da0b3f8c3e7693 100644 --- a/Doc/library/archiving.rst +++ b/Doc/library/archiving.rst @@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ Data Compression and Archiving ****************************** The modules described in this chapter support data compression with the zlib, -gzip, bzip2 and lzma algorithms, and the creation of ZIP- and tar-format +gzip, bzip2, lzma, and zstd algorithms, and the creation of ZIP- and tar-format archives. See also :ref:`archiving-operations` provided by the :mod:`shutil` module. .. toctree:: + compression.rst + compression.zstd.rst zlib.rst gzip.rst bz2.rst diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst index 44b507a9811116..7831b613bd4a60 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst @@ -46,10 +46,6 @@ In addition to enabling the debug mode, consider also: When the debug mode is enabled: -* asyncio checks for :ref:`coroutines that were not awaited - ` and logs them; this mitigates - the "forgotten await" pitfall. - * Many non-threadsafe asyncio APIs (such as :meth:`loop.call_soon` and :meth:`loop.call_at` methods) raise an exception if they are called from a wrong thread. diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst index 21f7d0547af1dd..91970c282391f7 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst @@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ Creating Futures and Tasks .. versionadded:: 3.5.2 -.. method:: loop.create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None, eager_start=None) +.. method:: loop.create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None, eager_start=None, **kwargs) Schedule the execution of :ref:`coroutine ` *coro*. Return a :class:`Task` object. @@ -370,6 +370,10 @@ Creating Futures and Tasks for interoperability. In this case, the result type is a subclass of :class:`Task`. + The full function signature is largely the same as that of the + :class:`Task` constructor (or factory) - all of the keyword arguments to + this function are passed through to that interface. + If the *name* argument is provided and not ``None``, it is set as the name of the task using :meth:`Task.set_name`. @@ -388,8 +392,15 @@ Creating Futures and Tasks .. versionchanged:: 3.11 Added the *context* parameter. + .. versionchanged:: 3.13.3 + Added ``kwargs`` which passes on arbitrary extra parameters, including ``name`` and ``context``. + + .. versionchanged:: 3.13.4 + Rolled back the change that passes on *name* and *context* (if it is None), + while still passing on other arbitrary keyword arguments (to avoid breaking backwards compatibility with 3.13.3). + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 - Added the *eager_start* parameter. + All *kwargs* are now passed on. The *eager_start* parameter works with eager task factories. .. method:: loop.set_task_factory(factory) @@ -402,6 +413,16 @@ Creating Futures and Tasks event loop, and *coro* is a coroutine object. The callable must pass on all *kwargs*, and return a :class:`asyncio.Task`-compatible object. + .. versionchanged:: 3.13.3 + Required that all *kwargs* are passed on to :class:`asyncio.Task`. + + .. versionchanged:: 3.13.4 + *name* is no longer passed to task factories. *context* is no longer passed + to task factories if it is ``None``. + + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 + *name* and *context* are now unconditionally passed on to task factories again. + .. method:: loop.get_task_factory() Return a task factory or ``None`` if the default one is in use. diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-stream.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-stream.rst index c56166cabb9093..90c90862ca1ed3 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncio-stream.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-stream.rst @@ -171,13 +171,17 @@ and work with streams: .. function:: start_unix_server(client_connected_cb, path=None, \ *, limit=None, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, \ ssl_handshake_timeout=None, \ - ssl_shutdown_timeout=None, start_serving=True) + ssl_shutdown_timeout=None, start_serving=True, cleanup_socket=True) :async: Start a Unix socket server. Similar to :func:`start_server` but works with Unix sockets. + If *cleanup_socket* is true then the Unix socket will automatically + be removed from the filesystem when the server is closed, unless the + socket has been replaced after the server has been created. + See also the documentation of :meth:`loop.create_unix_server`. .. note:: @@ -198,6 +202,9 @@ and work with streams: .. versionchanged:: 3.11 Added the *ssl_shutdown_timeout* parameter. + .. versionchanged:: 3.13 + Added the *cleanup_socket* parameter. + StreamReader ============ diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-task.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-task.rst index 59acce1990ae04..b19ffa8213a971 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncio-task.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-task.rst @@ -238,18 +238,24 @@ Creating Tasks ----------------------------------------------- -.. function:: create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None) +.. function:: create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None, eager_start=None, **kwargs) Wrap the *coro* :ref:`coroutine ` into a :class:`Task` and schedule its execution. Return the Task object. - If *name* is not ``None``, it is set as the name of the task using - :meth:`Task.set_name`. + The full function signature is largely the same as that of the + :class:`Task` constructor (or factory) - all of the keyword arguments to + this function are passed through to that interface. An optional keyword-only *context* argument allows specifying a custom :class:`contextvars.Context` for the *coro* to run in. The current context copy is created when no *context* is provided. + An optional keyword-only *eager_start* argument allows specifying + if the task should execute eagerly during the call to create_task, + or be scheduled later. If *eager_start* is not passed the mode set + by :meth:`loop.set_task_factory` will be used. + The task is executed in the loop returned by :func:`get_running_loop`, :exc:`RuntimeError` is raised if there is no running loop in current thread. @@ -290,6 +296,9 @@ Creating Tasks .. versionchanged:: 3.11 Added the *context* parameter. + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 + Added the *eager_start* parameter by passing on all *kwargs*. + Task Cancellation ================= @@ -330,7 +339,7 @@ and reliable way to wait for all tasks in the group to finish. .. versionadded:: 3.11 - .. method:: create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None) + .. method:: create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None, eager_start=None, **kwargs) Create a task in this task group. The signature matches that of :func:`asyncio.create_task`. @@ -342,6 +351,10 @@ and reliable way to wait for all tasks in the group to finish. Close the given coroutine if the task group is not active. + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 + + Passes on all *kwargs* to :meth:`loop.create_task` + Example:: async def main(): diff --git a/Doc/library/base64.rst b/Doc/library/base64.rst index 834ab2536e6c14..529a7242443820 100644 --- a/Doc/library/base64.rst +++ b/Doc/library/base64.rst @@ -15,14 +15,9 @@ This module provides functions for encoding binary data to printable ASCII characters and decoding such encodings back to binary data. -It provides encoding and decoding functions for the encodings specified in -:rfc:`4648`, which defines the Base16, Base32, and Base64 algorithms, -and for the de-facto standard Ascii85 and Base85 encodings. - -The :rfc:`4648` encodings are suitable for encoding binary data so that it can be -safely sent by email, used as parts of URLs, or included as part of an HTTP -POST request. The encoding algorithm is not the same as the -:program:`uuencode` program. +This includes the :ref:`encodings specified in ` +:rfc:`4648` (Base64, Base32 and Base16) +and the non-standard :ref:`Base85 encodings `. There are two interfaces provided by this module. The modern interface supports encoding :term:`bytes-like objects ` to ASCII @@ -30,7 +25,7 @@ supports encoding :term:`bytes-like objects ` to ASCII strings containing ASCII to :class:`bytes`. Both base-64 alphabets defined in :rfc:`4648` (normal, and URL- and filesystem-safe) are supported. -The legacy interface does not support decoding from strings, but it does +The :ref:`legacy interface ` does not support decoding from strings, but it does provide functions for encoding and decoding to and from :term:`file objects `. It only supports the Base64 standard alphabet, and it adds newlines every 76 characters as per :rfc:`2045`. Note that if you are looking @@ -46,7 +41,15 @@ package instead. Any :term:`bytes-like objects ` are now accepted by all encoding and decoding functions in this module. Ascii85/Base85 support added. -The modern interface provides: + +.. _base64-rfc-4648: + +RFC 4648 Encodings +------------------ + +The :rfc:`4648` encodings are suitable for encoding binary data so that it can be +safely sent by email, used as parts of URLs, or included as part of an HTTP +POST request. .. function:: b64encode(s, altchars=None) @@ -181,6 +184,26 @@ The modern interface provides: incorrectly padded or if there are non-alphabet characters present in the input. +.. _base64-base-85: + +Base85 Encodings +----------------- + +Base85 encoding is not formally specified but rather a de facto standard, +thus different systems perform the encoding differently. + +The :func:`a85encode` and :func:`b85encode` functions in this module are two implementations of +the de facto standard. You should call the function with the Base85 +implementation used by the software you intend to work with. + +The two functions present in this module differ in how they handle the following: + +* Whether to include enclosing ``<~`` and ``~>`` markers +* Whether to include newline characters +* The set of ASCII characters used for encoding +* Handling of null bytes + +Refer to the documentation of the individual functions for more information. .. function:: a85encode(b, *, foldspaces=False, wrapcol=0, pad=False, adobe=False) @@ -262,7 +285,10 @@ The modern interface provides: .. versionadded:: 3.13 -The legacy interface: +.. _base64-legacy: + +Legacy Interface +---------------- .. function:: decode(input, output) diff --git a/Doc/library/code.rst b/Doc/library/code.rst index 8f7692df9fb22d..52587c4dd8f8e8 100644 --- a/Doc/library/code.rst +++ b/Doc/library/code.rst @@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ build applications which provide an interactive interpreter prompt. it defaults to a newly created dictionary with key ``'__name__'`` set to ``'__console__'`` and key ``'__doc__'`` set to ``None``. + Note that functions and classes objects created under an + :class:`!InteractiveInterpreter` instance will belong to the namespace + specified by *locals*. + They are only pickleable if *locals* is the namespace of an existing + module. + .. class:: InteractiveConsole(locals=None, filename="", local_exit=False) diff --git a/Doc/library/compression.rst b/Doc/library/compression.rst new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..618b4a3c2bd170 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/library/compression.rst @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +The :mod:`!compression` package +=============================== + +.. versionadded:: 3.14 + +The :mod:`!compression` package contains the canonical compression modules +containing interfaces to several different compression algorithms. Some of +these modules have historically been available as separate modules; those will +continue to be available under their original names for compatibility reasons, +and will not be removed without a deprecation cycle. The use of modules in +:mod:`!compression` is encouraged where practical. + +* :mod:`!compression.bz2` -- Re-exports :mod:`bz2` +* :mod:`!compression.gzip` -- Re-exports :mod:`gzip` +* :mod:`!compression.lzma` -- Re-exports :mod:`lzma` +* :mod:`!compression.zlib` -- Re-exports :mod:`zlib` +* :mod:`compression.zstd` -- Wrapper for the Zstandard compression library + diff --git a/Doc/library/compression.zstd.rst b/Doc/library/compression.zstd.rst new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..1e1802155a19ec --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/library/compression.zstd.rst @@ -0,0 +1,840 @@ +:mod:`!compression.zstd` --- Compression compatible with the Zstandard format +============================================================================= + +.. module:: compression.zstd + :synopsis: Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines in + the zstd library. + +.. versionadded:: 3.14 + +**Source code:** :source:`Lib/compression/zstd/__init__.py` + +-------------- + +This module provides classes and functions for compressing and decompressing +data using the Zstandard (or *zstd*) compression algorithm. The +`zstd manual `__ +describes Zstandard as "a fast lossless compression algorithm, targeting +real-time compression scenarios at zlib-level and better compression ratios." +Also included is a file interface that supports reading and writing the +contents of ``.zst`` files created by the :program:`zstd` utility, as well as +raw zstd compressed streams. + +The :mod:`!compression.zstd` module contains: + +* The :func:`.open` function and :class:`ZstdFile` class for reading and + writing compressed files. +* The :class:`ZstdCompressor` and :class:`ZstdDecompressor` classes for + incremental (de)compression. +* The :func:`compress` and :func:`decompress` functions for one-shot + (de)compression. +* The :func:`train_dict` and :func:`finalize_dict` functions and the + :class:`ZstdDict` class to train and manage Zstandard dictionaries. +* The :class:`CompressionParameter`, :class:`DecompressionParameter`, and + :class:`Strategy` classes for setting advanced (de)compression parameters. + + +Exceptions +---------- + +.. exception:: ZstdError + + This exception is raised when an error occurs during compression or + decompression, or while initializing the (de)compressor state. + + +Reading and writing compressed files +------------------------------------ + +.. function:: open(file, /, mode='rb', *, level=None, options=None, \ + zstd_dict=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None) + + Open a Zstandard-compressed file in binary or text mode, returning a + :term:`file object`. + + The *file* argument can be either a file name (given as a + :class:`str`, :class:`bytes` or :term:`path-like ` + object), in which case the named file is opened, or it can be an existing + file object to read from or write to. + + The mode argument can be either ``'rb'`` for reading (default), ``'wb'`` for + overwriting, ``'ab'`` for appending, or ``'xb'`` for exclusive creation. + These can equivalently be given as ``'r'``, ``'w'``, ``'a'``, and ``'x'`` + respectively. You may also open in text mode with ``'rt'``, ``'wt'``, + ``'at'``, and ``'xt'`` respectively. + + When reading, the *options* argument can be a dictionary providing advanced + decompression parameters; see :class:`DecompressionParameter` for detailed + information about supported + parameters. The *zstd_dict* argument is a :class:`ZstdDict` instance to be + used during decompression. When reading, if the *level* + argument is not None, a :exc:`!TypeError` will be raised. + + When writing, the *options* argument can be a dictionary + providing advanced decompression parameters; see + :class:`CompressionParameter` for detailed information about supported + parameters. The *level* argument is the compression level to use when + writing compressed data. Only one of *level* or *options* may be non-None. + The *zstd_dict* argument is a :class:`ZstdDict` instance to be used during + compression. + + In binary mode, this function is equivalent to the :class:`ZstdFile` + constructor: ``ZstdFile(file, mode, ...)``. In this case, the + *encoding*, *errors*, and *newline* parameters must not be provided. + + In text mode, a :class:`ZstdFile` object is created, and wrapped in an + :class:`io.TextIOWrapper` instance with the specified encoding, error + handling behavior, and line endings. + + +.. class:: ZstdFile(file, /, mode='rb', *, level=None, options=None, \ + zstd_dict=None) + + Open a Zstandard-compressed file in binary mode. + + A :class:`ZstdFile` can wrap an already-open :term:`file object`, or operate + directly on a named file. The *file* argument specifies either the file + object to wrap, or the name of the file to open (as a :class:`str`, + :class:`bytes` or :term:`path-like ` object). If + wrapping an existing file object, the wrapped file will not be closed when + the :class:`ZstdFile` is closed. + + The *mode* argument can be either ``'rb'`` for reading (default), ``'wb'`` + for overwriting, ``'xb'`` for exclusive creation, or ``'ab'`` for appending. + These can equivalently be given as ``'r'``, ``'w'``, ``'x'`` and ``'a'`` + respectively. + + If *file* is a file object (rather than an actual file name), a mode of + ``'w'`` does not truncate the file, and is instead equivalent to ``'a'``. + + When reading, the *options* argument can be a dictionary + providing advanced decompression parameters; see + :class:`DecompressionParameter` for detailed information about supported + parameters. The *zstd_dict* argument is a :class:`ZstdDict` instance to be + used during decompression. When reading, if the *level* + argument is not None, a :exc:`!TypeError` will be raised. + + When writing, the *options* argument can be a dictionary + providing advanced decompression parameters; see + :class:`CompressionParameter` for detailed information about supported + parameters. The *level* argument is the compression level to use when + writing compressed data. Only one of *level* or *options* may be passed. The + *zstd_dict* argument is a :class:`ZstdDict` instance to be used during + compression. + + :class:`!ZstdFile` supports all the members specified by + :class:`io.BufferedIOBase`, except for :meth:`~io.BufferedIOBase.detach` + and :meth:`~io.IOBase.truncate`. + Iteration and the :keyword:`with` statement are supported. + + The following method and attributes are also provided: + + .. method:: peek(size=-1) + + Return buffered data without advancing the file position. At least one + byte of data will be returned, unless EOF has been reached. The exact + number of bytes returned is unspecified (the *size* argument is ignored). + + .. note:: While calling :meth:`peek` does not change the file position of + the :class:`ZstdFile`, it may change the position of the underlying + file object (for example, if the :class:`ZstdFile` was constructed by + passing a file object for *file*). + + .. attribute:: mode + + ``'rb'`` for reading and ``'wb'`` for writing. + + .. attribute:: name + + The name of the Zstandard file. Equivalent to the :attr:`~io.FileIO.name` + attribute of the underlying :term:`file object`. + + +Compressing and decompressing data in memory +-------------------------------------------- + +.. function:: compress(data, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None) + + Compress *data* (a :term:`bytes-like object`), returning the compressed + data as a :class:`bytes` object. + + The *level* argument is an integer controlling the level of + compression. *level* is an alternative to setting + :attr:`CompressionParameter.compression_level` in *options*. Use + :meth:`~CompressionParameter.bounds` on + :attr:`~CompressionParameter.compression_level` to get the values that can + be passed for *level*. If advanced compression options are needed, the + *level* argument must be omitted and in the *options* dictionary the + :attr:`!CompressionParameter.compression_level` parameter should be set. + + The *options* argument is a Python dictionary containing advanced + compression parameters. The valid keys and values for compression parameters + are documented as part of the :class:`CompressionParameter` documentation. + + The *zstd_dict* argument is an instance of :class:`ZstdDict` + containing trained data to improve compression efficiency. The + function :func:`train_dict` can be used to generate a Zstandard dictionary. + + +.. function:: decompress(data, zstd_dict=None, options=None) + + Decompress *data* (a :term:`bytes-like object`), returning the uncompressed + data as a :class:`bytes` object. + + The *options* argument is a Python dictionary containing advanced + decompression parameters. The valid keys and values for compression + parameters are documented as part of the :class:`DecompressionParameter` + documentation. + + The *zstd_dict* argument is an instance of :class:`ZstdDict` + containing trained data used during compression. This must be + the same Zstandard dictionary used during compression. + + If *data* is the concatenation of multiple distinct compressed frames, + decompress all of these frames, and return the concatenation of the results. + + +.. class:: ZstdCompressor(level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None) + + Create a compressor object, which can be used to compress data + incrementally. + + For a more convenient way of compressing a single chunk of data, see the + module-level function :func:`compress`. + + The *level* argument is an integer controlling the level of + compression. *level* is an alternative to setting + :attr:`CompressionParameter.compression_level` in *options*. Use + :meth:`~CompressionParameter.bounds` on + :attr:`~CompressionParameter.compression_level` to get the values that can + be passed for *level*. If advanced compression options are needed, the + *level* argument must be omitted and in the *options* dictionary the + :attr:`!CompressionParameter.compression_level` parameter should be set. + + The *options* argument is a Python dictionary containing advanced + compression parameters. The valid keys and values for compression parameters + are documented as part of the :class:`CompressionParameter` documentation. + + The *zstd_dict* argument is an optional instance of :class:`ZstdDict` + containing trained data to improve compression efficiency. The + function :func:`train_dict` can be used to generate a Zstandard dictionary. + + + .. method:: compress(data, mode=ZstdCompressor.CONTINUE) + + Compress *data* (a :term:`bytes-like object`), returning a :class:`bytes` + object with compressed data if possible, or otherwise an empty + :class:`!bytes` object. Some of *data* may be buffered internally, for + use in later calls to :meth:`!compress` and :meth:`~.flush`. The returned + data should be concatenated with the output of any previous calls to + :meth:`~.compress`. + + The *mode* argument is a :class:`ZstdCompressor` attribute, either + :attr:`~.CONTINUE`, :attr:`~.FLUSH_BLOCK`, + or :attr:`~.FLUSH_FRAME`. + + When all data has been provided to the compressor, call the + :meth:`~.flush` method to finish the compression process. If + :meth:`~.compress` is called with *mode* set to :attr:`~.FLUSH_FRAME`, + :meth:`~.flush` should not be called, as it would write out a new empty + frame. + + .. method:: flush(mode=ZstdCompressor.FLUSH_FRAME) + + Finish the compression process, returning a :class:`bytes` object + containing any data stored in the compressor's internal buffers. + + The *mode* argument is a :class:`ZstdCompressor` attribute, either + :attr:`~.FLUSH_BLOCK`, or :attr:`~.FLUSH_FRAME`. + + .. attribute:: CONTINUE + + Collect more data for compression, which may or may not generate output + immediately. This mode optimizes the compression ratio by maximizing the + amount of data per block and frame. + + .. attribute:: FLUSH_BLOCK + + Complete and write a block to the data stream. The data returned so far + can be immediately decompressed. Past data can still be referenced in + future blocks generated by calls to :meth:`~.compress`, + improving compression. + + .. attribute:: FLUSH_FRAME + + Complete and write out a frame. Future data provided to + :meth:`~.compress` will be written into a new frame and + *cannot* reference past data. + + +.. class:: ZstdDecompressor(zstd_dict=None, options=None) + + Create a decompressor object, which can be used to decompress data + incrementally. + + For a more convenient way of decompressing an entire compressed stream at + once, see the module-level function :func:`decompress`. + + The *options* argument is a Python dictionary containing advanced + decompression parameters. The valid keys and values for compression + parameters are documented as part of the :class:`DecompressionParameter` + documentation. + + The *zstd_dict* argument is an instance of :class:`ZstdDict` + containing trained data used during compression. This must be + the same Zstandard dictionary used during compression. + + .. note:: + This class does not transparently handle inputs containing multiple + compressed frames, unlike the :func:`decompress` function and + :class:`ZstdFile` class. To decompress a multi-frame input, you should + use :func:`decompress`, :class:`ZstdFile` if working with a + :term:`file object`, or multiple :class:`!ZstdDecompressor` instances. + + .. method:: decompress(data, max_length=-1) + + Decompress *data* (a :term:`bytes-like object`), returning + uncompressed data as bytes. Some of *data* may be buffered + internally, for use in later calls to :meth:`!decompress`. + The returned data should be concatenated with the output of any previous + calls to :meth:`!decompress`. + + If *max_length* is non-negative, the method returns at most *max_length* + bytes of decompressed data. If this limit is reached and further + output can be produced, the :attr:`~.needs_input` attribute will + be set to ``False``. In this case, the next call to + :meth:`~.decompress` may provide *data* as ``b''`` to obtain + more of the output. + + If all of the input data was decompressed and returned (either + because this was less than *max_length* bytes, or because + *max_length* was negative), the :attr:`~.needs_input` attribute + will be set to ``True``. + + Attempting to decompress data after the end of a frame will raise a + :exc:`ZstdError`. Any data found after the end of the frame is ignored + and saved in the :attr:`~.unused_data` attribute. + + .. attribute:: eof + + ``True`` if the end-of-stream marker has been reached. + + .. attribute:: unused_data + + Data found after the end of the compressed stream. + + Before the end of the stream is reached, this will be ``b''``. + + .. attribute:: needs_input + + ``False`` if the :meth:`.decompress` method can provide more + decompressed data before requiring new compressed input. + + +Zstandard dictionaries +---------------------- + + +.. function:: train_dict(samples, dict_size) + + Train a Zstandard dictionary, returning a :class:`ZstdDict` instance. + Zstandard dictionaries enable more efficient compression of smaller sizes + of data, which is traditionally difficult to compress due to less + repetition. If you are compressing multiple similar groups of data (such as + similar files), Zstandard dictionaries can improve compression ratios and + speed significantly. + + The *samples* argument (an iterable of :class:`bytes` objects), is the + population of samples used to train the Zstandard dictionary. + + The *dict_size* argument, an integer, is the maximum size (in bytes) the + Zstandard dictionary should be. The Zstandard documentation suggests an + absolute maximum of no more than 100 KB, but the maximum can often be smaller + depending on the data. Larger dictionaries generally slow down compression, + but improve compression ratios. Smaller dictionaries lead to faster + compression, but reduce the compression ratio. + + +.. function:: finalize_dict(zstd_dict, /, samples, dict_size, level) + + An advanced function for converting a "raw content" Zstandard dictionary into + a regular Zstandard dictionary. "Raw content" dictionaries are a sequence of + bytes that do not need to follow the structure of a normal Zstandard + dictionary. + + The *zstd_dict* argument is a :class:`ZstdDict` instance with + the :attr:`~ZstdDict.dict_content` containing the raw dictionary contents. + + The *samples* argument (an iterable of :class:`bytes` objects), contains + sample data for generating the Zstandard dictionary. + + The *dict_size* argument, an integer, is the maximum size (in bytes) the + Zstandard dictionary should be. See :func:`train_dict` for + suggestions on the maximum dictionary size. + + The *level* argument (an integer) is the compression level expected to be + passed to the compressors using this dictionary. The dictionary information + varies for each compression level, so tuning for the proper compression + level can make compression more efficient. + + +.. class:: ZstdDict(dict_content, /, *, is_raw=False) + + A wrapper around Zstandard dictionaries. Dictionaries can be used to improve + the compression of many small chunks of data. Use :func:`train_dict` if you + need to train a new dictionary from sample data. + + The *dict_content* argument (a :term:`bytes-like object`), is the already + trained dictionary information. + + The *is_raw* argument, a boolean, is an advanced parameter controlling the + meaning of *dict_content*. ``True`` means *dict_content* is a "raw content" + dictionary, without any format restrictions. ``False`` means *dict_content* + is an ordinary Zstandard dictionary, created from Zstandard functions, + for example, :func:`train_dict` or the external :program:`zstd` CLI. + + When passing a :class:`!ZstdDict` to a function, the + :attr:`!as_digested_dict` and :attr:`!as_undigested_dict` attributes can + control how the dictionary is loaded by passing them as the ``zstd_dict`` + argument, for example, ``compress(data, zstd_dict=zd.as_digested_dict)``. + Digesting a dictionary is a costly operation that occurs when loading a + Zstandard dictionary. When making multiple calls to compression or + decompression, passing a digested dictionary will reduce the overhead of + loading the dictionary. + + .. list-table:: Difference for compression + :widths: 10 14 10 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - + - Digested dictionary + - Undigested dictionary + * - Advanced parameters of the compressor which may be overridden by + the dictionary's parameters + - ``window_log``, ``hash_log``, ``chain_log``, ``search_log``, + ``min_match``, ``target_length``, ``strategy``, + ``enable_long_distance_matching``, ``ldm_hash_log``, + ``ldm_min_match``, ``ldm_bucket_size_log``, ``ldm_hash_rate_log``, + and some non-public parameters. + - None + * - :class:`!ZstdDict` internally caches the dictionary + - Yes. It's faster when loading a digested dictionary again with the + same compression level. + - No. If you wish to load an undigested dictionary multiple times, + consider reusing a compressor object. + + If passing a :class:`!ZstdDict` without any attribute, an undigested + dictionary is passed by default when compressing and a digested dictionary + is generated if necessary and passed by default when decompressing. + + .. attribute:: dict_content + + The content of the Zstandard dictionary, a ``bytes`` object. It's the + same as the *dict_content* argument in the ``__init__`` method. It can + be used with other programs, such as the ``zstd`` CLI program. + + .. attribute:: dict_id + + Identifier of the Zstandard dictionary, a non-negative int value. + + Non-zero means the dictionary is ordinary, created by Zstandard + functions and following the Zstandard format. + + ``0`` means a "raw content" dictionary, free of any format restriction, + used for advanced users. + + .. note:: + + The meaning of ``0`` for :attr:`!ZstdDict.dict_id` is different + from the ``dictionary_id`` attribute to the :func:`get_frame_info` + function. + + .. attribute:: as_digested_dict + + Load as a digested dictionary. + + .. attribute:: as_undigested_dict + + Load as an undigested dictionary. + + +Advanced parameter control +-------------------------- + +.. class:: CompressionParameter() + + An :class:`~enum.IntEnum` containing the advanced compression parameter + keys that can be used when compressing data. + + The :meth:`~.bounds` method can be used on any attribute to get the valid + values for that parameter. + + Parameters are optional; any omitted parameter will have it's value selected + automatically. + + Example getting the lower and upper bound of :attr:`~.compression_level`:: + + lower, upper = CompressionParameter.compression_level.bounds() + + Example setting the :attr:`~.window_log` to the maximum size:: + + _lower, upper = CompressionParameter.window_log.bounds() + options = {CompressionParameter.window_log: upper} + compress(b'venezuelan beaver cheese', options=options) + + .. method:: bounds() + + Return the tuple of int bounds, ``(lower, upper)``, of a compression + parameter. This method should be called on the attribute you wish to + retrieve the bounds of. For example, to get the valid values for + :attr:`~.compression_level`, one may check the result of + ``CompressionParameter.compression_level.bounds()``. + + Both the lower and upper bounds are inclusive. + + .. attribute:: compression_level + + A high-level means of setting other compression parameters that affect + the speed and ratio of compressing data. Setting the level to zero uses + :attr:`COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT`. + + .. attribute:: window_log + + Maximum allowed back-reference distance the compressor can use when + compressing data, expressed as power of two, ``1 << window_log`` bytes. + This parameter greatly influences the memory usage of compression. Higher + values require more memory but gain better compression values. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: hash_log + + Size of the initial probe table, as a power of two. The resulting memory + usage is ``1 << (hash_log+2)`` bytes. Larger tables improve compression + ratio of strategies <= :attr:`~Strategy.dfast`, and improve compression + speed of strategies > :attr:`~Strategy.dfast`. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: chain_log + + Size of the multi-probe search table, as a power of two. The resulting + memory usage is ``1 << (chain_log+2)`` bytes. Larger tables result in + better and slower compression. This parameter has no effect for the + :attr:`~Strategy.fast` strategy. It's still useful when using + :attr:`~Strategy.dfast` strategy, in which case it defines a secondary + probe table. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: search_log + + Number of search attempts, as a power of two. More attempts result in + better and slower compression. This parameter is useless for + :attr:`~Strategy.fast` and :attr:`~Strategy.dfast` strategies. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: min_match + + Minimum size of searched matches. Larger values increase compression and + decompression speed, but decrease ratio. Note that Zstandard can still + find matches of smaller size, it just tweaks its search algorithm to look + for this size and larger. For all strategies < :attr:`~Strategy.btopt`, + the effective minimum is ``4``; for all strategies + > :attr:`~Strategy.fast`, the effective maximum is ``6``. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: target_length + + The impact of this field depends on the selected :class:`Strategy`. + + For strategies :attr:`~Strategy.btopt`, :attr:`~Strategy.btultra` and + :attr:`~Strategy.btultra2`, the value is the length of a match + considered "good enough" to stop searching. Larger values make + compression ratios better, but compresses slower. + + For strategy :attr:`~Strategy.fast`, it is the distance between match + sampling. Larger values make compression faster, but with a worse + compression ratio. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: strategy + + The higher the value of selected strategy, the more complex the + compression technique used by zstd, resulting in higher compression + ratios but slower compression. + + .. seealso:: :class:`Strategy` + + .. attribute:: enable_long_distance_matching + + Long distance matching can be used to improve compression for large + inputs by finding large matches at greater distances. It increases memory + usage and window size. + + ``True`` or ``1`` enable long distance matching while ``False`` or ``0`` + disable it. + + Enabling this parameter increases default + :attr:`~CompressionParameter.window_log` to 128 MiB except when expressly + set to a different value. This setting is enabled by default if + :attr:`!window_log` >= 128 MiB and the compression + strategy >= :attr:`~Strategy.btopt` (compression level 16+). + + .. attribute:: ldm_hash_log + + Size of the table for long distance matching, as a power of two. Larger + values increase memory usage and compression ratio, but decrease + compression speed. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: ldm_min_match + + Minimum match size for long distance matcher. Larger or too small values + can often decrease the compression ratio. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: ldm_bucket_size_log + + Log size of each bucket in the long distance matcher hash table for + collision resolution. Larger values improve collision resolution but + decrease compression speed. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: ldm_hash_rate_log + + Frequency of inserting/looking up entries into the long distance matcher + hash table. Larger values improve compression speed. Deviating far from + the default value will likely result in a compression ratio decrease. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: checksum_flag + + A four-byte checksum using XXHash64 of the uncompressed content is + written at the end of each frame. Zstandard's decompression code verifies + the checksum. If there is a mismatch a :class:`ZstdError` exception is + raised. + + ``True`` or ``1`` enable checksum generation while ``False`` or ``0`` + disable it. + + .. attribute:: dict_id_flag + + When compressing with a :class:`ZstdDict`, the dictionary's ID is written + into the frame header. + + ``True`` or ``1`` enable storing the dictionary ID while ``False`` or + ``0`` disable it. + + .. attribute:: nb_workers + + Select how many threads will be spawned to compress in parallel. When + :attr:`!nb_workers` > 0, enables multi-threaded compression, a value of + ``1`` means "one-thread multi-threaded mode". More workers improve speed, + but also increase memory usage and slightly reduce compression ratio. + + A value of zero disables multi-threading. + + .. attribute:: job_size + + Size of a compression job, in bytes. This value is enforced only when + :attr:`~CompressionParameter.nb_workers` >= 1. Each compression job is + completed in parallel, so this value can indirectly impact the number of + active threads. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + .. attribute:: overlap_log + + Sets how much data is reloaded from previous jobs (threads) for new jobs + to be used by the look behind window during compression. This value is + only used when :attr:`~CompressionParameter.nb_workers` >= 1. Acceptable + values vary from 0 to 9. + + * 0 means dynamically set the overlap amount + * 1 means no overlap + * 9 means use a full window size from the previous job + + Each increment halves/doubles the overlap size. "8" means an overlap of + ``window_size/2``, "7" means an overlap of ``window_size/4``, etc. + +.. class:: DecompressionParameter() + + An :class:`~enum.IntEnum` containing the advanced decompression parameter + keys that can be used when decompressing data. Parameters are optional; any + omitted parameter will have it's value selected automatically. + + The :meth:`~.bounds` method can be used on any attribute to get the valid + values for that parameter. + + Example setting the :attr:`~.window_log_max` to the maximum size:: + + data = compress(b'Some very long buffer of bytes...') + + _lower, upper = DecompressionParameter.window_log_max.bounds() + + options = {DecompressionParameter.window_log_max: upper} + decompress(data, options=options) + + .. method:: bounds() + + Return the tuple of int bounds, ``(lower, upper)``, of a decompression + parameter. This method should be called on the attribute you wish to + retrieve the bounds of. + + Both the lower and upper bounds are inclusive. + + .. attribute:: window_log_max + + The base-two logarithm of the maximum size of the window used during + decompression. This can be useful to limit the amount of memory used when + decompressing data. A larger maximum window size leads to faster + decompression. + + A value of zero causes the value to be selected automatically. + + +.. class:: Strategy() + + An :class:`~enum.IntEnum` containing strategies for compression. + Higher-numbered strategies correspond to more complex and slower + compression. + + .. note:: + + The values of attributes of :class:`!Strategy` are not necessarily stable + across zstd versions. Only the ordering of the attributes may be relied + upon. The attributes are listed below in order. + + The following strategies are available: + + .. attribute:: fast + + .. attribute:: dfast + + .. attribute:: greedy + + .. attribute:: lazy + + .. attribute:: lazy2 + + .. attribute:: btlazy2 + + .. attribute:: btopt + + .. attribute:: btultra + + .. attribute:: btultra2 + + +Miscellaneous +------------- + +.. function:: get_frame_info(frame_buffer) + + Retrieve a :class:`FrameInfo` object containing metadata about a Zstandard + frame. Frames contain metadata related to the compressed data they hold. + + +.. class:: FrameInfo + + Metadata related to a Zstandard frame. + + .. attribute:: decompressed_size + + The size of the decompressed contents of the frame. + + .. attribute:: dictionary_id + + An integer representing the Zstandard dictionary ID needed for + decompressing the frame. ``0`` means the dictionary ID was not + recorded in the frame header. This may mean that a Zstandard dictionary + is not needed, or that the ID of a required dictionary was not recorded. + + +.. attribute:: COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT + + The default compression level for Zstandard: ``3``. + + +.. attribute:: zstd_version_info + + Version number of the runtime zstd library as a tuple of integers + (major, minor, release). + + +Examples +-------- + +Reading in a compressed file: + +.. code-block:: python + + from compression import zstd + + with zstd.open("file.zst") as f: + file_content = f.read() + +Creating a compressed file: + +.. code-block:: python + + from compression import zstd + + data = b"Insert Data Here" + with zstd.open("file.zst", "w") as f: + f.write(data) + +Compressing data in memory: + +.. code-block:: python + + from compression import zstd + + data_in = b"Insert Data Here" + data_out = zstd.compress(data_in) + +Incremental compression: + +.. code-block:: python + + from compression import zstd + + comp = zstd.ZstdCompressor() + out1 = comp.compress(b"Some data\n") + out2 = comp.compress(b"Another piece of data\n") + out3 = comp.compress(b"Even more data\n") + out4 = comp.flush() + # Concatenate all the partial results: + result = b"".join([out1, out2, out3, out4]) + +Writing compressed data to an already-open file: + +.. code-block:: python + + from compression import zstd + + with open("myfile", "wb") as f: + f.write(b"This data will not be compressed\n") + with zstd.open(f, "w") as zstf: + zstf.write(b"This *will* be compressed\n") + f.write(b"Not compressed\n") + +Creating a compressed file using compression parameters: + +.. code-block:: python + + from compression import zstd + + options = { + zstd.CompressionParameter.checksum_flag: 1 + } + with zstd.open("file.zst", "w", options=options) as f: + f.write(b"Mind if I squeeze in?") diff --git a/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst b/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst index 7efae9e628b828..3c8d9ab111e09e 100644 --- a/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst +++ b/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst @@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ .. versionadded:: 3.2 -**Source code:** :source:`Lib/concurrent/futures/thread.py` -and :source:`Lib/concurrent/futures/process.py` +**Source code:** :source:`Lib/concurrent/futures/thread.py`, +:source:`Lib/concurrent/futures/process.py`, +and :source:`Lib/concurrent/futures/interpreter.py` -------------- diff --git a/Doc/library/copy.rst b/Doc/library/copy.rst index 95b41f988a035b..210ad7188003e6 100644 --- a/Doc/library/copy.rst +++ b/Doc/library/copy.rst @@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ and only supports named tuples created by :func:`~collections.namedtuple`, This method should create a new object of the same type, replacing fields with values from *changes*. + .. versionadded:: 3.13 + .. seealso:: diff --git a/Doc/library/ctypes.rst b/Doc/library/ctypes.rst index 5b733d5321e907..8e74c6c9dee744 100644 --- a/Doc/library/ctypes.rst +++ b/Doc/library/ctypes.rst @@ -2031,35 +2031,55 @@ Utility functions pointer. -.. function:: create_string_buffer(init_or_size, size=None) +.. function:: create_string_buffer(init, size=None) + create_string_buffer(size) This function creates a mutable character buffer. The returned object is a ctypes array of :class:`c_char`. - *init_or_size* must be an integer which specifies the size of the array, or a - bytes object which will be used to initialize the array items. + If *size* is given (and not ``None``), it must be an :class:`int`. + It specifies the size of the returned array. - If a bytes object is specified as first argument, the buffer is made one item - larger than its length so that the last element in the array is a NUL - termination character. An integer can be passed as second argument which allows - specifying the size of the array if the length of the bytes should not be used. + If the *init* argument is given, it must be :class:`bytes`. It is used + to initialize the array items. Bytes not initialized this way are + set to zero (NUL). + + If *size* is not given (or if it is ``None``), the buffer is made one element + larger than *init*, effectively adding a NUL terminator. + + If both arguments are given, *size* must not be less than ``len(init)``. + + .. warning:: + + If *size* is equal to ``len(init)``, a NUL terminator is + not added. Do not treat such a buffer as a C string. + + For example:: + + >>> bytes(create_string_buffer(2)) + b'\x00\x00' + >>> bytes(create_string_buffer(b'ab')) + b'ab\x00' + >>> bytes(create_string_buffer(b'ab', 2)) + b'ab' + >>> bytes(create_string_buffer(b'ab', 4)) + b'ab\x00\x00' + >>> bytes(create_string_buffer(b'abcdef', 2)) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: byte string too long .. audit-event:: ctypes.create_string_buffer init,size ctypes.create_string_buffer -.. function:: create_unicode_buffer(init_or_size, size=None) +.. function:: create_unicode_buffer(init, size=None) + create_unicode_buffer(size) This function creates a mutable unicode character buffer. The returned object is a ctypes array of :class:`c_wchar`. - *init_or_size* must be an integer which specifies the size of the array, or a - string which will be used to initialize the array items. - - If a string is specified as first argument, the buffer is made one item - larger than the length of the string so that the last element in the array is a - NUL termination character. An integer can be passed as second argument which - allows specifying the size of the array if the length of the string should not - be used. + The function takes the same arguments as :func:`~create_string_buffer` except + *init* must be a string and *size* counts :class:`c_wchar`. .. audit-event:: ctypes.create_unicode_buffer init,size ctypes.create_unicode_buffer diff --git a/Doc/library/curses.rst b/Doc/library/curses.rst index 137504c51b4358..0b13c559295f3c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/curses.rst +++ b/Doc/library/curses.rst @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ The module :mod:`curses` defines the following exception: The module :mod:`curses` defines the following functions: -.. function:: assume_default_colors(fg, bg) +.. function:: assume_default_colors(fg, bg, /) Allow use of default values for colors on terminals supporting this feature. Use this to support transparency in your application. @@ -988,6 +988,10 @@ the following methods and attributes: window.getstr(y, x, n) Read a bytes object from the user, with primitive line editing capacity. + The maximum value for *n* is 2047. + + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 + The maximum value for *n* was increased from 1023 to 2047. .. method:: window.getyx() @@ -1079,6 +1083,10 @@ the following methods and attributes: current cursor position, or at *y*, *x* if specified. Attributes are stripped from the characters. If *n* is specified, :meth:`instr` returns a string at most *n* characters long (exclusive of the trailing NUL). + The maximum value for *n* is 2047. + + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 + The maximum value for *n* was increased from 1023 to 2047. .. method:: window.is_linetouched(line) diff --git a/Doc/library/dataclasses.rst b/Doc/library/dataclasses.rst index 72612211b43d5e..f18c7cc9c02da6 100644 --- a/Doc/library/dataclasses.rst +++ b/Doc/library/dataclasses.rst @@ -304,9 +304,9 @@ Module contents .. versionadded:: 3.10 - - ``doc``: optional docstring for this field. + - *doc*: optional docstring for this field. - .. versionadded:: 3.13 + .. versionadded:: 3.14 If the default value of a field is specified by a call to :func:`!field`, then the class attribute for this field will be diff --git a/Doc/library/datetime.rst b/Doc/library/datetime.rst index 1ce2013f05da2e..3470f42a6c622d 100644 --- a/Doc/library/datetime.rst +++ b/Doc/library/datetime.rst @@ -261,6 +261,22 @@ A :class:`timedelta` object represents a duration, the difference between two >>> (d.days, d.seconds, d.microseconds) (-1, 86399, 999999) + Since the string representation of :class:`!timedelta` objects can be confusing, + use the following recipe to produce a more readable format: + + .. code-block:: pycon + + >>> def pretty_timedelta(td): + ... if td.days >= 0: + ... return str(td) + ... return f'-({-td!s})' + ... + >>> d = timedelta(hours=-1) + >>> str(d) # not human-friendly + '-1 day, 23:00:00' + >>> pretty_timedelta(d) + '-(1:00:00)' + Class attributes: diff --git a/Doc/library/decimal.rst b/Doc/library/decimal.rst index f53c1f3467034e..10ddfa02b43156 100644 --- a/Doc/library/decimal.rst +++ b/Doc/library/decimal.rst @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ===================================================================== .. module:: decimal - :synopsis: Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification. + :synopsis: Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification. .. moduleauthor:: Eric Price .. moduleauthor:: Facundo Batista @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ reset them before monitoring a calculation. .. _decimal-tutorial: -Quick-start Tutorial +Quick-start tutorial -------------------- The usual start to using decimals is importing the module, viewing the current @@ -1096,40 +1096,52 @@ In addition to the three supplied contexts, new contexts can be created with the default values are copied from the :const:`DefaultContext`. If the *flags* field is not specified or is :const:`None`, all flags are cleared. - *prec* is an integer in the range [``1``, :const:`MAX_PREC`] that sets - the precision for arithmetic operations in the context. + .. attribute:: prec - The *rounding* option is one of the constants listed in the section - `Rounding Modes`_. + An integer in the range [``1``, :const:`MAX_PREC`] that sets + the precision for arithmetic operations in the context. - The *traps* and *flags* fields list any signals to be set. Generally, new - contexts should only set traps and leave the flags clear. + .. attribute:: rounding - The *Emin* and *Emax* fields are integers specifying the outer limits allowable - for exponents. *Emin* must be in the range [:const:`MIN_EMIN`, ``0``], - *Emax* in the range [``0``, :const:`MAX_EMAX`]. + One of the constants listed in the section `Rounding Modes`_. - The *capitals* field is either ``0`` or ``1`` (the default). If set to - ``1``, exponents are printed with a capital ``E``; otherwise, a - lowercase ``e`` is used: ``Decimal('6.02e+23')``. + .. attribute:: traps + flags - The *clamp* field is either ``0`` (the default) or ``1``. - If set to ``1``, the exponent ``e`` of a :class:`Decimal` - instance representable in this context is strictly limited to the - range ``Emin - prec + 1 <= e <= Emax - prec + 1``. If *clamp* is - ``0`` then a weaker condition holds: the adjusted exponent of - the :class:`Decimal` instance is at most :attr:`~Context.Emax`. When *clamp* is - ``1``, a large normal number will, where possible, have its - exponent reduced and a corresponding number of zeros added to its - coefficient, in order to fit the exponent constraints; this - preserves the value of the number but loses information about - significant trailing zeros. For example:: + Lists of any signals to be set. Generally, new contexts should only set + traps and leave the flags clear. - >>> Context(prec=6, Emax=999, clamp=1).create_decimal('1.23e999') - Decimal('1.23000E+999') + .. attribute:: Emin + Emax - A *clamp* value of ``1`` allows compatibility with the - fixed-width decimal interchange formats specified in IEEE 754. + Integers specifying the outer limits allowable for exponents. *Emin* must + be in the range [:const:`MIN_EMIN`, ``0``], *Emax* in the range + [``0``, :const:`MAX_EMAX`]. + + .. attribute:: capitals + + Either ``0`` or ``1`` (the default). If set to + ``1``, exponents are printed with a capital ``E``; otherwise, a + lowercase ``e`` is used: ``Decimal('6.02e+23')``. + + .. attribute:: clamp + + Either ``0`` (the default) or ``1``. If set to ``1``, the exponent ``e`` + of a :class:`Decimal` instance representable in this context is strictly + limited to the range ``Emin - prec + 1 <= e <= Emax - prec + 1``. + If *clamp* is ``0`` then a weaker condition holds: the adjusted exponent of + the :class:`Decimal` instance is at most :attr:`~Context.Emax`. When *clamp* is + ``1``, a large normal number will, where possible, have its + exponent reduced and a corresponding number of zeros added to its + coefficient, in order to fit the exponent constraints; this + preserves the value of the number but loses information about + significant trailing zeros. For example:: + + >>> Context(prec=6, Emax=999, clamp=1).create_decimal('1.23e999') + Decimal('1.23000E+999') + + A *clamp* value of ``1`` allows compatibility with the + fixed-width decimal interchange formats specified in IEEE 754. The :class:`Context` class defines several general purpose methods as well as a large number of methods for doing arithmetic directly in a given context. @@ -1769,7 +1781,7 @@ The following table summarizes the hierarchy of signals:: .. _decimal-notes: -Floating-Point Notes +Floating-point notes -------------------- diff --git a/Doc/library/functions.rst b/Doc/library/functions.rst index 7e367a0f2b6b25..2ecce3dba5a0b9 100644 --- a/Doc/library/functions.rst +++ b/Doc/library/functions.rst @@ -1154,44 +1154,44 @@ are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order. .. function:: locals() - Return a mapping object representing the current local symbol table, with - variable names as the keys, and their currently bound references as the - values. - - At module scope, as well as when using :func:`exec` or :func:`eval` with - a single namespace, this function returns the same namespace as - :func:`globals`. - - At class scope, it returns the namespace that will be passed to the - metaclass constructor. - - When using ``exec()`` or ``eval()`` with separate local and global - arguments, it returns the local namespace passed in to the function call. - - In all of the above cases, each call to ``locals()`` in a given frame of - execution will return the *same* mapping object. Changes made through - the mapping object returned from ``locals()`` will be visible as assigned, - reassigned, or deleted local variables, and assigning, reassigning, or - deleting local variables will immediately affect the contents of the - returned mapping object. - - In an :term:`optimized scope` (including functions, generators, and - coroutines), each call to ``locals()`` instead returns a fresh dictionary - containing the current bindings of the function's local variables and any - nonlocal cell references. In this case, name binding changes made via the - returned dict are *not* written back to the corresponding local variables - or nonlocal cell references, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local - variables and nonlocal cell references does *not* affect the contents - of previously returned dictionaries. - - Calling ``locals()`` as part of a comprehension in a function, generator, or - coroutine is equivalent to calling it in the containing scope, except that - the comprehension's initialised iteration variables will be included. In - other scopes, it behaves as if the comprehension were running as a nested - function. - - Calling ``locals()`` as part of a generator expression is equivalent to - calling it in a nested generator function. + Return a mapping object representing the current local symbol table, with + variable names as the keys, and their currently bound references as the + values. + + At module scope, as well as when using :func:`exec` or :func:`eval` with + a single namespace, this function returns the same namespace as + :func:`globals`. + + At class scope, it returns the namespace that will be passed to the + metaclass constructor. + + When using ``exec()`` or ``eval()`` with separate local and global + arguments, it returns the local namespace passed in to the function call. + + In all of the above cases, each call to ``locals()`` in a given frame of + execution will return the *same* mapping object. Changes made through + the mapping object returned from ``locals()`` will be visible as assigned, + reassigned, or deleted local variables, and assigning, reassigning, or + deleting local variables will immediately affect the contents of the + returned mapping object. + + In an :term:`optimized scope` (including functions, generators, and + coroutines), each call to ``locals()`` instead returns a fresh dictionary + containing the current bindings of the function's local variables and any + nonlocal cell references. In this case, name binding changes made via the + returned dict are *not* written back to the corresponding local variables + or nonlocal cell references, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local + variables and nonlocal cell references does *not* affect the contents + of previously returned dictionaries. + + Calling ``locals()`` as part of a comprehension in a function, generator, or + coroutine is equivalent to calling it in the containing scope, except that + the comprehension's initialised iteration variables will be included. In + other scopes, it behaves as if the comprehension were running as a nested + function. + + Calling ``locals()`` as part of a generator expression is equivalent to + calling it in a nested generator function. .. versionchanged:: 3.12 The behaviour of ``locals()`` in a comprehension has been updated as diff --git a/Doc/library/functools.rst b/Doc/library/functools.rst index 3a933dff057bbb..3e75621be6dad3 100644 --- a/Doc/library/functools.rst +++ b/Doc/library/functools.rst @@ -403,8 +403,7 @@ The :mod:`functools` module defines the following functions: >>> remove_first_dear(message) 'Hello, dear world!' - :data:`!Placeholder` has no special treatment when used in a keyword - argument to :func:`!partial`. + :data:`!Placeholder` cannot be passed to :func:`!partial` as a keyword argument. .. versionchanged:: 3.14 Added support for :data:`Placeholder` in positional arguments. diff --git a/Doc/library/hashlib.rst b/Doc/library/hashlib.rst index bb2d2fad23bdb8..4818a4944a512a 100644 --- a/Doc/library/hashlib.rst +++ b/Doc/library/hashlib.rst @@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ a file or file-like object. Example: >>> import io, hashlib, hmac - >>> with open(hashlib.__file__, "rb") as f: + >>> with open("library/hashlib.rst", "rb") as f: ... digest = hashlib.file_digest(f, "sha256") ... >>> digest.hexdigest() # doctest: +ELLIPSIS diff --git a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst index 6d433b5a04fc4a..dd67fc34e856f1 100644 --- a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst +++ b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst @@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ Example HTML Parser Application As a basic example, below is a simple HTML parser that uses the :class:`HTMLParser` class to print out start tags, end tags, and data -as they are encountered:: +as they are encountered: + +.. testcode:: from html.parser import HTMLParser @@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ as they are encountered:: The output will then be: -.. code-block:: none +.. testoutput:: Encountered a start tag: html Encountered a start tag: head @@ -230,7 +232,9 @@ Examples -------- The following class implements a parser that will be used to illustrate more -examples:: +examples: + +.. testcode:: from html.parser import HTMLParser from html.entities import name2codepoint @@ -266,13 +270,17 @@ examples:: parser = MyHTMLParser() -Parsing a doctype:: +Parsing a doctype: + +.. doctest:: >>> parser.feed('') Decl : DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd" -Parsing an element with a few attributes and a title:: +Parsing an element with a few attributes and a title: + +.. doctest:: >>> parser.feed('The Python logo') Start tag: img @@ -285,7 +293,9 @@ Parsing an element with a few attributes and a title:: End tag : h1 The content of ``script`` and ``style`` elements is returned as is, without -further parsing:: +further parsing: + +.. doctest:: >>> parser.feed('') Start tag: style @@ -300,16 +310,25 @@ further parsing:: Data : alert("hello!"); End tag : script -Parsing comments:: +Parsing comments: + +.. doctest:: - >>> parser.feed('' + >>> parser.feed('' ... '') - Comment : a comment + Comment : a comment Comment : [if IE 9]>IE-specific content'``):: +correct char (note: these 3 references are all equivalent to ``'>'``): +.. doctest:: + + >>> parser = MyHTMLParser() + >>> parser.feed('>>>') + Data : >>> + + >>> parser = MyHTMLParser(convert_charrefs=False) >>> parser.feed('>>>') Named ent: > Num ent : > @@ -317,18 +336,22 @@ correct char (note: these 3 references are all equivalent to ``'>'``):: Feeding incomplete chunks to :meth:`~HTMLParser.feed` works, but :meth:`~HTMLParser.handle_data` might be called more than once -(unless *convert_charrefs* is set to ``True``):: +(unless *convert_charrefs* is set to ``True``): - >>> for chunk in ['buff', 'ered ', 'text']: +.. doctest:: + + >>> for chunk in ['buff', 'ered', ' text']: ... parser.feed(chunk) ... Start tag: span Data : buff Data : ered - Data : text + Data : text End tag : span -Parsing invalid HTML (e.g. unquoted attributes) also works:: +Parsing invalid HTML (e.g. unquoted attributes) also works: + +.. doctest:: >>> parser.feed('

tag soup

') Start tag: p diff --git a/Doc/library/http.server.rst b/Doc/library/http.server.rst index 54df4a7e804d50..02016c789b24b4 100644 --- a/Doc/library/http.server.rst +++ b/Doc/library/http.server.rst @@ -429,8 +429,7 @@ instantiation, of which this module provides three different variants: ``'Last-Modified:'`` header with the file's modification time. Then follows a blank line signifying the end of the headers, and then the - contents of the file are output. If the file's MIME type starts with - ``text/`` the file is opened in text mode; otherwise binary mode is used. + contents of the file are output. For example usage, see the implementation of the ``test`` function in :source:`Lib/http/server.py`. diff --git a/Doc/library/importlib.resources.abc.rst b/Doc/library/importlib.resources.abc.rst index 7a77466bcbaf27..8253a33f591a0b 100644 --- a/Doc/library/importlib.resources.abc.rst +++ b/Doc/library/importlib.resources.abc.rst @@ -49,44 +49,44 @@ .. method:: open_resource(resource) :abstractmethod: - Returns an opened, :term:`file-like object` for binary reading - of the *resource*. + Returns an opened, :term:`file-like object` for binary reading + of the *resource*. - If the resource cannot be found, :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is - raised. + If the resource cannot be found, :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is + raised. .. method:: resource_path(resource) :abstractmethod: - Returns the file system path to the *resource*. + Returns the file system path to the *resource*. - If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system, - raise :exc:`FileNotFoundError`. + If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system, + raise :exc:`FileNotFoundError`. .. method:: is_resource(name) :abstractmethod: - Returns ``True`` if the named *name* is considered a resource. - :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is raised if *name* does not exist. + Returns ``True`` if the named *name* is considered a resource. + :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is raised if *name* does not exist. .. method:: contents() :abstractmethod: - Returns an :term:`iterable` of strings over the contents of - the package. Do note that it is not required that all names - returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is - acceptable to return names for which :meth:`is_resource` would - be false. - - Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for - situations where how a package and its resources are stored - are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful. - For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that - when it is known that the package and resources are stored on - the file system then those subdirectory names can be used - directly. - - The abstract method returns an iterable of no items. + Returns an :term:`iterable` of strings over the contents of + the package. Do note that it is not required that all names + returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is + acceptable to return names for which :meth:`is_resource` would + be false. + + Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for + situations where how a package and its resources are stored + are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful. + For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that + when it is known that the package and resources are stored on + the file system then those subdirectory names can be used + directly. + + The abstract method returns an iterable of no items. .. class:: Traversable diff --git a/Doc/library/io.rst b/Doc/library/io.rst index 3aa2f35f05eba0..de5cab5aee649f 100644 --- a/Doc/library/io.rst +++ b/Doc/library/io.rst @@ -528,14 +528,13 @@ I/O Base Classes It inherits from :class:`IOBase`. The main difference with :class:`RawIOBase` is that methods :meth:`read`, - :meth:`readinto` and :meth:`write` will try (respectively) to read as much - input as requested or to consume all given output, at the expense of - making perhaps more than one system call. + :meth:`readinto` and :meth:`write` will try (respectively) to read + as much input as requested or to emit all provided data. - In addition, those methods can raise :exc:`BlockingIOError` if the - underlying raw stream is in non-blocking mode and cannot take or give - enough data; unlike their :class:`RawIOBase` counterparts, they will - never return ``None``. + In addition, if the underlying raw stream is in non-blocking mode, when the + system returns would block :meth:`write` will raise :exc:`BlockingIOError` + with :attr:`BlockingIOError.characters_written` and :meth:`read` will return + data read so far or ``None`` if no data is available. Besides, the :meth:`read` method does not have a default implementation that defers to :meth:`readinto`. @@ -568,29 +567,40 @@ I/O Base Classes .. method:: read(size=-1, /) - Read and return up to *size* bytes. If the argument is omitted, ``None``, - or negative, data is read and returned until EOF is reached. An empty - :class:`bytes` object is returned if the stream is already at EOF. + Read and return up to *size* bytes. If the argument is omitted, ``None``, + or negative read as much as possible. - If the argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is not - interactive, multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy the byte count - (unless EOF is reached first). But for interactive raw streams, at most - one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not imply that EOF is - imminent. + Fewer bytes may be returned than requested. An empty :class:`bytes` object + is returned if the stream is already at EOF. More than one read may be + made and calls may be retried if specific errors are encountered, see + :meth:`os.read` and :pep:`475` for more details. Less than size bytes + being returned does not imply that EOF is imminent. - A :exc:`BlockingIOError` is raised if the underlying raw stream is in - non blocking-mode, and has no data available at the moment. + When reading as much as possible the default implementation will use + ``raw.readall`` if available (which should implement + :meth:`RawIOBase.readall`), otherwise will read in a loop until read + returns ``None``, an empty :class:`bytes`, or a non-retryable error. For + most streams this is to EOF, but for non-blocking streams more data may + become available. + + .. note:: + + When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking, implementations may + either raise :exc:`BlockingIOError` or return ``None`` if no data is + available. :mod:`io` implementations return ``None``. .. method:: read1(size=-1, /) - Read and return up to *size* bytes, with at most one call to the - underlying raw stream's :meth:`~RawIOBase.read` (or - :meth:`~RawIOBase.readinto`) method. This can be useful if you are - implementing your own buffering on top of a :class:`BufferedIOBase` - object. + Read and return up to *size* bytes, calling :meth:`~RawIOBase.readinto` + which may retry if :py:const:`~errno.EINTR` is encountered per + :pep:`475`. If *size* is ``-1`` or not provided, the implementation will + choose an arbitrary value for *size*. - If *size* is ``-1`` (the default), an arbitrary number of bytes are - returned (more than zero unless EOF is reached). + .. note:: + + When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking, implementations may + either raise :exc:`BlockingIOError` or return ``None`` if no data is + available. :mod:`io` implementations return ``None``. .. method:: readinto(b, /) @@ -767,34 +777,21 @@ than raw I/O does. .. method:: peek(size=0, /) - Return bytes from the stream without advancing the position. At most one - single read on the raw stream is done to satisfy the call. The number of - bytes returned may be less or more than requested. + Return bytes from the stream without advancing the position. The number of + bytes returned may be less or more than requested. If the underlying raw + stream is non-blocking and the operation would block, returns empty bytes. .. method:: read(size=-1, /) - Read and return *size* bytes, or if *size* is not given or negative, until - EOF or if the read call would block in non-blocking mode. - - .. note:: - - When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking, a :exc:`BlockingIOError` - may be raised if a read operation cannot be completed immediately. + In :class:`BufferedReader` this is the same as :meth:`io.BufferedIOBase.read` .. method:: read1(size=-1, /) - Read and return up to *size* bytes with only one call on the raw stream. - If at least one byte is buffered, only buffered bytes are returned. - Otherwise, one raw stream read call is made. + In :class:`BufferedReader` this is the same as :meth:`io.BufferedIOBase.read1` .. versionchanged:: 3.7 The *size* argument is now optional. - .. note:: - - When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking, a :exc:`BlockingIOError` - may be raised if a read operation cannot be completed immediately. - .. class:: BufferedWriter(raw, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) A buffered binary stream providing higher-level access to a writeable, non @@ -826,8 +823,8 @@ than raw I/O does. Write the :term:`bytes-like object`, *b*, and return the number of bytes written. When in non-blocking mode, a - :exc:`BlockingIOError` is raised if the buffer needs to be written out but - the raw stream blocks. + :exc:`BlockingIOError` with :attr:`BlockingIOError.characters_written` set + is raised if the buffer needs to be written out but the raw stream blocks. .. class:: BufferedRandom(raw, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) @@ -894,9 +891,10 @@ Text I/O .. attribute:: buffer - The underlying binary buffer (a :class:`BufferedIOBase` instance) that - :class:`TextIOBase` deals with. This is not part of the - :class:`TextIOBase` API and may not exist in some implementations. + The underlying binary buffer (a :class:`BufferedIOBase` + or :class:`RawIOBase` instance) that :class:`TextIOBase` deals with. + This is not part of the :class:`TextIOBase` API and may not exist + in some implementations. .. method:: detach() diff --git a/Doc/library/json.rst b/Doc/library/json.rst index 26579ec6328860..12a5a96a3c56f3 100644 --- a/Doc/library/json.rst +++ b/Doc/library/json.rst @@ -18,12 +18,17 @@ is a lightweight data interchange format inspired by `JavaScript `_ object literal syntax (although it is not a strict subset of JavaScript [#rfc-errata]_ ). +.. note:: + The term "object" in the context of JSON processing in Python can be + ambiguous. All values in Python are objects. In JSON, an object refers to + any data wrapped in curly braces, similar to a Python dictionary. + .. warning:: Be cautious when parsing JSON data from untrusted sources. A malicious JSON string may cause the decoder to consume considerable CPU and memory resources. Limiting the size of data to be parsed is recommended. -:mod:`json` exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library +This module exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library :mod:`marshal` and :mod:`pickle` modules. Encoding basic Python object hierarchies:: @@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ Pretty printing:: "6": 7 } -Specializing JSON object encoding:: +Customizing JSON object encoding:: >>> import json >>> def custom_json(obj): @@ -83,7 +88,7 @@ Decoding JSON:: >>> json.load(io) ['streaming API'] -Specializing JSON object decoding:: +Customizing JSON object decoding:: >>> import json >>> def as_complex(dct): @@ -279,7 +284,7 @@ Basic Usage :param object_hook: If set, a function that is called with the result of - any object literal decoded (a :class:`dict`). + any JSON object literal decoded (a :class:`dict`). The return value of this function will be used instead of the :class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders, @@ -289,7 +294,7 @@ Basic Usage :param object_pairs_hook: If set, a function that is called with the result of - any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs. + any JSON object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The return value of this function will be used instead of the :class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders. diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst b/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst index 63ef533e82c658..8f3aa1dfdd0cde 100644 --- a/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst +++ b/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst @@ -352,6 +352,10 @@ module, supports rotation of disk log files. Outputs the record to the file, catering for rollover as described previously. + .. method:: shouldRollover(record) + + See if the supplied record would cause the file to exceed the configured size limit. + .. _timed-rotating-file-handler: TimedRotatingFileHandler @@ -459,7 +463,11 @@ timed intervals. .. method:: getFilesToDelete() Returns a list of filenames which should be deleted as part of rollover. These - are the absolute paths of the oldest backup log files written by the handler. + + .. method:: shouldRollover(record) + + See if enough time has passed for a rollover to occur and if it has, compute + the next rollover time. .. _socket-handler: diff --git a/Doc/library/math.rst b/Doc/library/math.rst index 0749367045dfa9..11d3b756e21322 100644 --- a/Doc/library/math.rst +++ b/Doc/library/math.rst @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ -------------- -This module provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the C -standard. +This module provides access to common mathematical functions and constants, +including those defined by the C standard. These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the same name from the :mod:`cmath` module if you require support for complex @@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ Number-theoretic functions .. function:: factorial(n) - Return *n* factorial as an integer. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if *n* is not integral or - is negative. + Return factorial of the nonnegative integer *n*. .. versionchanged:: 3.10 Floats with integral values (like ``5.0``) are no longer accepted. diff --git a/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst b/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst index 6c43d5fe166e2f..6f37930ea80391 100644 --- a/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst +++ b/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst @@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ Miscellaneous .. function:: freeze_support() Add support for when a program which uses :mod:`multiprocessing` has been - frozen to produce a Windows executable. (Has been tested with **py2exe**, + frozen to produce an executable. (Has been tested with **py2exe**, **PyInstaller** and **cx_Freeze**.) One needs to call this function straight after the ``if __name__ == @@ -1099,10 +1099,10 @@ Miscellaneous If the ``freeze_support()`` line is omitted then trying to run the frozen executable will raise :exc:`RuntimeError`. - Calling ``freeze_support()`` has no effect when invoked on any operating - system other than Windows. In addition, if the module is being run - normally by the Python interpreter on Windows (the program has not been - frozen), then ``freeze_support()`` has no effect. + Calling ``freeze_support()`` has no effect when the start method is not + *spawn*. In addition, if the module is being run normally by the Python + interpreter (the program has not been frozen), then ``freeze_support()`` + has no effect. .. function:: get_all_start_methods() diff --git a/Doc/library/pathlib.rst b/Doc/library/pathlib.rst index 7d7692dea5c38c..86351e65dc4ed6 100644 --- a/Doc/library/pathlib.rst +++ b/Doc/library/pathlib.rst @@ -1781,9 +1781,12 @@ The following wildcards are supported in patterns for ``?`` Matches one non-separator character. ``[seq]`` - Matches one character in *seq*. + Matches one character in *seq*, where *seq* is a sequence of characters. + Range expressions are supported; for example, ``[a-z]`` matches any lowercase ASCII letter. + Multiple ranges can be combined: ``[a-zA-Z0-9_]`` matches any ASCII letter, digit, or underscore. + ``[!seq]`` - Matches one character not in *seq*. + Matches one character not in *seq*, where *seq* follows the same rules as above. For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For example, ``"[?]"`` matches the character ``"?"``. diff --git a/Doc/library/pdb.rst b/Doc/library/pdb.rst index a0304edddf6478..f4b51664545be5 100644 --- a/Doc/library/pdb.rst +++ b/Doc/library/pdb.rst @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ The debugger's prompt is ``(Pdb)``, which is the indicator that you are in debug You can also invoke :mod:`pdb` from the command line to debug other scripts. For example:: - python -m pdb [-c command] (-m module | pyfile) [args ...] + python -m pdb [-c command] (-m module | -p pid | pyfile) [args ...] When invoked as a module, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem debugging if the program being debugged exits abnormally. After post-mortem debugging (or @@ -104,6 +104,24 @@ useful than quitting the debugger upon program's exit. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Added the ``-m`` option. +.. option:: -p, --pid + + Attach to the process with the specified PID. + + .. versionadded:: 3.14 + + +To attach to a running Python process for remote debugging, use the ``-p`` or +``--pid`` option with the target process's PID:: + + python -m pdb -p 1234 + +.. note:: + + Attaching to a process that is blocked in a system call or waiting for I/O + will only work once the next bytecode instruction is executed or when the + process receives a signal. + Typical usage to execute a statement under control of the debugger is:: >>> import pdb diff --git a/Doc/library/re.rst b/Doc/library/re.rst index eb3b1e5549cc98..75ebbf11c8e47c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/re.rst +++ b/Doc/library/re.rst @@ -991,8 +991,8 @@ Functions That way, separator components are always found at the same relative indices within the result list. - Empty matches for the pattern split the string only when not adjacent - to a previous empty match. + Adjacent empty matches are not possible, but an empty match can occur + immediately after a non-empty match. .. code:: pycon @@ -1095,9 +1095,12 @@ Functions The optional argument *count* is the maximum number of pattern occurrences to be replaced; *count* must be a non-negative integer. If omitted or zero, all - occurrences will be replaced. Empty matches for the pattern are replaced only - when not adjacent to a previous empty match, so ``sub('x*', '-', 'abxd')`` returns - ``'-a-b--d-'``. + occurrences will be replaced. + + Adjacent empty matches are not possible, but an empty match can occur + immediately after a non-empty match. + As a result, ``sub('x*', '-', 'abxd')`` returns ``'-a-b--d-'`` + instead of ``'-a-b-d-'``. .. index:: single: \g; in regular expressions @@ -1128,8 +1131,7 @@ Functions .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Unknown escapes in *repl* consisting of ``'\'`` and an ASCII letter now are errors. - Empty matches for the pattern are replaced when adjacent to a previous - non-empty match. + An empty match can occur immediately after a non-empty match. .. versionchanged:: 3.12 Group *id* can only contain ASCII digits. diff --git a/Doc/library/shutil.rst b/Doc/library/shutil.rst index 2cbf95bcf535e4..c78dfe1aafa0ed 100644 --- a/Doc/library/shutil.rst +++ b/Doc/library/shutil.rst @@ -454,6 +454,10 @@ Directory and files operations :envvar:`PATH` environment variable is read from :data:`os.environ`, falling back to :data:`os.defpath` if it is not set. + If *cmd* contains a directory component, :func:`!which` only checks the + specified path directly and does not search the directories listed in + *path* or in the system's :envvar:`PATH` environment variable. + On Windows, the current directory is prepended to the *path* if *mode* does not include ``os.X_OK``. When the *mode* does include ``os.X_OK``, the Windows API ``NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW`` will be consulted to diff --git a/Doc/library/signal.rst b/Doc/library/signal.rst index c28841dbb8cfc8..b0307d3dea1170 100644 --- a/Doc/library/signal.rst +++ b/Doc/library/signal.rst @@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ The variables defined in the :mod:`signal` module are: .. data:: SIGSTKFLT - Stack fault on coprocessor. The Linux kernel does not raise this signal: it - can only be raised in user space. + Stack fault on coprocessor. The Linux kernel does not raise this signal: it + can only be raised in user space. .. availability:: Linux. diff --git a/Doc/library/socket.rst b/Doc/library/socket.rst index 8fd5187e3a4a36..75fd637045d7d8 100644 --- a/Doc/library/socket.rst +++ b/Doc/library/socket.rst @@ -362,10 +362,10 @@ Exceptions Constants ^^^^^^^^^ - The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now :class:`AddressFamily` and - :class:`SocketKind` :class:`.IntEnum` collections. +The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now :class:`AddressFamily` and +:class:`SocketKind` :class:`.IntEnum` collections. - .. versionadded:: 3.4 +.. versionadded:: 3.4 .. data:: AF_UNIX AF_INET @@ -773,9 +773,9 @@ Constants Constant to optimize CPU locality, to be used in conjunction with :data:`SO_REUSEPORT`. - .. versionadded:: 3.11 + .. versionadded:: 3.11 - .. availability:: Linux >= 3.9 + .. availability:: Linux >= 3.9 .. data:: SO_REUSEPORT_LB diff --git a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst index 39aaa5da0786f8..f0b4b09ff10dce 100644 --- a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst +++ b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst @@ -1214,6 +1214,8 @@ accepts integers that meet the value restriction ``0 <= x <= 255``). | ``s[i] = x`` | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | | | | *x* | | +------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+ +| ``del s[i]`` | removes item *i* of *s* | | ++------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+ | ``s[i:j] = t`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | | | | is replaced by the contents of | | | | the iterable *t* | | @@ -1788,8 +1790,14 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module). Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is an ASCII space). The original string is - returned if *width* is less than or equal to ``len(s)``. + returned if *width* is less than or equal to ``len(s)``. For example:: + >>> 'Python'.center(10) + ' Python ' + >>> 'Python'.center(10, '-') + '--Python--' + >>> 'Python'.center(4) + 'Python' .. method:: str.count(sub[, start[, end]]) @@ -1799,8 +1807,18 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module). interpreted as in slice notation. If *sub* is empty, returns the number of empty strings between characters - which is the length of the string plus one. - + which is the length of the string plus one. For example:: + + >>> 'spam, spam, spam'.count('spam') + 3 + >>> 'spam, spam, spam'.count('spam', 5) + 2 + >>> 'spam, spam, spam'.count('spam', 5, 10) + 1 + >>> 'spam, spam, spam'.count('eggs') + 0 + >>> 'spam, spam, spam'.count('') + 17 .. method:: str.encode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict") @@ -2012,7 +2030,7 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module). .. method:: str.isprintable() - Return true if all characters in the string are printable, false if it + Return ``True`` if all characters in the string are printable, ``False`` if it contains at least one non-printable character. Here "printable" means the character is suitable for :func:`repr` to use in @@ -2269,6 +2287,18 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module). >>> ' 1 2 3 '.split() ['1', '2', '3'] + If *sep* is not specified or is ``None`` and *maxsplit* is ``0``, only + leading runs of consecutive whitespace are considered. + + For example:: + + >>> "".split(None, 0) + [] + >>> " ".split(None, 0) + [] + >>> " foo ".split(maxsplit=0) + ['foo '] + .. index:: single: universal newlines; str.splitlines method @@ -4823,7 +4853,13 @@ can be used interchangeably to index the same dictionary entry. being added is already present, the value from the keyword argument replaces the value from the positional argument. - To illustrate, the following examples all return a dictionary equal to + Providing keyword arguments as in the first example only works for keys that + are valid Python identifiers. Otherwise, any valid keys can be used. + + Dictionaries compare equal if and only if they have the same ``(key, + value)`` pairs (regardless of ordering). Order comparisons ('<', '<=', '>=', '>') raise + :exc:`TypeError`. To illustrate dictionary creation and equality, + the following examples all return a dictionary equal to ``{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}``:: >>> a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3) @@ -4838,6 +4874,27 @@ can be used interchangeably to index the same dictionary entry. Providing keyword arguments as in the first example only works for keys that are valid Python identifiers. Otherwise, any valid keys can be used. + Dictionaries preserve insertion order. Note that updating a key does not + affect the order. Keys added after deletion are inserted at the end. :: + + >>> d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4} + >>> d + {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4} + >>> list(d) + ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'] + >>> list(d.values()) + [1, 2, 3, 4] + >>> d["one"] = 42 + >>> d + {'one': 42, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4} + >>> del d["two"] + >>> d["two"] = None + >>> d + {'one': 42, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'two': None} + + .. versionchanged:: 3.7 + Dictionary order is guaranteed to be insertion order. This behavior was + an implementation detail of CPython from 3.6. These are the operations that dictionaries support (and therefore, custom mapping types should support too): @@ -5008,32 +5065,6 @@ can be used interchangeably to index the same dictionary entry. .. versionadded:: 3.9 - Dictionaries compare equal if and only if they have the same ``(key, - value)`` pairs (regardless of ordering). Order comparisons ('<', '<=', '>=', '>') raise - :exc:`TypeError`. - - Dictionaries preserve insertion order. Note that updating a key does not - affect the order. Keys added after deletion are inserted at the end. :: - - >>> d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4} - >>> d - {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4} - >>> list(d) - ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'] - >>> list(d.values()) - [1, 2, 3, 4] - >>> d["one"] = 42 - >>> d - {'one': 42, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4} - >>> del d["two"] - >>> d["two"] = None - >>> d - {'one': 42, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'two': None} - - .. versionchanged:: 3.7 - Dictionary order is guaranteed to be insertion order. This behavior was - an implementation detail of CPython from 3.6. - Dictionaries and dictionary views are reversible. :: >>> d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4} diff --git a/Doc/library/string.rst b/Doc/library/string.rst index b44d98819b6998..c4012483a52f73 100644 --- a/Doc/library/string.rst +++ b/Doc/library/string.rst @@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ these rules. The methods of :class:`Template` are: .. method:: is_valid() - Returns false if the template has invalid placeholders that will cause + Returns ``False`` if the template has invalid placeholders that will cause :meth:`substitute` to raise :exc:`ValueError`. .. versionadded:: 3.11 diff --git a/Doc/library/threading.rst b/Doc/library/threading.rst index 249c0a5cb035c3..7edcdcabdce1df 100644 --- a/Doc/library/threading.rst +++ b/Doc/library/threading.rst @@ -11,6 +11,52 @@ This module constructs higher-level threading interfaces on top of the lower level :mod:`_thread` module. +.. include:: ../includes/wasm-notavail.rst + +Introduction +------------ + +The :mod:`!threading` module provides a way to run multiple `threads +`_ (smaller +units of a process) concurrently within a single process. It allows for the +creation and management of threads, making it possible to execute tasks in +parallel, sharing memory space. Threads are particularly useful when tasks are +I/O bound, such as file operations or making network requests, +where much of the time is spent waiting for external resources. + +A typical use case for :mod:`!threading` includes managing a pool of worker +threads that can process multiple tasks concurrently. Here's a basic example of +creating and starting threads using :class:`~threading.Thread`:: + + import threading + import time + + def crawl(link, delay=3): + print(f"crawl started for {link}") + time.sleep(delay) # Blocking I/O (simulating a network request) + print(f"crawl ended for {link}") + + links = [ + "https://python.org", + "https://docs.python.org", + "https://peps.python.org", + ] + + # Start threads for each link + threads = [] + for link in links: + # Using `args` to pass positional arguments and `kwargs` for keyword arguments + t = threading.Thread(target=crawl, args=(link,), kwargs={"delay": 2}) + threads.append(t) + + # Start each thread + for t in threads: + t.start() + + # Wait for all threads to finish + for t in threads: + t.join() + .. versionchanged:: 3.7 This module used to be optional, it is now always available. @@ -45,7 +91,25 @@ level :mod:`_thread` module. However, threading is still an appropriate model if you want to run multiple I/O-bound tasks simultaneously. -.. include:: ../includes/wasm-notavail.rst +GIL and performance considerations +---------------------------------- + +Unlike the :mod:`multiprocessing` module, which uses separate processes to +bypass the :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL), the threading module operates +within a single process, meaning that all threads share the same memory space. +However, the GIL limits the performance gains of threading when it comes to +CPU-bound tasks, as only one thread can execute Python bytecode at a time. +Despite this, threads remain a useful tool for achieving concurrency in many +scenarios. + +As of Python 3.13, experimental :term:`free-threaded ` builds +can disable the GIL, enabling true parallel execution of threads, but this +feature is not available by default (see :pep:`703`). + +.. TODO: At some point this feature will become available by default. + +Reference +--------- This module defines the following functions: @@ -62,7 +126,7 @@ This module defines the following functions: Return the current :class:`Thread` object, corresponding to the caller's thread of control. If the caller's thread of control was not created through the - :mod:`threading` module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is + :mod:`!threading` module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is returned. The function ``currentThread`` is a deprecated alias for this function. @@ -157,13 +221,13 @@ This module defines the following functions: .. index:: single: trace function - Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module. + Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module. The *func* will be passed to :func:`sys.settrace` for each thread, before its :meth:`~Thread.run` method is called. .. function:: settrace_all_threads(func) - Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module + Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module and all Python threads that are currently executing. The *func* will be passed to :func:`sys.settrace` for each thread, before its @@ -186,13 +250,13 @@ This module defines the following functions: .. index:: single: profile function - Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module. + Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module. The *func* will be passed to :func:`sys.setprofile` for each thread, before its :meth:`~Thread.run` method is called. .. function:: setprofile_all_threads(func) - Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module + Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module and all Python threads that are currently executing. The *func* will be passed to :func:`sys.setprofile` for each thread, before its @@ -257,8 +321,8 @@ when implemented, are mapped to module-level functions. All of the methods described below are executed atomically. -Thread-Local Data ------------------ +Thread-local data +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Thread-local data is data whose values are thread specific. If you have data that you want to be local to a thread, create a @@ -389,8 +453,8 @@ affects what we see:: .. _thread-objects: -Thread Objects --------------- +Thread objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`Thread` class represents an activity that is run in a separate thread of control. There are two ways to specify the activity: by passing a @@ -645,8 +709,8 @@ since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien threads. .. _lock-objects: -Lock Objects ------------- +Lock objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^ A primitive lock is a synchronization primitive that is not owned by a particular thread when locked. In Python, it is currently the lowest level @@ -738,8 +802,8 @@ All methods are executed atomically. .. _rlock-objects: -RLock Objects -------------- +RLock objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A reentrant lock is a synchronization primitive that may be acquired multiple times by the same thread. Internally, it uses the concepts of "owning thread" @@ -848,8 +912,8 @@ call release as many times the lock has been acquired can lead to deadlock. .. _condition-objects: -Condition Objects ------------------ +Condition objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A condition variable is always associated with some kind of lock; this can be passed in or one will be created by default. Passing one in is useful when @@ -1026,8 +1090,8 @@ item to the buffer only needs to wake up one consumer thread. .. _semaphore-objects: -Semaphore Objects ------------------ +Semaphore objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is one of the oldest synchronization primitives in the history of computer science, invented by the early Dutch computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra (he @@ -1107,7 +1171,7 @@ Semaphores also support the :ref:`context management protocol `. .. _semaphore-examples: -:class:`Semaphore` Example +:class:`Semaphore` example ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Semaphores are often used to guard resources with limited capacity, for example, @@ -1135,8 +1199,8 @@ causes the semaphore to be released more than it's acquired will go undetected. .. _event-objects: -Event Objects -------------- +Event objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is one of the simplest mechanisms for communication between threads: one thread signals an event and other threads wait for it. @@ -1192,8 +1256,8 @@ method. The :meth:`~Event.wait` method blocks until the flag is true. .. _timer-objects: -Timer Objects -------------- +Timer objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This class represents an action that should be run only after a certain amount of time has passed --- a timer. :class:`Timer` is a subclass of :class:`Thread` @@ -1230,8 +1294,8 @@ For example:: only work if the timer is still in its waiting stage. -Barrier Objects ---------------- +Barrier objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. versionadded:: 3.2 diff --git a/Doc/library/typing.rst b/Doc/library/typing.rst index 54cc3ea3311adf..69df09c779592a 100644 --- a/Doc/library/typing.rst +++ b/Doc/library/typing.rst @@ -3500,20 +3500,11 @@ Introspection helpers Evaluate an :class:`annotationlib.ForwardRef` as a :term:`type hint`. This is similar to calling :meth:`annotationlib.ForwardRef.evaluate`, - but unlike that method, :func:`!evaluate_forward_ref` also: - - * Recursively evaluates forward references nested within the type hint. - * Raises :exc:`TypeError` when it encounters certain objects that are - not valid type hints. - * Replaces type hints that evaluate to :const:`!None` with - :class:`types.NoneType`. - * Supports the :attr:`~annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF` and - :attr:`~annotationlib.Format.STRING` formats. + but unlike that method, :func:`!evaluate_forward_ref` also + recursively evaluates forward references nested within the type hint. See the documentation for :meth:`annotationlib.ForwardRef.evaluate` for - the meaning of the *owner*, *globals*, *locals*, and *type_params* parameters. - *format* specifies the format of the annotation and is a member of - the :class:`annotationlib.Format` enum. + the meaning of the *owner*, *globals*, *locals*, *type_params*, and *format* parameters. .. versionadded:: 3.14 @@ -3539,28 +3530,32 @@ Constant .. data:: TYPE_CHECKING A special constant that is assumed to be ``True`` by 3rd party static - type checkers. It is ``False`` at runtime. + type checkers. It's ``False`` at runtime. + + A module which is expensive to import, and which only contain types + used for typing annotations, can be safely imported inside an + ``if TYPE_CHECKING:`` block. This prevents the module from actually + being imported at runtime; annotations aren't eagerly evaluated + (see :pep:`649`) so using undefined symbols in annotations is + harmless--as long as you don't later examine them. + Your static type analysis tool will set ``TYPE_CHECKING`` to + ``True`` during static type analysis, which means the module will + be imported and the types will be checked properly during such analysis. Usage:: if TYPE_CHECKING: import expensive_mod - def fun(arg: 'expensive_mod.SomeType') -> None: + def fun(arg: expensive_mod.SomeType) -> None: local_var: expensive_mod.AnotherType = other_fun() - The first type annotation must be enclosed in quotes, making it a - "forward reference", to hide the ``expensive_mod`` reference from the - interpreter runtime. Type annotations for local variables are not - evaluated, so the second annotation does not need to be enclosed in quotes. - - .. note:: - - If ``from __future__ import annotations`` is used, - annotations are not evaluated at function definition time. - Instead, they are stored as strings in ``__annotations__``. - This makes it unnecessary to use quotes around the annotation - (see :pep:`563`). + If you occasionally need to examine type annotations at runtime + which may contain undefined symbols, use + :meth:`annotationlib.get_annotations` with a ``format`` parameter + of :attr:`annotationlib.Format.STRING` or + :attr:`annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF` to safely retrieve the + annotations without raising :exc:`NameError`. .. versionadded:: 3.5.2 diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst index 27c169dde72780..091562cc9aef98 100644 --- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst +++ b/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst @@ -2654,9 +2654,9 @@ with any methods on the mock: .. code-block:: pycon - >>> mock.has_data() + >>> mock.header_items() - >>> mock.has_data.assret_called_with() # Intentional typo! + >>> mock.header_items.assret_called_with() # Intentional typo! Auto-speccing solves this problem. You can either pass ``autospec=True`` to :func:`patch` / :func:`patch.object` or use the :func:`create_autospec` function to create a diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.rst index 61022fe052ca80..dcdda1719bf593 100644 --- a/Doc/library/unittest.rst +++ b/Doc/library/unittest.rst @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Here is a short script to test three string methods:: unittest.main() -A testcase is created by subclassing :class:`unittest.TestCase`. The three +A test case is created by subclassing :class:`unittest.TestCase`. The three individual tests are defined with methods whose names start with the letters ``test``. This naming convention informs the test runner about which methods represent tests. diff --git a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst index b0f26724d0c78e..58bd111b5cc374 100644 --- a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst +++ b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst @@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ HTTPHandler Objects .. method:: HTTPHandler.http_open(req) Send an HTTP request, which can be either GET or POST, depending on - ``req.has_data()``. + ``req.data``. .. _https-handler-objects: @@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ HTTPSHandler Objects .. method:: HTTPSHandler.https_open(req) Send an HTTPS request, which can be either GET or POST, depending on - ``req.has_data()``. + ``req.data``. .. _file-handler-objects: diff --git a/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst b/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst index f36ed3e122f2bc..e95fa3a6424e23 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst @@ -154,15 +154,15 @@ The :keyword:`for` statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence (such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object: .. productionlist:: python-grammar - for_stmt: "for" `target_list` "in" `starred_list` ":" `suite` + for_stmt: "for" `target_list` "in" `starred_expression_list` ":" `suite` : ["else" ":" `suite`] -The ``starred_list`` expression is evaluated once; it should yield an -:term:`iterable` object. An :term:`iterator` is created for that iterable. -The first item provided -by the iterator is then assigned to the target list using the standard -rules for assignments (see :ref:`assignment`), and the suite is executed. This -repeats for each item provided by the iterator. When the iterator is exhausted, +The :token:`~python-grammar:starred_expression_list` expression is evaluated +once; it should yield an :term:`iterable` object. An :term:`iterator` is +created for that iterable. The first item provided by the iterator is then +assigned to the target list using the standard rules for assignments +(see :ref:`assignment`), and the suite is executed. This repeats for each +item provided by the iterator. When the iterator is exhausted, the suite in the :keyword:`!else` clause, if present, is executed, and the loop terminates. @@ -1885,7 +1885,7 @@ expressions. The presence of annotations does not change the runtime semantics o the code, except if some mechanism is used that introspects and uses the annotations (such as :mod:`dataclasses` or :func:`functools.singledispatch`). -By default, annotations are lazily evaluated in a :ref:`annotation scope `. +By default, annotations are lazily evaluated in an :ref:`annotation scope `. This means that they are not evaluated when the code containing the annotation is evaluated. Instead, the interpreter saves information that can be used to evaluate the annotation later if requested. The :mod:`annotationlib` module provides tools for evaluating annotations. @@ -1898,6 +1898,12 @@ all annotations are instead stored as strings:: >>> f.__annotations__ {'param': 'annotation'} +This future statement will be deprecated and removed in a future version of Python, +but not before Python 3.13 reaches its end of life (see :pep:`749`). +When it is used, introspection tools like +:func:`annotationlib.get_annotations` and :func:`typing.get_type_hints` are +less likely to be able to resolve annotations at runtime. + .. rubric:: Footnotes diff --git a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst index 005a768f684e2c..32a2e266262c52 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst @@ -1228,10 +1228,22 @@ Special attributes :attr:`__annotations__ attributes `. For best practices on working with :attr:`~object.__annotations__`, - please see :mod:`annotationlib`. Where possible, use + please see :mod:`annotationlib`. Use :func:`annotationlib.get_annotations` instead of accessing this attribute directly. + .. warning:: + + Accessing the :attr:`!__annotations__` attribute directly + on a class object may return annotations for the wrong class, specifically + in certain cases where the class, its base class, or a metaclass + is defined under ``from __future__ import annotations``. + See :pep:`749 <749#pep749-metaclasses>` for details. + + This attribute does not exist on certain builtin classes. On + user-defined classes without ``__annotations__``, it is an + empty dictionary. + .. versionchanged:: 3.14 Annotations are now :ref:`lazily evaluated `. See :pep:`649`. diff --git a/Doc/reference/expressions.rst b/Doc/reference/expressions.rst index 8837344e5ddca1..2a550b504ca765 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/expressions.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/expressions.rst @@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@ Expression lists single: , (comma); expression list .. productionlist:: python-grammar - starred_expression: ["*"] `or_expr` + starred_expression: "*" `or_expr` | `expression` flexible_expression: `assignment_expression` | `starred_expression` flexible_expression_list: `flexible_expression` ("," `flexible_expression`)* [","] starred_expression_list: `starred_expression` ("," `starred_expression`)* [","] diff --git a/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst b/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst index ff801a7d4fc494..b22eb4db7945d1 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst @@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ Logical lines .. index:: logical line, physical line, line joining, NEWLINE token -The end of a logical line is represented by the token NEWLINE. Statements -cannot cross logical line boundaries except where NEWLINE is allowed by the -syntax (e.g., between statements in compound statements). A logical line is -constructed from one or more *physical lines* by following the explicit or -implicit *line joining* rules. +The end of a logical line is represented by the token :data:`~token.NEWLINE`. +Statements cannot cross logical line boundaries except where :data:`!NEWLINE` +is allowed by the syntax (e.g., between statements in compound statements). +A logical line is constructed from one or more *physical lines* by following +the explicit or implicit *line joining* rules. .. _physical-lines: @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ which is recognized by Bram Moolenaar's VIM. If no encoding declaration is found, the default encoding is UTF-8. If the implicit or explicit encoding of a file is UTF-8, an initial UTF-8 byte-order -mark (b'\xef\xbb\xbf') is ignored rather than being a syntax error. +mark (``b'\xef\xbb\xbf'``) is ignored rather than being a syntax error. If an encoding is declared, the encoding name must be recognized by Python (see :ref:`standard-encodings`). The @@ -160,11 +160,12 @@ Blank lines .. index:: single: blank line A logical line that contains only spaces, tabs, formfeeds and possibly a -comment, is ignored (i.e., no NEWLINE token is generated). During interactive -input of statements, handling of a blank line may differ depending on the -implementation of the read-eval-print loop. In the standard interactive -interpreter, an entirely blank logical line (i.e. one containing not even -whitespace or a comment) terminates a multi-line statement. +comment, is ignored (i.e., no :data:`~token.NEWLINE` token is generated). +During interactive input of statements, handling of a blank line may differ +depending on the implementation of the read-eval-print loop. +In the standard interactive interpreter, an entirely blank logical line (that +is, one containing not even whitespace or a comment) terminates a multi-line +statement. .. _indentation: @@ -202,19 +203,20 @@ the space count to zero). .. index:: INDENT token, DEDENT token -The indentation levels of consecutive lines are used to generate INDENT and -DEDENT tokens, using a stack, as follows. +The indentation levels of consecutive lines are used to generate +:data:`~token.INDENT` and :data:`~token.DEDENT` tokens, using a stack, +as follows. Before the first line of the file is read, a single zero is pushed on the stack; this will never be popped off again. The numbers pushed on the stack will always be strictly increasing from bottom to top. At the beginning of each logical line, the line's indentation level is compared to the top of the stack. If it is equal, nothing happens. If it is larger, it is pushed on the stack, and -one INDENT token is generated. If it is smaller, it *must* be one of the +one :data:`!INDENT` token is generated. If it is smaller, it *must* be one of the numbers occurring on the stack; all numbers on the stack that are larger are -popped off, and for each number popped off a DEDENT token is generated. At the -end of the file, a DEDENT token is generated for each number remaining on the -stack that is larger than zero. +popped off, and for each number popped off a :data:`!DEDENT` token is generated. +At the end of the file, a :data:`!DEDENT` token is generated for each number +remaining on the stack that is larger than zero. Here is an example of a correctly (though confusingly) indented piece of Python code:: @@ -254,8 +256,18 @@ Whitespace between tokens Except at the beginning of a logical line or in string literals, the whitespace characters space, tab and formfeed can be used interchangeably to separate tokens. Whitespace is needed between two tokens only if their concatenation -could otherwise be interpreted as a different token (e.g., ab is one token, but -a b is two tokens). +could otherwise be interpreted as a different token. For example, ``ab`` is one +token, but ``a b`` is two tokens. However, ``+a`` and ``+ a`` both produce +two tokens, ``+`` and ``a``, as ``+a`` is not a valid token. + + +.. _endmarker-token: + +End marker +---------- + +At the end of non-interactive input, the lexical analyzer generates an +:data:`~token.ENDMARKER` token. .. _other-tokens: @@ -263,67 +275,94 @@ a b is two tokens). Other tokens ============ -Besides NEWLINE, INDENT and DEDENT, the following categories of tokens exist: -*identifiers*, *keywords*, *literals*, *operators*, and *delimiters*. Whitespace -characters (other than line terminators, discussed earlier) are not tokens, but -serve to delimit tokens. Where ambiguity exists, a token comprises the longest -possible string that forms a legal token, when read from left to right. +Besides :data:`~token.NEWLINE`, :data:`~token.INDENT` and :data:`~token.DEDENT`, +the following categories of tokens exist: +*identifiers* and *keywords* (:data:`~token.NAME`), *literals* (such as +:data:`~token.NUMBER` and :data:`~token.STRING`), and other symbols +(*operators* and *delimiters*, :data:`~token.OP`). +Whitespace characters (other than logical line terminators, discussed earlier) +are not tokens, but serve to delimit tokens. +Where ambiguity exists, a token comprises the longest possible string that +forms a legal token, when read from left to right. .. _identifiers: -Identifiers and keywords -======================== +Names (identifiers and keywords) +================================ .. index:: identifier, name -Identifiers (also referred to as *names*) are described by the following lexical -definitions. - -The syntax of identifiers in Python is based on the Unicode standard annex -UAX-31, with elaboration and changes as defined below; see also :pep:`3131` for -further details. +:data:`~token.NAME` tokens represent *identifiers*, *keywords*, and +*soft keywords*. -Within the ASCII range (U+0001..U+007F), the valid characters for identifiers -include the uppercase and lowercase letters ``A`` through -``Z``, the underscore ``_`` and, except for the first character, the digits +Within the ASCII range (U+0001..U+007F), the valid characters for names +include the uppercase and lowercase letters (``A-Z`` and ``a-z``), +the underscore ``_`` and, except for the first character, the digits ``0`` through ``9``. -Python 3.0 introduced additional characters from outside the ASCII range (see -:pep:`3131`). For these characters, the classification uses the version of the -Unicode Character Database as included in the :mod:`unicodedata` module. -Identifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant. +Names must contain at least one character, but have no upper length limit. +Case is significant. -.. productionlist:: python-grammar - identifier: `xid_start` `xid_continue`* - id_start: - id_continue: - xid_start: - xid_continue: - -The Unicode category codes mentioned above stand for: - -* *Lu* - uppercase letters -* *Ll* - lowercase letters -* *Lt* - titlecase letters -* *Lm* - modifier letters -* *Lo* - other letters -* *Nl* - letter numbers -* *Mn* - nonspacing marks -* *Mc* - spacing combining marks -* *Nd* - decimal numbers -* *Pc* - connector punctuations -* *Other_ID_Start* - explicit list of characters in `PropList.txt - `_ to support backwards - compatibility -* *Other_ID_Continue* - likewise - -All identifiers are converted into the normal form NFKC while parsing; comparison -of identifiers is based on NFKC. - -A non-normative HTML file listing all valid identifier characters for Unicode -16.0.0 can be found at -https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/DerivedCoreProperties.txt +Besides ``A-Z``, ``a-z``, ``_`` and ``0-9``, names can also use "letter-like" +and "number-like" characters from outside the ASCII range, as detailed below. + +All identifiers are converted into the `normalization form`_ NFKC while +parsing; comparison of identifiers is based on NFKC. + +Formally, the first character of a normalized identifier must belong to the +set ``id_start``, which is the union of: + +* Unicode category ```` - uppercase letters (includes ``A`` to ``Z``) +* Unicode category ```` - lowercase letters (includes ``a`` to ``z``) +* Unicode category ```` - titlecase letters +* Unicode category ```` - modifier letters +* Unicode category ```` - other letters +* Unicode category ```` - letter numbers +* {``"_"``} - the underscore +* ```` - an explicit set of characters in `PropList.txt`_ + to support backwards compatibility + +The remaining characters must belong to the set ``id_continue``, which is the +union of: + +* all characters in ``id_start`` +* Unicode category ```` - decimal numbers (includes ``0`` to ``9``) +* Unicode category ```` - connector punctuations +* Unicode category ```` - nonspacing marks +* Unicode category ```` - spacing combining marks +* ```` - another explicit set of characters in + `PropList.txt`_ to support backwards compatibility + +Unicode categories use the version of the Unicode Character Database as +included in the :mod:`unicodedata` module. + +These sets are based on the Unicode standard annex `UAX-31`_. +See also :pep:`3131` for further details. + +Even more formally, names are described by the following lexical definitions: + +.. grammar-snippet:: + :group: python-grammar + + NAME: `xid_start` `xid_continue`* + id_start: | | | | | | "_" | + id_continue: `id_start` | | | | | + xid_start: + xid_continue: + identifier: <`NAME`, except keywords> + +A non-normative listing of all valid identifier characters as defined by +Unicode is available in the `DerivedCoreProperties.txt`_ file in the Unicode +Character Database. + + +.. _UAX-31: https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr31/ +.. _PropList.txt: https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/PropList.txt +.. _DerivedCoreProperties.txt: https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/DerivedCoreProperties.txt +.. _normalization form: https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/#Norm_Forms .. _keywords: @@ -335,7 +374,7 @@ Keywords single: keyword single: reserved word -The following identifiers are used as reserved words, or *keywords* of the +The following names are used as reserved words, or *keywords* of the language, and cannot be used as ordinary identifiers. They must be spelled exactly as written here: @@ -359,18 +398,19 @@ Soft Keywords .. versionadded:: 3.10 -Some identifiers are only reserved under specific contexts. These are known as -*soft keywords*. The identifiers ``match``, ``case``, ``type`` and ``_`` can -syntactically act as keywords in certain contexts, +Some names are only reserved under specific contexts. These are known as +*soft keywords*: + +- ``match``, ``case``, and ``_``, when used in the :keyword:`match` statement. +- ``type``, when used in the :keyword:`type` statement. + +These syntactically act as keywords in their specific contexts, but this distinction is done at the parser level, not when tokenizing. As soft keywords, their use in the grammar is possible while still preserving compatibility with existing code that uses these names as identifier names. -``match``, ``case``, and ``_`` are used in the :keyword:`match` statement. -``type`` is used in the :keyword:`type` statement. - .. versionchanged:: 3.12 ``type`` is now a soft keyword. @@ -449,8 +489,9 @@ String literals are described by the following lexical definitions: .. productionlist:: python-grammar stringliteral: [`stringprefix`](`shortstring` | `longstring`) - stringprefix: "r" | "u" | "R" | "U" | "f" | "F" + stringprefix: "r" | "u" | "R" | "U" | "f" | "F" | "t" | "T" : | "fr" | "Fr" | "fR" | "FR" | "rf" | "rF" | "Rf" | "RF" + : | "tr" | "Tr" | "tR" | "TR" | "rt" | "rT" | "Rt" | "RT" shortstring: "'" `shortstringitem`* "'" | '"' `shortstringitem`* '"' longstring: "'''" `longstringitem`* "'''" | '"""' `longstringitem`* '"""' shortstringitem: `shortstringchar` | `stringescapeseq` diff --git a/Doc/tools/.nitignore b/Doc/tools/.nitignore index 926d2cd42bdf02..e3bcb968128d96 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/.nitignore +++ b/Doc/tools/.nitignore @@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst Doc/extending/extending.rst Doc/library/ast.rst Doc/library/asyncio-extending.rst -Doc/library/decimal.rst Doc/library/email.charset.rst Doc/library/email.compat32-message.rst Doc/library/email.parser.rst diff --git a/Doc/tools/extensions/audit_events.py b/Doc/tools/extensions/audit_events.py index 23d82c0f4414bf..385a58b2145446 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/extensions/audit_events.py +++ b/Doc/tools/extensions/audit_events.py @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from sphinx.util.docutils import SphinxDirective if TYPE_CHECKING: - from collections.abc import Iterator + from collections.abc import Iterator, Set from sphinx.application import Sphinx from sphinx.builders import Builder @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class AuditEvents: def __init__(self) -> None: self.events: dict[str, list[str]] = {} - self.sources: dict[str, list[tuple[str, str]]] = {} + self.sources: dict[str, set[tuple[str, str]]] = {} def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[tuple[str, list[str], tuple[str, str]]]: for name, args in self.events.items(): @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def add_event( self._check_args_match(name, args) else: self.events[name] = args - self.sources.setdefault(name, []).append(source) + self.sources.setdefault(name, set()).add(source) def _check_args_match(self, name: str, args: list[str]) -> None: current_args = self.events[name] @@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ def _check_args_match(self, name: str, args: list[str]) -> None: return def id_for(self, name) -> str: - source_count = len(self.sources.get(name, ())) + source_count = len(self.sources.get(name, set())) name_clean = re.sub(r"\W", "_", name) return f"audit_event_{name_clean}_{source_count}" - def rows(self) -> Iterator[tuple[str, list[str], list[tuple[str, str]]]]: + def rows(self) -> Iterator[tuple[str, list[str], Set[tuple[str, str]]]]: for name in sorted(self.events.keys()): yield name, self.events[name], self.sources[name] @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ def _make_row( docname: str, name: str, args: list[str], - sources: list[tuple[str, str]], + sources: Set[tuple[str, str]], ) -> nodes.row: row = nodes.row() name_node = nodes.paragraph("", nodes.Text(name)) @@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def _make_row( row += nodes.entry("", args_node) backlinks_node = nodes.paragraph() - backlinks = enumerate(sorted(set(sources)), start=1) + backlinks = enumerate(sorted(sources), start=1) for i, (doc, label) in backlinks: if isinstance(label, str): ref = nodes.reference("", f"[{i}]", internal=True) @@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ def setup(app: Sphinx): app.connect("env-purge-doc", audit_events_purge) app.connect("env-merge-info", audit_events_merge) return { - "version": "1.0", + "version": "2.0", "parallel_read_safe": True, "parallel_write_safe": True, } diff --git a/Doc/tools/templates/customsourcelink.html b/Doc/tools/templates/customsourcelink.html index eb9db9e341bd75..43d3a7a892a880 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/templates/customsourcelink.html +++ b/Doc/tools/templates/customsourcelink.html @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ {%- if show_source and has_source and sourcename %}
-

{{ _('This Page') }}

+

{{ _('This page') }}

diff --git a/Doc/tools/templates/download.html b/Doc/tools/templates/download.html index 4645f7d394e29e..47a57eb111ba50 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/templates/download.html +++ b/Doc/tools/templates/download.html @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ {%- endblock -%} {% block body %} -

{% trans %}Download Python {{ dl_version }} Documentation{% endtrans %}

+

{% trans %}Download Python {{ dl_version }} documentation{% endtrans %}

{% if last_updated %}

{% trans %}Last updated on: {{ last_updated }}.{% endtrans %}

{% endif %} diff --git a/Doc/tools/templates/indexcontent.html b/Doc/tools/templates/indexcontent.html index 06a4223643a05a..544cc4234f441e 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/templates/indexcontent.html +++ b/Doc/tools/templates/indexcontent.html @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@

{{ docstitle|e }}

{% trans %}Reporting issues{% endtrans %}

-

{% trans %}Contributing to Docs{% endtrans %}

+

{% trans %}Contributing to docs{% endtrans %}

{% trans %}Download the documentation{% endtrans %}

{% trans %}History and license of Python{% endtrans %}

diff --git a/Doc/tools/templates/indexsidebar.html b/Doc/tools/templates/indexsidebar.html index eea29e2449a9cf..086f15662cf87b 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/templates/indexsidebar.html +++ b/Doc/tools/templates/indexsidebar.html @@ -9,9 +9,9 @@

{% trans %}Docs by version{% endtrans %}

{% trans %}Other resources{% endtrans %}

diff --git a/Doc/tools/templates/layout.html b/Doc/tools/templates/layout.html index 56023ebf962703..1cb0200822d9fe 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/templates/layout.html +++ b/Doc/tools/templates/layout.html @@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ {% endblock %} {% block extrahead %} - {% if builder == "html" and enable_analytics %} + {% if builder == "html" %} + {% if enable_analytics %} - {% endif %} - - {% if builder != "htmlhelp" %} + {% endif %} + {% if pagename == 'whatsnew/changelog' and not embedded %} {% endif %} {% endif %} diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst b/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst index 95939242fb7d44..5c0e8f34bf82f4 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst @@ -999,7 +999,8 @@ scope:: 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use -is to pass a small function as an argument:: +is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, :meth:`list.sort` +takes a sorting key function *key* which can be a lambda function:: >>> pairs = [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (4, 'four')] >>> pairs.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[1]) @@ -1055,7 +1056,7 @@ Here is an example of a multi-line docstring:: >>> print(my_function.__doc__) Do nothing, but document it. - No, really, it doesn't do anything. + No, really, it doesn't do anything. .. _tut-annotations: diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/index.rst b/Doc/tutorial/index.rst index 96791f88c867ab..d0bf77dc40d0a1 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/index.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/index.rst @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ The Python Tutorial ###################### +.. Tip:: This tutorial is designed for + *programmers* that are new to the Python language, + **not** *beginners* who are new to programming. + Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python's elegant syntax and dynamic typing, @@ -21,7 +25,8 @@ implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications. This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and -features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python +features of the Python language and system. Be aware that it expects you to +have a basic understanding of programming in general. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst b/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst index bec5da8fd759ac..cdb35da7bc95ba 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst @@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ Python can manipulate text (represented by type :class:`str`, so-called "``Yay! :)``". They can be enclosed in single quotes (``'...'``) or double quotes (``"..."``) with the same result [#]_. +.. code-block:: pycon + >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes diff --git a/Doc/using/windows.rst b/Doc/using/windows.rst index 74d6db5d7d1a98..9628da3d2f6b12 100644 --- a/Doc/using/windows.rst +++ b/Doc/using/windows.rst @@ -77,31 +77,30 @@ To install the file downloaded from python.org, either double-click and select "Install", or run ``Add-AppxPackage `` in Windows Powershell. After installation, the ``python``, ``py``, and ``pymanager`` commands should be -available. If they are not, click Start and search for "Manage app execution -aliases". This settings page will let you enable the relevant commands. They -will be labelled "Python (default)", "Python (default windowed)", and "Python -install manager". - -If you have existing installations of Python, or you have modified your -:envvar:`PATH` variable, you may need to remove them or undo the modifications -in order for the commands to work. Old versions of Python can be reinstalled -using the Python install manager. +available. If you have existing installations of Python, or you have modified +your :envvar:`PATH` variable, you may need to remove them or undo the +modifications. See :ref:`pymanager-troubleshoot` for more help with fixing +non-working commands. When you first install a runtime, you will likely be prompted to add a directory to your :envvar:`PATH`. This is optional, if you prefer to use the ``py`` command, but is offered for those who prefer the full range of aliases (such as ``python3.14.exe``) to be available. The directory will be -:file:`%LocalAppData%\Python\bin` by default, but may be customized by an +:file:`%LocalAppData%\\Python\\bin` by default, but may be customized by an administrator. Click Start and search for "Edit environment variables for your account" for the system settings page to add the path. +Each Python runtime you install will have its own directory for scripts. These +also need to be added to :envvar:`PATH` if you want to use them. + The Python install manager will be automatically updated to new releases. This does not affect any installs of Python runtimes. Uninstalling the Python install manager does not uninstall any Python runtimes. If you are not able to install an MSIX in your context, for example, you are -using automated deployment software that does not support it, please see -:ref:`pymanager-advancedinstall` below for more information. +using automated deployment software that does not support it, or are targeting +Windows Server 2019, please see :ref:`pymanager-advancedinstall` below for more +information. Basic Use @@ -147,6 +146,10 @@ want to be passed to the runtime (such as script files or the module to launch): $> py -m this ... +The default runtime can be overridden with the :envvar:`PYTHON_MANAGER_DEFAULT` +environment variable, or a configuration file. See :ref:`pymanager-config` for +information about configuration settings. + To launch a specific runtime, the ``py`` command accepts a ``-V:`` option. This option must be specified before any others. The tag is part or all of the identifier for the runtime; for those from the CPython team, it looks like the @@ -469,6 +472,10 @@ directory (which you may have added to your :envvar:`PATH` environment variable) can be used in a shebang, even if it is not on your :envvar:`PATH`. This allows the use of shebangs like ``/usr/bin/python3.12`` to select a particular runtime. +If no runtimes are installed, or if automatic installation is enabled, the +requested runtime will be installed if necessary. See :ref:`pymanager-config` +for information about configuration settings. + The ``/usr/bin/env`` form of shebang line will also search the :envvar:`PATH` environment variable for unrecognized commands. This corresponds to the behaviour of the Unix ``env`` program, which performs the same search, but @@ -497,6 +504,14 @@ configuration option. installing and uninstalling. +.. _Add-AppxPackage: https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/module/appx/add-appxpackage + +.. _Remove-AppxPackage: https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/module/appx/remove-appxpackage + +.. _Add-AppxProvisionedPackage: https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/module/dism/add-appxprovisionedpackage + +.. _PackageManager: https://learn.microsoft.com/uwp/api/windows.management.deployment.packagemanager + .. _pymanager-advancedinstall: Advanced Installation @@ -509,6 +524,11 @@ per-machine installs to its default location in Program Files. It will attempt to modify the system :envvar:`PATH` environment variable to include this install location, but be sure to validate this on your configuration. +.. note:: + + Windows Server 2019 is the only version of Windows that CPython supports that + does not support MSIX. For Windows Server 2019, you should use the MSI. + Be aware that the MSI package does not bundle any runtimes, and so is not suitable for installs into offline environments without also creating an offline install index. See :ref:`pymanager-offline` and :ref:`pymanager-admin-config` @@ -529,25 +549,62 @@ depending on whether it was installed from python.org or through the Windows Store. Attempting to run the executable directly from Program Files is not recommended. -To programmatically install or uninstall the MSIX without using your -distribution platform's native support, the `Add-AppxPackage -`_ and -`Remove-AppxPackage `_ -PowerShell cmdlets are simplest to use: +To programmatically install the Python install manager, it is easiest to use +WinGet, which is included with all supported versions of Windows: -.. code:: +.. code-block:: powershell + + $> winget install 9NQ7512CXL7T -e --accept-package-agreements --disable-interactivity + + # Optionally run the configuration checker and accept all changes + $> py install --configure -y + +To download the Python install manager and install on another machine, the +following WinGet command will download the required files from the Store to your +Downloads directory (add ``-d `` to customize the output location). +This also generates a YAML file that appears to be unnecessary, as the +downloaded MSIX can be installed by launching or using the commands below. + +.. code-block:: powershell + + $> winget download 9NQ7512CXL7T -e --skip-license --accept-package-agreements --accept-source-agreements + +To programmatically install or uninstall an MSIX using only PowerShell, the +`Add-AppxPackage`_ and `Remove-AppxPackage`_ PowerShell cmdlets are recommended: + +.. code-block:: powershell $> Add-AppxPackage C:\Downloads\python-manager-25.0.msix ... $> Get-AppxPackage PythonSoftwareFoundation.PythonManager | Remove-AppxPackage -The native APIs for package management may be found on the Windows -`PackageManager `_ -class. The :func:`!AddPackageAsync` method installs for the current user, or use -:func:`!StagePackageAsync` followed by :func:`!ProvisionPackageForAllUsersAsync` -to install the Python install manager for all users from the MSIX package. Users -will still need to install their own copies of Python itself, as there is no way -to trigger those installs without being a logged in user. +The latest release can be downloaded and installed by Windows by passing the +AppInstaller file to the Add-AppxPackage command. This installs using the MSIX +on python.org, and is only recommended for cases where installing via the Store +(interactively or using WinGet) is not possible. + +.. code-block:: powershell + + $> Add-AppxPackage -AppInstallerFile https://www.python.org/ftp/python/pymanager/pymanager.appinstaller + +Other tools and APIs may also be used to provision an MSIX package for all users +on a machine, but Python does not consider this a supported scenario. We suggest +looking into the PowerShell `Add-AppxProvisionedPackage`_ cmdlet, the native +Windows `PackageManager`_ class, or the documentation and support for your +deployment tool. + +Regardless of the install method, users will still need to install their own +copies of Python itself, as there is no way to trigger those installs without +being a logged in user. When using the MSIX, the latest version of Python will +be available for all users to install without network access. + +Note that the MSIX downloadable from the Store and from the Python website are +subtly different and cannot be installed at the same time. Wherever possible, +we suggest using the above WinGet commands to download the package from the +Store to reduce the risk of setting up conflicting installs. There are no +licensing restrictions on the Python install manager that would prevent using +the Store package in this way. + .. _pymanager-admin-config: @@ -713,6 +770,16 @@ default). your ``pythonw.exe`` and ``pyw.exe`` aliases are consistent with your others. " + "``pip`` gives me a ""command not found"" error when I type it in my + terminal.","Have you activated a virtual environment? Run the + ``.venv\Scripts\activate`` script in your terminal to activate. + " + "","The package may be available but missing the generated executable. + We recommend using the ``python -m pip`` command instead, or alternatively + the ``python -m pip install --force pip`` command will recreate the + executables and show you the path to add to :envvar:`PATH`. These scripts are + separated for each runtime, and so you may need to add multiple paths. + " .. _windows-embeddable: diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst index 3c815721a92f8c..f8df802768a945 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst @@ -551,11 +551,12 @@ Patterns and classes If you are using classes to structure your data, you can use as a pattern the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor. This -pattern has the ability to capture class attributes into variables:: +pattern has the ability to capture instance attributes into variables:: class Point: - x: int - y: int + def __init__(self, x, y): + self.x = x + self.y = y def location(point): match point: diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst index e20e49325c01d5..52bafeb4df7d41 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst @@ -730,6 +730,22 @@ asyncio never awaited). (Contributed by Arthur Tacca and Jason Zhang in :gh:`115957`.) +* The function and methods named ``create_task`` have received a new + ``**kwargs`` argument that is passed through to the task constructor. + This change was accidentally added in 3.13.3, + and broke the API contract for custom task factories. + Several third-party task factories implemented workarounds for this. + In 3.13.4 and later releases the old factory contract is honored + once again (until 3.14). + To keep the workarounds working, the extra ``**kwargs`` argument still + allows passing additional keyword arguments to :class:`~asyncio.Task` + and to custom task factories. + + This affects the following function and methods: + :meth:`asyncio.create_task`, + :meth:`asyncio.loop.create_task`, + :meth:`asyncio.TaskGroup.create_task`. + (Contributed by Thomas Grainger in :gh:`128307`.) base64 ------ diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.14.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.14.rst index 894f011ec86a30..561d1a8914b50c 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.14.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.14.rst @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ deferred evaluation of annotations (:pep:`649`), and a new type of interpreter that uses tail calls. The library changes include the addition of a new :mod:`!annotationlib` module -for introspecting and wrapping annotations (:pep:`649`), +for introspecting and wrapping annotations (:pep:`749`), a new :mod:`!compression.zstd` module for Zstandard support (:pep:`784`), plus syntax highlighting in the REPL, as well as the usual deprecations and removals, @@ -82,12 +82,13 @@ and improvements in user-friendliness and correctness. .. PEP-sized items next. -* :ref:`PEP 649: deferred evaluation of annotations ` +* :ref:`PEP 649 and 749: deferred evaluation of annotations ` * :ref:`PEP 741: Python Configuration C API ` * :ref:`PEP 750: Template strings ` * :ref:`PEP 758: Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses ` * :ref:`PEP 761: Discontinuation of PGP signatures ` * :ref:`PEP 765: Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block ` +* :ref:`Free-threaded mode improvements ` * :ref:`PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface for CPython ` * :ref:`PEP 784: Adding Zstandard to the standard library ` * :ref:`A new type of interpreter ` @@ -153,10 +154,10 @@ As another example, generating HTML attributes from data: .. code-block:: python attributes = {"src": "shrubbery.jpg", "alt": "looks nice"} - template = t"" - assert html(template) == 'looks nice' + template = t"" + assert html(template) == 'looks nice' -Unlike f-strings, the ``html`` function has access to template attributes +Compared to using an f-string, the ``html`` function has access to template attributes containing the original information: static strings, interpolations, and values from the original scope. Unlike existing templating approaches, t-strings build from the well-known f-string syntax and rules. Template systems thus benefit @@ -361,18 +362,19 @@ Check :pep:`758` for more details. .. _whatsnew314-pep649: -PEP 649: deferred evaluation of annotations -------------------------------------------- +PEP 649 and 749: deferred evaluation of annotations +--------------------------------------------------- The :term:`annotations ` on functions, classes, and modules are no longer evaluated eagerly. Instead, annotations are stored in special-purpose :term:`annotate functions ` and evaluated only when -necessary. This is specified in :pep:`649` and :pep:`749`. +necessary (except if ``from __future__ import annotations`` is used). +This is specified in :pep:`649` and :pep:`749`. This change is designed to make annotations in Python more performant and more usable in most circumstances. The runtime cost for defining annotations is minimized, but it remains possible to introspect annotations at runtime. -It is usually no longer necessary to enclose annotations in strings if they +It is no longer necessary to enclose annotations in strings if they contain forward references. The new :mod:`annotationlib` module provides tools for inspecting deferred @@ -408,7 +410,8 @@ writing annotations the same way you did with previous versions of Python. You will likely be able to remove quoted strings in annotations, which are frequently used for forward references. Similarly, if you use ``from __future__ import annotations`` to avoid having to write strings in annotations, you may well be able to -remove that import. However, if you rely on third-party libraries that read annotations, +remove that import once you support only Python 3.14 and newer. +However, if you rely on third-party libraries that read annotations, those libraries may need changes to support unquoted annotations before they work as expected. @@ -421,6 +424,11 @@ annotations. For example, you may want to use :func:`annotationlib.get_annotatio with the :attr:`~annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF` format, as the :mod:`dataclasses` module now does. +The external :pypi:`typing_extensions` package provides partial backports of some of the +functionality of the :mod:`annotationlib` module, such as the :class:`~annotationlib.Format` +enum and the :func:`~annotationlib.get_annotations` function. These can be used to +write cross-version code that takes advantage of the new behavior in Python 3.14. + Related changes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ @@ -432,6 +440,14 @@ functions in the standard library, there are many ways in which your code may not work in Python 3.14. To safeguard your code against future changes, use only the documented functionality of the :mod:`annotationlib` module. +In particular, do not read annotations directly from the namespace dictionary +attribute of type objects. Use :func:`annotationlib.get_annotate_from_class_namespace` +during class construction and :func:`annotationlib.get_annotations` afterwards. + +In previous releases, it was sometimes possible to access class annotations from +an instance of an annotated class. This behavior was undocumented and accidental, +and will no longer work in Python 3.14. + ``from __future__ import annotations`` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ @@ -443,6 +459,11 @@ Python without deferred evaluation of annotations, reaches its end of life in 20 In Python 3.14, the behavior of code using ``from __future__ import annotations`` is unchanged. +(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`119180`; :pep:`649` was written by Larry Hastings.) + +.. seealso:: + :pep:`649` and :pep:`749`. + Improved error messages ----------------------- @@ -584,8 +605,27 @@ Improved error messages ^^^^^^ SyntaxError: cannot use subscript as import target -.. seealso:: - :pep:`649`. +* Improved error message when trying to add an instance of an unhashable type to + a :class:`dict` or :class:`set`. (Contributed by CF Bolz-Tereick and Victor Stinner + in :gh:`132828`.) + + .. code-block:: pycon + + >>> s = set() + >>> s.add({'pages': 12, 'grade': 'A'}) + Traceback (most recent call last): + File "", line 1, in + s.add({'pages': 12, 'grade': 'A'}) + ~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + TypeError: cannot use 'dict' as a set element (unhashable type: 'dict') + >>> d = {} + >>> l = [1, 2, 3] + >>> d[l] = 12 + Traceback (most recent call last): + File "", line 1, in + d[l] = 12 + ~^^^ + TypeError: cannot use 'list' as a dict key (unhashable type: 'list') .. _whatsnew314-pep741: @@ -772,6 +812,33 @@ For further information on how to build Python, see (Contributed by Ken Jin in :gh:`128563`, with ideas on how to implement this in CPython by Mark Shannon, Garrett Gu, Haoran Xu, and Josh Haberman.) +.. _whatsnew314-free-threaded-cpython: + +Free-threaded mode +------------------ + +Free-threaded mode (:pep:`703`), initially added in 3.13, has been significantly improved. +The implementation described in PEP 703 was finished, including C API changes, +and temporary workarounds in the interpreter were replaced with more permanent solutions. +The specializing adaptive interpreter (:pep:`659`) is now enabled in free-threaded mode, +which along with many other optimizations greatly improves its performance. +The performance penalty on single-threaded code in free-threaded mode is now roughly 5-10%, +depending on platform and C compiler used. + +This work was done by many contributors: Sam Gross, Matt Page, Neil Schemenauer, +Thomas Wouters, Donghee Na, Kirill Podoprigora, Ken Jin, Itamar Oren, +Brett Simmers, Dino Viehland, Nathan Goldbaum, Ralf Gommers, Lysandros Nikolaou, +Kumar Aditya, Edgar Margffoy, and many others. + +Some of these contributors are employed by Meta, which has continued to provide +significant engineering resources to support this project. + +From 3.14, when compiling extension modules for the free-threaded build of +CPython on Windows, the preprocessor variable ``Py_GIL_DISABLED`` now needs to +be specified by the build backend, as it will no longer be determined +automatically by the C compiler. For a running interpreter, the setting that +was used at compile time can be found using :func:`sysconfig.get_config_var`. + .. _whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting: @@ -1001,6 +1068,24 @@ ast (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in :gh:`133367`.) +asyncio +------- + +* The function and methods named :func:`!create_task` now take an arbitrary + list of keyword arguments. All keyword arguments are passed to the + :class:`~asyncio.Task` constructor or the custom task factory. + (See :meth:`~asyncio.loop.set_task_factory` for details.) + The ``name`` and ``context`` keyword arguments are no longer special; + the name should now be set using the ``name`` keyword argument of the factory, + and ``context`` may be ``None``. + + This affects the following function and methods: + :meth:`asyncio.create_task`, + :meth:`asyncio.loop.create_task`, + :meth:`asyncio.TaskGroup.create_task`. + (Contributed by Thomas Grainger in :gh:`128307`.) + + bdb --- @@ -1119,6 +1204,9 @@ ctypes making it a :term:`generic type`. (Contributed by Brian Schubert in :gh:`132168`.) +* :mod:`ctypes` now supports :term:`free-threading builds `. + (Contributed by Kumar Aditya and Peter Bierma in :gh:`127945`.) + curses ------ @@ -1916,11 +2004,19 @@ Optimizations asyncio ------- -* :mod:`asyncio` now uses double linked list implementation for native tasks - which speeds up execution by 10% on standard pyperformance benchmarks and - reduces memory usage. +* :mod:`asyncio` has a new per-thread double linked list implementation internally for + :class:`native tasks ` which speeds up execution by 10-20% on standard + pyperformance benchmarks and reduces memory usage. + This enables external introspection tools such as + :ref:`python -m asyncio pstree ` + to introspect the call graph of asyncio tasks running in all threads. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`107803`.) +* :mod:`asyncio` has first class support for :term:`free-threading builds `. + This enables parallel execution of multiple event loops across different threads and scales + linearly with the number of threads. + (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`128002`.) + * :mod:`asyncio` has new utility functions for introspecting and printing the program's call graph: :func:`asyncio.capture_call_graph` and :func:`asyncio.print_call_graph`. @@ -2002,7 +2098,6 @@ Deprecated * :class:`asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy` * :func:`asyncio.get_event_loop_policy` * :func:`asyncio.set_event_loop_policy` - * :func:`asyncio.set_event_loop` Users should use :func:`asyncio.run` or :class:`asyncio.Runner` with *loop_factory* to use the desired event loop implementation. @@ -2410,6 +2505,11 @@ Changes in the Python API See :ref:`above ` for more details. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`105499`.) +* The runtime behavior of annotations has changed in various ways; see + :ref:`above ` for details. While most code that interacts + with annotations should continue to work, some undocumented details may behave + differently. + Build changes ============= diff --git a/Grammar/Tokens b/Grammar/Tokens index e40a4437afb009..0547e6ed08f79a 100644 --- a/Grammar/Tokens +++ b/Grammar/Tokens @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +# When adding new tokens, remember to update the PEG generator in +# Tools/peg_generator/pegen/parser_generator.py +# This will ensure that older versions of Python can generate a Python parser +# using "python -m pegen python ". + ENDMARKER NAME NUMBER diff --git a/Grammar/python.gram b/Grammar/python.gram index f3ef990923eec3..8b15cf29fa02e2 100644 --- a/Grammar/python.gram +++ b/Grammar/python.gram @@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ func_type[mod_ty]: '(' a=[type_expressions] ')' '->' b=expression NEWLINE* ENDMA statements[asdl_stmt_seq*]: a=statement+ { _PyPegen_register_stmts(p, (asdl_stmt_seq*)_PyPegen_seq_flatten(p, a)) } -statement[asdl_stmt_seq*]: - | a=compound_stmt { (asdl_stmt_seq*)_PyPegen_singleton_seq(p, a) } +statement[asdl_stmt_seq*]: + | a=compound_stmt { (asdl_stmt_seq*)_PyPegen_singleton_seq(p, a) } | a[asdl_stmt_seq*]=simple_stmts { a } single_compound_stmt[asdl_stmt_seq*]: - | a=compound_stmt { + | a=compound_stmt { _PyPegen_register_stmts(p, (asdl_stmt_seq*)_PyPegen_singleton_seq(p, a)) } statement_newline[asdl_stmt_seq*]: @@ -449,9 +449,9 @@ except_block[excepthandler_ty]: _PyAST_ExceptHandler(e, ((expr_ty) t)->v.Name.id, b, EXTRA) } | 'except' e=expressions ':' b=block { CHECK_VERSION( - excepthandler_ty, - 14, - "except expressions without parentheses are", + excepthandler_ty, + 14, + "except expressions without parentheses are", _PyAST_ExceptHandler(e, NULL, b, EXTRA)) } | 'except' ':' b=block { _PyAST_ExceptHandler(NULL, NULL, b, EXTRA) } | invalid_except_stmt @@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ except_star_block[excepthandler_ty]: _PyAST_ExceptHandler(e, ((expr_ty) t)->v.Name.id, b, EXTRA) } | 'except' '*' e=expressions ':' b=block { CHECK_VERSION( - excepthandler_ty, - 14, - "except expressions without parentheses are", + excepthandler_ty, + 14, + "except expressions without parentheses are", _PyAST_ExceptHandler(e, NULL, b, EXTRA)) } | invalid_except_star_stmt finally_block[asdl_stmt_seq*]: @@ -977,11 +977,11 @@ tstring_middle[expr_ty]: | tstring_replacement_field | t=TSTRING_MIDDLE { _PyPegen_constant_from_token(p, t) } tstring[expr_ty] (memo): - | a=TSTRING_START b=tstring_middle* c=TSTRING_END { + | a=TSTRING_START b=tstring_middle* c=TSTRING_END { CHECK_VERSION( - expr_ty, - 14, - "t-strings are", + expr_ty, + 14, + "t-strings are", _PyPegen_template_str(p, a, (asdl_expr_seq*)b, c)) } string[expr_ty]: s[Token*]=STRING { _PyPegen_constant_from_string(p, s) } @@ -1383,11 +1383,11 @@ invalid_import: RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_STARTING_FROM(token, "Expected one or more names after 'import'") } invalid_dotted_as_name: | dotted_name 'as' !(NAME (',' | ')' | NEWLINE)) a=expression { - RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION(a, + RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION(a, "cannot use %s as import target", _PyPegen_get_expr_name(a)) } invalid_import_from_as_name: | NAME 'as' !(NAME (',' | ')' | NEWLINE)) a=expression { - RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION(a, + RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION(a, "cannot use %s as import target", _PyPegen_get_expr_name(a)) } invalid_import_from_targets: @@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@ invalid_except_stmt: RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_STARTING_FROM(a, "multiple exception types must be parenthesized when using 'as'") } | a='except' expression ['as' NAME ] NEWLINE { RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR("expected ':'") } | a='except' NEWLINE { RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR("expected ':'") } - | 'except' expression 'as' a=expression { + | 'except' expression 'as' a=expression ':' block { RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION( a, "cannot use except statement with %s", _PyPegen_get_expr_name(a)) } invalid_except_star_stmt: @@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ invalid_except_star_stmt: RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_STARTING_FROM(a, "multiple exception types must be parenthesized when using 'as'") } | a='except' '*' expression ['as' NAME ] NEWLINE { RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR("expected ':'") } | a='except' '*' (NEWLINE | ':') { RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR("expected one or more exception types") } - | 'except' '*' expression 'as' a=expression { + | 'except' '*' expression 'as' a=expression ':' block { RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION( a, "cannot use except* statement with %s", _PyPegen_get_expr_name(a)) } invalid_finally_stmt: diff --git a/Include/Python.h b/Include/Python.h index 64be80145890a3..f34d581f0b4c91 100644 --- a/Include/Python.h +++ b/Include/Python.h @@ -59,6 +59,14 @@ # include // __readgsqword() #endif +// Suppress known warnings in Python header files. +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +// Warning that alignas behaviour has changed. Doesn't affect us, because we +// never relied on the old behaviour. +#pragma warning(push) +#pragma warning(disable: 5274) +#endif + // Include Python header files #include "pyport.h" #include "pymacro.h" @@ -138,4 +146,9 @@ #include "cpython/pyfpe.h" #include "cpython/tracemalloc.h" +// Restore warning filter +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma warning(pop) +#endif + #endif /* !Py_PYTHON_H */ diff --git a/Include/cpython/pystate.h b/Include/cpython/pystate.h index 7f1bc363861ddf..54d7e62292966e 100644 --- a/Include/cpython/pystate.h +++ b/Include/cpython/pystate.h @@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ typedef struct _stack_chunk { PyObject * data[1]; /* Variable sized */ } _PyStackChunk; +/* Minimum size of data stack chunk */ +#define _PY_DATA_STACK_CHUNK_SIZE (16*1024) struct _ts { /* See Python/ceval.c for comments explaining most fields */ diff --git a/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/internal.h b/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/internal.h index d97f51b8eefbe5..71b7ea702d6c5e 100644 --- a/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/internal.h +++ b/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/internal.h @@ -634,10 +634,10 @@ static inline mi_block_t* mi_block_nextx( const void* null, const mi_block_t* bl mi_track_mem_defined(block,sizeof(mi_block_t)); mi_block_t* next; #ifdef MI_ENCODE_FREELIST - next = (mi_block_t*)mi_ptr_decode(null, block->next, keys); + next = (mi_block_t*)mi_ptr_decode(null, mi_atomic_load_relaxed(&block->next), keys); #else MI_UNUSED(keys); MI_UNUSED(null); - next = (mi_block_t*)block->next; + next = (mi_block_t*)mi_atomic_load_relaxed(&block->next); #endif mi_track_mem_noaccess(block,sizeof(mi_block_t)); return next; @@ -646,10 +646,10 @@ static inline mi_block_t* mi_block_nextx( const void* null, const mi_block_t* bl static inline void mi_block_set_nextx(const void* null, mi_block_t* block, const mi_block_t* next, const uintptr_t* keys) { mi_track_mem_undefined(block,sizeof(mi_block_t)); #ifdef MI_ENCODE_FREELIST - block->next = mi_ptr_encode(null, next, keys); + mi_atomic_store_relaxed(&block->next, mi_ptr_encode(null, next, keys)); #else MI_UNUSED(keys); MI_UNUSED(null); - block->next = (mi_encoded_t)next; + mi_atomic_store_relaxed(&block->next, (mi_encoded_t)next); #endif mi_track_mem_noaccess(block,sizeof(mi_block_t)); } diff --git a/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/types.h b/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/types.h index 354839ba955b36..4f77bd7bc525db 100644 --- a/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/types.h +++ b/Include/internal/mimalloc/mimalloc/types.h @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ typedef size_t mi_threadid_t; // free lists contain blocks typedef struct mi_block_s { - mi_encoded_t next; + _Atomic(mi_encoded_t) next; } mi_block_t; diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_bytesobject.h b/Include/internal/pycore_bytesobject.h index 300e7f4896a39e..8ea9b3ebb88454 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_bytesobject.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_bytesobject.h @@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ extern PyObject* _PyBytes_FromHex( // Helper for PyBytes_DecodeEscape that detects invalid escape chars. // Export for test_peg_generator. -PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyBytes_DecodeEscape(const char *, Py_ssize_t, - const char *, const char **); +PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyBytes_DecodeEscape2(const char *, Py_ssize_t, + const char *, + int *, const char **); // Substring Search. diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_code.h b/Include/internal/pycore_code.h index b135e30b7ad62a..37a747aa4e3e46 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_code.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_code.h @@ -614,6 +614,47 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_SetUnboundVarCounts( PyObject *globalsns, PyObject *builtinsns); + +/* "Stateless" code is a function or code object which does not rely on + * external state or internal state. It may rely on arguments and + * builtins, but not globals or a closure. Thus it does not rely + * on __globals__ or __closure__, and a stateless function + * is equivalent to its code object. + * + * Stateless code also does not keep any persistent state + * of its own, so it can't have any executors, monitoring, + * instrumentation, or "extras" (i.e. co_extra). + * + * Stateless code may create nested functions, including closures. + * However, nested functions must themselves be stateless, except they + * *can* close on the enclosing locals. + * + * Stateless code may return any value, including nested functions and closures. + * + * Stateless code that takes no arguments and doesn't return anything + * may be treated like a script. + * + * We consider stateless code to be "portable" if it does not return + * any object that holds a reference to any of the code's locals. Thus + * generators and coroutines are not portable. Likewise a function + * that returns a closure is not portable. The concept of + * portability is useful in cases where the code is run + * in a different execution context than where + * the return value will be used. */ + +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_CheckNoInternalState(PyCodeObject *, const char **); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_CheckNoExternalState( + PyCodeObject *, + _PyCode_var_counts_t *, + const char **); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_VerifyStateless( + PyThreadState *, + PyCodeObject *, + PyObject *globalnames, + PyObject *globalsns, + PyObject *builtinsns); + +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_CheckPureFunction(PyCodeObject *, const char **); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_ReturnsOnlyNone(PyCodeObject *); diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp.h b/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp.h index 9de61ef54125d5..1272927413868b 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp.h @@ -131,7 +131,23 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyXIData_Clear(PyInterpreterState *, _PyXIData_t *); /* getting cross-interpreter data */ -typedef int (*xidatafunc)(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *, _PyXIData_t *); +typedef int xidata_fallback_t; +#define _PyXIDATA_XIDATA_ONLY (0) +#define _PyXIDATA_FULL_FALLBACK (1) + +// Technically, we don't need two different function types; +// we could go with just the fallback one. However, only container +// types like tuple need it, so always having the extra arg would be +// a bit unfortunate. It's also nice to be able to clearly distinguish +// between types that might call _PyObject_GetXIData() and those that won't. +// +typedef int (*xidatafunc)(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, _PyXIData_t *); +typedef int (*xidatafbfunc)( + PyThreadState *, PyObject *, xidata_fallback_t, _PyXIData_t *); +typedef struct { + xidatafunc basic; + xidatafbfunc fallback; +} _PyXIData_getdata_t; PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyXIData_GetNotShareableErrorType(PyThreadState *); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyXIData_SetNotShareableError(PyThreadState *, const char *); @@ -140,16 +156,21 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyXIData_FormatNotShareableError( const char *, ...); -PyAPI_FUNC(xidatafunc) _PyXIData_Lookup( +PyAPI_FUNC(_PyXIData_getdata_t) _PyXIData_Lookup( PyThreadState *, PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_CheckXIData( PyThreadState *, PyObject *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_GetXIDataNoFallback( + PyThreadState *, + PyObject *, + _PyXIData_t *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_GetXIData( PyThreadState *, PyObject *, + xidata_fallback_t, _PyXIData_t *); // _PyObject_GetXIData() for bytes @@ -191,6 +212,21 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_GetXIData( PyThreadState *, PyObject *, _PyXIData_t *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_GetScriptXIData( + PyThreadState *, + PyObject *, + _PyXIData_t *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyCode_GetPureScriptXIData( + PyThreadState *, + PyObject *, + _PyXIData_t *); + +// _PyObject_GetXIData() for functions +PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyFunction_FromXIData(_PyXIData_t *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyFunction_GetXIData( + PyThreadState *, + PyObject *, + _PyXIData_t *); /* using cross-interpreter data */ @@ -299,24 +335,9 @@ typedef struct _sharedexception { PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyXI_ApplyError(_PyXI_error *err); -typedef struct xi_session _PyXI_session; -typedef struct _sharedns _PyXI_namespace; - -PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyXI_FreeNamespace(_PyXI_namespace *ns); -PyAPI_FUNC(_PyXI_namespace *) _PyXI_NamespaceFromNames(PyObject *names); -PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXI_FillNamespaceFromDict( - _PyXI_namespace *ns, - PyObject *nsobj, - _PyXI_session *session); -PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXI_ApplyNamespace( - _PyXI_namespace *ns, - PyObject *nsobj, - PyObject *dflt); - - // A cross-interpreter session involves entering an interpreter -// (_PyXI_Enter()), doing some work with it, and finally exiting -// that interpreter (_PyXI_Exit()). +// with _PyXI_Enter(), doing some work with it, and finally exiting +// that interpreter with _PyXI_Exit(). // // At the boundaries of the session, both entering and exiting, // data may be exchanged between the previous interpreter and the @@ -324,39 +345,10 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXI_ApplyNamespace( // isolation between interpreters. This includes setting objects // in the target's __main__ module on the way in, and capturing // uncaught exceptions on the way out. -struct xi_session { - // Once a session has been entered, this is the tstate that was - // current before the session. If it is different from cur_tstate - // then we must have switched interpreters. Either way, this will - // be the current tstate once we exit the session. - PyThreadState *prev_tstate; - // Once a session has been entered, this is the current tstate. - // It must be current when the session exits. - PyThreadState *init_tstate; - // This is true if init_tstate needs cleanup during exit. - int own_init_tstate; - - // This is true if, while entering the session, init_thread took - // "ownership" of the interpreter's __main__ module. This means - // it is the only thread that is allowed to run code there. - // (Caveat: for now, users may still run exec() against the - // __main__ module's dict, though that isn't advisable.) - int running; - // This is a cached reference to the __dict__ of the entered - // interpreter's __main__ module. It is looked up when at the - // beginning of the session as a convenience. - PyObject *main_ns; - - // This is set if the interpreter is entered and raised an exception - // that needs to be handled in some special way during exit. - _PyXI_errcode *error_override; - // This is set if exit captured an exception to propagate. - _PyXI_error *error; - - // -- pre-allocated memory -- - _PyXI_error _error; - _PyXI_errcode _error_override; -}; +typedef struct xi_session _PyXI_session; + +PyAPI_FUNC(_PyXI_session *) _PyXI_NewSession(void); +PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyXI_FreeSession(_PyXI_session *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXI_Enter( _PyXI_session *session, @@ -364,6 +356,8 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXI_Enter( PyObject *nsupdates); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyXI_Exit(_PyXI_session *session); +PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyXI_GetMainNamespace(_PyXI_session *); + PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyXI_ApplyCapturedException(_PyXI_session *session); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXI_HasCapturedException(_PyXI_session *session); diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp_data_registry.h b/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp_data_registry.h index 8f4bcb948e5a45..fbb4cad5cac32e 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp_data_registry.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_crossinterp_data_registry.h @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ typedef struct _xid_regitem { /* This is NULL for builtin types. */ PyObject *weakref; size_t refcount; - xidatafunc getdata; + _PyXIData_getdata_t getdata; } _PyXIData_regitem_t; typedef struct { @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ typedef struct { PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXIData_RegisterClass( PyThreadState *, PyTypeObject *, - xidatafunc); + _PyXIData_getdata_t); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyXIData_UnregisterClass( PyThreadState *, PyTypeObject *); diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_debug_offsets.h b/Include/internal/pycore_debug_offsets.h index 59d2c9d5377953..ce3fcb109f49f7 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_debug_offsets.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_debug_offsets.h @@ -52,9 +52,15 @@ extern "C" { #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED # define _Py_Debug_gilruntimestate_enabled offsetof(struct _gil_runtime_state, enabled) # define _Py_Debug_Free_Threaded 1 +# define _Py_Debug_code_object_co_tlbc offsetof(PyCodeObject, co_tlbc) +# define _Py_Debug_interpreter_frame_tlbc_index offsetof(_PyInterpreterFrame, tlbc_index) +# define _Py_Debug_interpreter_state_tlbc_generation offsetof(PyInterpreterState, tlbc_indices.tlbc_generation) #else # define _Py_Debug_gilruntimestate_enabled 0 # define _Py_Debug_Free_Threaded 0 +# define _Py_Debug_code_object_co_tlbc 0 +# define _Py_Debug_interpreter_frame_tlbc_index 0 +# define _Py_Debug_interpreter_state_tlbc_generation 0 #endif @@ -85,6 +91,8 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { uint64_t gil_runtime_state_enabled; uint64_t gil_runtime_state_locked; uint64_t gil_runtime_state_holder; + uint64_t code_object_generation; + uint64_t tlbc_generation; } interpreter_state; // Thread state offset; @@ -109,6 +117,7 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { uint64_t localsplus; uint64_t owner; uint64_t stackpointer; + uint64_t tlbc_index; } interpreter_frame; // Code object offset; @@ -123,6 +132,7 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { uint64_t localsplusnames; uint64_t localspluskinds; uint64_t co_code_adaptive; + uint64_t co_tlbc; } code_object; // PyObject offset; @@ -210,6 +220,11 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { uint64_t gi_frame_state; } gen_object; + struct _llist_node { + uint64_t next; + uint64_t prev; + } llist_node; + struct _debugger_support { uint64_t eval_breaker; uint64_t remote_debugger_support; @@ -245,6 +260,8 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { .gil_runtime_state_enabled = _Py_Debug_gilruntimestate_enabled, \ .gil_runtime_state_locked = offsetof(PyInterpreterState, _gil.locked), \ .gil_runtime_state_holder = offsetof(PyInterpreterState, _gil.last_holder), \ + .code_object_generation = offsetof(PyInterpreterState, _code_object_generation), \ + .tlbc_generation = _Py_Debug_interpreter_state_tlbc_generation, \ }, \ .thread_state = { \ .size = sizeof(PyThreadState), \ @@ -265,6 +282,7 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { .localsplus = offsetof(_PyInterpreterFrame, localsplus), \ .owner = offsetof(_PyInterpreterFrame, owner), \ .stackpointer = offsetof(_PyInterpreterFrame, stackpointer), \ + .tlbc_index = _Py_Debug_interpreter_frame_tlbc_index, \ }, \ .code_object = { \ .size = sizeof(PyCodeObject), \ @@ -277,6 +295,7 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { .localsplusnames = offsetof(PyCodeObject, co_localsplusnames), \ .localspluskinds = offsetof(PyCodeObject, co_localspluskinds), \ .co_code_adaptive = offsetof(PyCodeObject, co_code_adaptive), \ + .co_tlbc = _Py_Debug_code_object_co_tlbc, \ }, \ .pyobject = { \ .size = sizeof(PyObject), \ @@ -339,6 +358,10 @@ typedef struct _Py_DebugOffsets { .gi_iframe = offsetof(PyGenObject, gi_iframe), \ .gi_frame_state = offsetof(PyGenObject, gi_frame_state), \ }, \ + .llist_node = { \ + .next = offsetof(struct llist_node, next), \ + .prev = offsetof(struct llist_node, prev), \ + }, \ .debugger_support = { \ .eval_breaker = offsetof(PyThreadState, eval_breaker), \ .remote_debugger_support = offsetof(PyThreadState, remote_debugger_support), \ diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_dict.h b/Include/internal/pycore_dict.h index 754eb88a85c33c..25bb224921aa8b 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_dict.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_dict.h @@ -150,6 +150,8 @@ extern int _PyDict_Pop_KnownHash( Py_hash_t hash, PyObject **result); +extern void _PyDict_Clear_LockHeld(PyObject *op); + #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyDict_EnsureSharedOnRead(PyDictObject *mp); #endif diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_function.h b/Include/internal/pycore_function.h index 209252b2ddc0de..a30d52d49bdc4d 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_function.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_function.h @@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ PyFunctionObject *_PyFunction_LookupByVersion(uint32_t version, PyObject **p_cod extern PyObject *_Py_set_function_type_params( PyThreadState* unused, PyObject *func, PyObject *type_params); + +/* See pycore_code.h for explanation about what "stateless" means. */ + +PyAPI_FUNC(int) +_PyFunction_VerifyStateless(PyThreadState *, PyObject *); + + #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h index 9bde4faaf5a040..ad70772fc334de 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h @@ -796,6 +796,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) { _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(alias)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(align)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(all)); + _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(all_threads)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(allow_code)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(any)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(append)); @@ -893,6 +894,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) { _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(data)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(database)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(day)); + _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(debug)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(decode)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(decoder)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(default)); @@ -904,7 +906,6 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) { _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(deterministic)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(device)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(dict)); - _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(dict_content)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(dictcomp)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(difference_update)); _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(digest)); diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h b/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h index 3a83fd6b6042e2..c26715f6f6e23e 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h @@ -287,6 +287,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings { STRUCT_FOR_ID(alias) STRUCT_FOR_ID(align) STRUCT_FOR_ID(all) + STRUCT_FOR_ID(all_threads) STRUCT_FOR_ID(allow_code) STRUCT_FOR_ID(any) STRUCT_FOR_ID(append) @@ -384,6 +385,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings { STRUCT_FOR_ID(data) STRUCT_FOR_ID(database) STRUCT_FOR_ID(day) + STRUCT_FOR_ID(debug) STRUCT_FOR_ID(decode) STRUCT_FOR_ID(decoder) STRUCT_FOR_ID(default) @@ -395,7 +397,6 @@ struct _Py_global_strings { STRUCT_FOR_ID(deterministic) STRUCT_FOR_ID(device) STRUCT_FOR_ID(dict) - STRUCT_FOR_ID(dict_content) STRUCT_FOR_ID(dictcomp) STRUCT_FOR_ID(difference_update) STRUCT_FOR_ID(digest) diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_interp_structs.h b/Include/internal/pycore_interp_structs.h index c3e6c77405bfe7..8a29c533b99058 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_interp_structs.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_interp_structs.h @@ -726,6 +726,10 @@ typedef struct _PyIndexPool { // Next index to allocate if no free indices are available int32_t next_index; + + // Generation counter incremented on thread creation/destruction + // Used for TLBC cache invalidation in remote debugging + uint32_t tlbc_generation; } _PyIndexPool; typedef union _Py_unique_id_entry { @@ -843,6 +847,8 @@ struct _is { /* The per-interpreter GIL, which might not be used. */ struct _gil_runtime_state _gil; + uint64_t _code_object_generation; + /* ---------- IMPORTANT --------------------------- The fields above this line are declared as early as possible to facilitate out-of-process observability diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_long.h b/Include/internal/pycore_long.h index ed6c435316708e..3196d1b82084b9 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_long.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_long.h @@ -158,6 +158,11 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyLong_UnsignedLongLong_Converter(PyObject *, void *); // Export for '_testclinic' shared extension (Argument Clinic code) PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyLong_Size_t_Converter(PyObject *, void *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyLong_UInt8_Converter(PyObject *, void *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyLong_UInt16_Converter(PyObject *, void *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyLong_UInt32_Converter(PyObject *, void *); +PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyLong_UInt64_Converter(PyObject *, void *); + /* Long value tag bits: * 0-1: Sign bits value = (1-sign), ie. negative=2, positive=0, zero=1. * 2: Set to 1 for the small ints diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h index 0e34074f1600a7..8d92e29c435056 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h @@ -1787,6 +1787,35 @@ const uint8_t _PyOpcode_Caches[256] = { extern const uint8_t _PyOpcode_Deopt[256]; #ifdef NEED_OPCODE_METADATA const uint8_t _PyOpcode_Deopt[256] = { + [121] = 121, + [122] = 122, + [123] = 123, + [124] = 124, + [125] = 125, + [126] = 126, + [127] = 127, + [212] = 212, + [213] = 213, + [214] = 214, + [215] = 215, + [216] = 216, + [217] = 217, + [218] = 218, + [219] = 219, + [220] = 220, + [221] = 221, + [222] = 222, + [223] = 223, + [224] = 224, + [225] = 225, + [226] = 226, + [227] = 227, + [228] = 228, + [229] = 229, + [230] = 230, + [231] = 231, + [232] = 232, + [233] = 233, [BINARY_OP] = BINARY_OP, [BINARY_OP_ADD_FLOAT] = BINARY_OP, [BINARY_OP_ADD_INT] = BINARY_OP, diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_utils.h b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_utils.h index 62af06dc01c125..79a1a242556a52 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_utils.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_utils.h @@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ extern "C" { #define IS_RETURN_OPCODE(opcode) \ (opcode == RETURN_VALUE) +#define IS_RAISE_OPCODE(opcode) \ + (opcode == RAISE_VARARGS || opcode == RERAISE) /* Flags used in the oparg for MAKE_FUNCTION */ diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_pyerrors.h b/Include/internal/pycore_pyerrors.h index f357b88e220e6e..2c2048f7e1272a 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_pyerrors.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_pyerrors.h @@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ extern void _PyErr_Fetch( PyObject **value, PyObject **traceback); -extern PyObject* _PyErr_GetRaisedException(PyThreadState *tstate); +PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyErr_GetRaisedException(PyThreadState *tstate); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyErr_ExceptionMatches( PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *exc); -extern void _PyErr_SetRaisedException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *exc); +PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyErr_SetRaisedException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *exc); extern void _PyErr_Restore( PyThreadState *tstate, diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_pythonrun.h b/Include/internal/pycore_pythonrun.h index 0bfc5704dc4c59..7daed1326af8d5 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_pythonrun.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_pythonrun.h @@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ extern int _PyRun_InteractiveLoopObject( PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags); +extern int _PyObject_SupportedAsScript(PyObject *); extern const char* _Py_SourceAsString( PyObject *cmd, const char *funcname, diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h index 4a34ffa559e124..baf528fd2f641f 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h @@ -794,6 +794,7 @@ extern "C" { INIT_ID(alias), \ INIT_ID(align), \ INIT_ID(all), \ + INIT_ID(all_threads), \ INIT_ID(allow_code), \ INIT_ID(any), \ INIT_ID(append), \ @@ -891,6 +892,7 @@ extern "C" { INIT_ID(data), \ INIT_ID(database), \ INIT_ID(day), \ + INIT_ID(debug), \ INIT_ID(decode), \ INIT_ID(decoder), \ INIT_ID(default), \ @@ -902,7 +904,6 @@ extern "C" { INIT_ID(deterministic), \ INIT_ID(device), \ INIT_ID(dict), \ - INIT_ID(dict_content), \ INIT_ID(dictcomp), \ INIT_ID(difference_update), \ INIT_ID(digest), \ diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject.h b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject.h index c85d53b89accdb..3791b913c17546 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject.h @@ -139,14 +139,18 @@ extern PyObject* _PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscapeStateful( // Helper for PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape that detects invalid escape // chars. // Export for test_peg_generator. -PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscapeInternal( +PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscapeInternal2( const char *string, /* Unicode-Escape encoded string */ Py_ssize_t length, /* size of string */ const char *errors, /* error handling */ Py_ssize_t *consumed, /* bytes consumed */ - const char **first_invalid_escape); /* on return, points to first - invalid escaped char in - string. */ + int *first_invalid_escape_char, /* on return, if not -1, contain the first + invalid escaped char (<= 0xff) or invalid + octal escape (> 0xff) in string. */ + const char **first_invalid_escape_ptr); /* on return, if not NULL, may + point to the first invalid escaped + char in string. + May be NULL if errors is not NULL. */ /* --- Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs ---------------------------------------------- */ diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h index fefacef77c89ee..08404ee5bbb6fb 100644 --- a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h +++ b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h @@ -936,6 +936,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) { _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1); + string = &_Py_ID(all_threads); + _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); + assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); + assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1); string = &_Py_ID(allow_code); _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); @@ -1324,6 +1328,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) { _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1); + string = &_Py_ID(debug); + _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); + assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); + assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1); string = &_Py_ID(decode); _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); @@ -1368,10 +1376,6 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) { _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1); - string = &_Py_ID(dict_content); - _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); - assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); - assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1); string = &_Py_ID(dictcomp); _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string); assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1)); diff --git a/Include/patchlevel.h b/Include/patchlevel.h index c9dd659046a367..d761b114c16ecb 100644 --- a/Include/patchlevel.h +++ b/Include/patchlevel.h @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ #define PY_MINOR_VERSION 14 #define PY_MICRO_VERSION 0 #define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_BETA -#define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 1 +#define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 2 /* Version as a string */ -#define PY_VERSION "3.14.0b1" +#define PY_VERSION "3.14.0b2+" /*--end constants--*/ diff --git a/Include/pythonrun.h b/Include/pythonrun.h index fad2b3c77476e4..716c4ab3c81cae 100644 --- a/Include/pythonrun.h +++ b/Include/pythonrun.h @@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ PyAPI_DATA(int) (*PyOS_InputHook)(void); # define PYOS_LOG2_STACK_MARGIN 12 #elif defined(Py_DEBUG) && defined(WIN32) # define PYOS_LOG2_STACK_MARGIN 12 -#elif defined(__wasi__) - /* Web assembly has two stacks, so this isn't really a size */ -# define PYOS_LOG2_STACK_MARGIN 9 #else # define PYOS_LOG2_STACK_MARGIN 11 #endif diff --git a/Lib/_ast_unparse.py b/Lib/_ast_unparse.py index 0b669edb2ffec6..c25066eb107de1 100644 --- a/Lib/_ast_unparse.py +++ b/Lib/_ast_unparse.py @@ -627,6 +627,9 @@ def _write_ftstring(self, values, prefix): self._ftstring_helper(fstring_parts) def _tstring_helper(self, node): + if not node.values: + self._write_ftstring([], "t") + return last_idx = 0 for i, value in enumerate(node.values): # This can happen if we have an implicit concat of a t-string @@ -679,9 +682,12 @@ def _unparse_interpolation_value(self, inner): unparser.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), inner) return unparser.visit(inner) - def _write_interpolation(self, node): + def _write_interpolation(self, node, is_interpolation=False): with self.delimit("{", "}"): - expr = self._unparse_interpolation_value(node.value) + if is_interpolation: + expr = node.str + else: + expr = self._unparse_interpolation_value(node.value) if expr.startswith("{"): # Separate pair of opening brackets as "{ {" self.write(" ") @@ -696,7 +702,7 @@ def visit_FormattedValue(self, node): self._write_interpolation(node) def visit_Interpolation(self, node): - self._write_interpolation(node) + self._write_interpolation(node, is_interpolation=True) def visit_Name(self, node): self.write(node.id) diff --git a/Lib/_pydatetime.py b/Lib/_pydatetime.py index e3db1b52b1159b..f11eaa50e016e9 100644 --- a/Lib/_pydatetime.py +++ b/Lib/_pydatetime.py @@ -1127,8 +1127,8 @@ def isoformat(self): This is 'YYYY-MM-DD'. References: - - http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime - - http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html + - https://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime + - https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html """ return "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (self._year, self._month, self._day) @@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@ def isocalendar(self): The first week is 1; Monday is 1 ... Sunday is 7. ISO calendar algorithm taken from - http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm + https://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm (used with permission) """ year = self._year diff --git a/Lib/_pyio.py b/Lib/_pyio.py index a870de5b532542..fb2a6d049caab6 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyio.py +++ b/Lib/_pyio.py @@ -407,6 +407,9 @@ def __del__(self): if closed: return + if dealloc_warn := getattr(self, "_dealloc_warn", None): + dealloc_warn(self) + # If close() fails, the caller logs the exception with # sys.unraisablehook. close() must be called at the end at __del__(). self.close() @@ -645,8 +648,6 @@ def write(self, b): self._unsupported("write") io.RawIOBase.register(RawIOBase) -from _io import FileIO -RawIOBase.register(FileIO) class BufferedIOBase(IOBase): @@ -853,6 +854,10 @@ def __repr__(self): else: return "<{}.{} name={!r}>".format(modname, clsname, name) + def _dealloc_warn(self, source): + if dealloc_warn := getattr(self.raw, "_dealloc_warn", None): + dealloc_warn(source) + ### Lower-level APIs ### def fileno(self): @@ -1563,7 +1568,8 @@ def __init__(self, file, mode='r', closefd=True, opener=None): if not isinstance(fd, int): raise TypeError('expected integer from opener') if fd < 0: - raise OSError('Negative file descriptor') + # bpo-27066: Raise a ValueError for bad value. + raise ValueError(f'opener returned {fd}') owned_fd = fd if not noinherit_flag: os.set_inheritable(fd, False) @@ -1600,12 +1606,11 @@ def __init__(self, file, mode='r', closefd=True, opener=None): raise self._fd = fd - def __del__(self): + def _dealloc_warn(self, source): if self._fd >= 0 and self._closefd and not self.closed: import warnings - warnings.warn('unclosed file %r' % (self,), ResourceWarning, + warnings.warn(f'unclosed file {source!r}', ResourceWarning, stacklevel=2, source=self) - self.close() def __getstate__(self): raise TypeError(f"cannot pickle {self.__class__.__name__!r} object") @@ -1780,7 +1785,7 @@ def close(self): if not self.closed: self._stat_atopen = None try: - if self._closefd: + if self._closefd and self._fd >= 0: os.close(self._fd) finally: super().close() @@ -2689,6 +2694,10 @@ def readline(self, size=None): def newlines(self): return self._decoder.newlines if self._decoder else None + def _dealloc_warn(self, source): + if dealloc_warn := getattr(self.buffer, "_dealloc_warn", None): + dealloc_warn(source) + class StringIO(TextIOWrapper): """Text I/O implementation using an in-memory buffer. diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/_module_completer.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/_module_completer.py index 347f05607c75c5..1e9462a42156d4 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/_module_completer.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/_module_completer.py @@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ def make_default_module_completer() -> ModuleCompleter: - # Inside pyrepl, __package__ is set to '_pyrepl' - return ModuleCompleter(namespace={'__package__': '_pyrepl'}) + # Inside pyrepl, __package__ is set to None by default + return ModuleCompleter(namespace={'__package__': None}) class ModuleCompleter: @@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ def __init__(self, namespace: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None) -> None: self._global_cache: list[pkgutil.ModuleInfo] = [] self._curr_sys_path: list[str] = sys.path[:] - def get_completions(self, line: str) -> list[str]: + def get_completions(self, line: str) -> list[str] | None: """Return the next possible import completions for 'line'.""" result = ImportParser(line).parse() if not result: - return [] + return None try: return self.complete(*result) except Exception: @@ -81,8 +81,11 @@ def find_modules(self, path: str, prefix: str) -> list[str]: def _find_modules(self, path: str, prefix: str) -> list[str]: if not path: # Top-level import (e.g. `import foo`` or `from foo`)` - return [name for _, name, _ in self.global_cache - if name.startswith(prefix)] + builtin_modules = [name for name in sys.builtin_module_names + if self.is_suggestion_match(name, prefix)] + third_party_modules = [module.name for module in self.global_cache + if self.is_suggestion_match(module.name, prefix)] + return sorted(builtin_modules + third_party_modules) if path.startswith('.'): # Convert relative path to absolute path @@ -97,7 +100,14 @@ def _find_modules(self, path: str, prefix: str) -> list[str]: if mod_info.ispkg and mod_info.name == segment] modules = self.iter_submodules(modules) return [module.name for module in modules - if module.name.startswith(prefix)] + if self.is_suggestion_match(module.name, prefix)] + + def is_suggestion_match(self, module_name: str, prefix: str) -> bool: + if prefix: + return module_name.startswith(prefix) + # For consistency with attribute completion, which + # does not suggest private attributes unless requested. + return not module_name.startswith("_") def iter_submodules(self, parent_modules: list[pkgutil.ModuleInfo]) -> Iterator[pkgutil.ModuleInfo]: """Iterate over all submodules of the given parent modules.""" diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py index 2354fbb2ec2c1e..50c824995d85b8 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py @@ -370,6 +370,13 @@ def do(self) -> None: r = self.reader text = self.event * r.get_arg() r.insert(text) + if r.paste_mode: + data = "" + ev = r.console.getpending() + data += ev.data + if data: + r.insert(data) + r.last_refresh_cache.invalidated = True class insert_nl(EditCommand): @@ -484,7 +491,6 @@ def do(self) -> None: data = "" start = time.time() while done not in data: - self.reader.console.wait(100) ev = self.reader.console.getpending() data += ev.data trace( diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py index a6f824dcc4ad14..447eb1e551e774 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ import errno import os import sys +import types CAN_USE_PYREPL: bool @@ -29,12 +30,10 @@ def interactive_console(mainmodule=None, quiet=False, pythonstartup=False): print(FAIL_REASON, file=sys.stderr) return sys._baserepl() - if mainmodule: - namespace = mainmodule.__dict__ - else: - import __main__ - namespace = __main__.__dict__ - namespace.pop("__pyrepl_interactive_console", None) + if not mainmodule: + mainmodule = types.ModuleType("__main__") + + namespace = mainmodule.__dict__ # sys._baserepl() above does this internally, we do it here startup_path = os.getenv("PYTHONSTARTUP") diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py index 560a9db192169e..9560ae779abfea 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py @@ -134,7 +134,8 @@ def get_stem(self) -> str: return "".join(b[p + 1 : self.pos]) def get_completions(self, stem: str) -> list[str]: - if module_completions := self.get_module_completions(): + module_completions = self.get_module_completions() + if module_completions is not None: return module_completions if len(stem) == 0 and self.more_lines is not None: b = self.buffer @@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ def get_completions(self, stem: str) -> list[str]: result.sort() return result - def get_module_completions(self) -> list[str]: + def get_module_completions(self) -> list[str] | None: line = self.get_line() return self.config.module_completer.get_completions(line) @@ -606,6 +607,7 @@ def _setup(namespace: Mapping[str, Any]) -> None: # set up namespace in rlcompleter, which requires it to be a bona fide dict if not isinstance(namespace, dict): namespace = dict(namespace) + _wrapper.config.module_completer = ModuleCompleter(namespace) _wrapper.config.readline_completer = RLCompleter(namespace).complete # this is not really what readline.c does. Better than nothing I guess diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py index b3848833e14208..965b853c34b392 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py @@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import sys import code import warnings +import errno from .readline import _get_reader, multiline_input, append_history_file @@ -110,6 +111,10 @@ def run_multiline_interactive_console( more_lines = functools.partial(_more_lines, console) input_n = 0 + _is_x_showrefcount_set = sys._xoptions.get("showrefcount") + _is_pydebug_build = hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount") + show_ref_count = _is_x_showrefcount_set and _is_pydebug_build + def maybe_run_command(statement: str) -> bool: statement = statement.strip() if statement in console.locals or statement not in REPL_COMMANDS: @@ -149,6 +154,7 @@ def maybe_run_command(statement: str) -> bool: append_history_file() except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError, OSError) as e: warnings.warn(f"failed to open the history file for writing: {e}") + input_n += 1 except KeyboardInterrupt: r = _get_reader() @@ -167,3 +173,8 @@ def maybe_run_command(statement: str) -> bool: except: console.showtraceback() console.resetbuffer() + if show_ref_count: + console.write( + f"[{sys.gettotalrefcount()} refs," + f" {sys.getallocatedblocks()} blocks]\n" + ) diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py index 38cf6b5a08e892..e04fbdc6c8a5c4 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py @@ -41,9 +41,15 @@ def from_re(cls, m: Match[str], group: int | str) -> Self: @classmethod def from_token(cls, token: TI, line_len: list[int]) -> Self: + end_offset = -1 + if (token.type in {T.FSTRING_MIDDLE, T.TSTRING_MIDDLE} + and token.string.endswith(("{", "}"))): + # gh-134158: a visible trailing brace comes from a double brace in input + end_offset += 1 + return cls( line_len[token.start[0] - 1] + token.start[1], - line_len[token.end[0] - 1] + token.end[1] - 1, + line_len[token.end[0] - 1] + token.end[1] + end_offset, ) @@ -102,6 +108,8 @@ def gen_colors(buffer: str) -> Iterator[ColorSpan]: for color in gen_colors_from_token_stream(gen, line_lengths): yield color last_emitted = color + except SyntaxError: + return except tokenize.TokenError as te: yield from recover_unterminated_string( te, line_lengths, last_emitted, buffer diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py index 95749198b3b2f9..c56dcd6d7dd434 100644 --- a/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py +++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py @@ -419,10 +419,7 @@ def _getscrollbacksize(self) -> int: return info.srWindow.Bottom # type: ignore[no-any-return] - def _read_input(self, block: bool = True) -> INPUT_RECORD | None: - if not block and not self.wait(timeout=0): - return None - + def _read_input(self) -> INPUT_RECORD | None: rec = INPUT_RECORD() read = DWORD() if not ReadConsoleInput(InHandle, rec, 1, read): @@ -431,14 +428,10 @@ def _read_input(self, block: bool = True) -> INPUT_RECORD | None: return rec def _read_input_bulk( - self, block: bool, n: int + self, n: int ) -> tuple[ctypes.Array[INPUT_RECORD], int]: rec = (n * INPUT_RECORD)() read = DWORD() - - if not block and not self.wait(timeout=0): - return rec, 0 - if not ReadConsoleInput(InHandle, rec, n, read): raise WinError(GetLastError()) @@ -449,8 +442,11 @@ def get_event(self, block: bool = True) -> Event | None: and there is no event pending, otherwise waits for the completion of an event.""" + if not block and not self.wait(timeout=0): + return None + while self.event_queue.empty(): - rec = self._read_input(block) + rec = self._read_input() if rec is None: return None @@ -551,12 +547,20 @@ def getpending(self) -> Event: if e2: e.data += e2.data - recs, rec_count = self._read_input_bulk(False, 1024) + recs, rec_count = self._read_input_bulk(1024) for i in range(rec_count): rec = recs[i] + # In case of a legacy console, we do not only receive a keydown + # event, but also a keyup event - and for uppercase letters + # an additional SHIFT_PRESSED event. if rec and rec.EventType == KEY_EVENT: key_event = rec.Event.KeyEvent + if not key_event.bKeyDown: + continue ch = key_event.uChar.UnicodeChar + if ch == "\x00": + # ignore SHIFT_PRESSED and special keys + continue if ch == "\r": ch += "\n" e.data += ch diff --git a/Lib/annotationlib.py b/Lib/annotationlib.py index c0b1d4395d14ed..a7dfb91515a1c4 100644 --- a/Lib/annotationlib.py +++ b/Lib/annotationlib.py @@ -305,6 +305,9 @@ def __repr__(self): return f"ForwardRef({self.__forward_arg__!r}{''.join(extra)})" +_Template = type(t"") + + class _Stringifier: # Must match the slots on ForwardRef, so we can turn an instance of one into an # instance of the other in place. @@ -341,6 +344,8 @@ def __convert_to_ast(self, other): if isinstance(other.__ast_node__, str): return ast.Name(id=other.__ast_node__), other.__extra_names__ return other.__ast_node__, other.__extra_names__ + elif type(other) is _Template: + return _template_to_ast(other), None elif ( # In STRING format we don't bother with the create_unique_name() dance; # it's better to emit the repr() of the object instead of an opaque name. @@ -560,6 +565,32 @@ def unary_op(self): del _make_unary_op +def _template_to_ast(template): + values = [] + for part in template: + match part: + case str(): + values.append(ast.Constant(value=part)) + # Interpolation, but we don't want to import the string module + case _: + interp = ast.Interpolation( + str=part.expression, + value=ast.parse(part.expression), + conversion=( + ord(part.conversion) + if part.conversion is not None + else -1 + ), + format_spec=( + ast.Constant(value=part.format_spec) + if part.format_spec != "" + else None + ), + ) + values.append(interp) + return ast.TemplateStr(values=values) + + class _StringifierDict(dict): def __init__(self, namespace, *, globals=None, owner=None, is_class=False, format): super().__init__(namespace) @@ -784,6 +815,8 @@ def _stringify_single(anno): # We have to handle str specially to support PEP 563 stringified annotations. elif isinstance(anno, str): return anno + elif isinstance(anno, _Template): + return ast.unparse(_template_to_ast(anno)) else: return repr(anno) @@ -976,6 +1009,9 @@ def type_repr(value): if value.__module__ == "builtins": return value.__qualname__ return f"{value.__module__}.{value.__qualname__}" + elif isinstance(value, _Template): + tree = _template_to_ast(value) + return ast.unparse(tree) if value is ...: return "..." return repr(value) @@ -1006,14 +1042,27 @@ def _get_and_call_annotate(obj, format): return None +_BASE_GET_ANNOTATIONS = type.__dict__["__annotations__"].__get__ + + def _get_dunder_annotations(obj): """Return the annotations for an object, checking that it is a dictionary. Does not return a fresh dictionary. """ - ann = getattr(obj, "__annotations__", None) - if ann is None: - return None + # This special case is needed to support types defined under + # from __future__ import annotations, where accessing the __annotations__ + # attribute directly might return annotations for the wrong class. + if isinstance(obj, type): + try: + ann = _BASE_GET_ANNOTATIONS(obj) + except AttributeError: + # For static types, the descriptor raises AttributeError. + return None + else: + ann = getattr(obj, "__annotations__", None) + if ann is None: + return None if not isinstance(ann, dict): raise ValueError(f"{obj!r}.__annotations__ is neither a dict nor None") diff --git a/Lib/argparse.py b/Lib/argparse.py index f13ac82dbc50b3..d1a6350c3fda6d 100644 --- a/Lib/argparse.py +++ b/Lib/argparse.py @@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ def __init__( indent_increment=2, max_help_position=24, width=None, - prefix_chars='-', color=False, ): # default setting for width @@ -176,16 +175,7 @@ def __init__( width = shutil.get_terminal_size().columns width -= 2 - from _colorize import can_colorize, decolor, get_theme - - if color and can_colorize(): - self._theme = get_theme(force_color=True).argparse - self._decolor = decolor - else: - self._theme = get_theme(force_no_color=True).argparse - self._decolor = lambda text: text - - self._prefix_chars = prefix_chars + self._set_color(color) self._prog = prog self._indent_increment = indent_increment self._max_help_position = min(max_help_position, @@ -202,9 +192,20 @@ def __init__( self._whitespace_matcher = _re.compile(r'\s+', _re.ASCII) self._long_break_matcher = _re.compile(r'\n\n\n+') + def _set_color(self, color): + from _colorize import can_colorize, decolor, get_theme + + if color and can_colorize(): + self._theme = get_theme(force_color=True).argparse + self._decolor = decolor + else: + self._theme = get_theme(force_no_color=True).argparse + self._decolor = lambda text: text + # =============================== # Section and indentation methods # =============================== + def _indent(self): self._current_indent += self._indent_increment self._level += 1 @@ -256,6 +257,7 @@ def _add_item(self, func, args): # ======================== # Message building methods # ======================== + def start_section(self, heading): self._indent() section = self._Section(self, self._current_section, heading) @@ -299,6 +301,7 @@ def add_arguments(self, actions): # ======================= # Help-formatting methods # ======================= + def format_help(self): help = self._root_section.format_help() if help: @@ -415,14 +418,7 @@ def _format_actions_usage(self, actions, groups): return ' '.join(self._get_actions_usage_parts(actions, groups)) def _is_long_option(self, string): - return len(string) >= 2 and string[1] in self._prefix_chars - - def _is_short_option(self, string): - return ( - not self._is_long_option(string) - and len(string) >= 1 - and string[0] in self._prefix_chars - ) + return len(string) > 2 def _get_actions_usage_parts(self, actions, groups): # find group indices and identify actions in groups @@ -471,25 +467,22 @@ def _get_actions_usage_parts(self, actions, groups): # produce the first way to invoke the option in brackets else: option_string = action.option_strings[0] + if self._is_long_option(option_string): + option_color = t.summary_long_option + else: + option_color = t.summary_short_option # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is: # -s or --long if action.nargs == 0: part = action.format_usage() - if self._is_long_option(part): - part = f"{t.summary_long_option}{part}{t.reset}" - elif self._is_short_option(part): - part = f"{t.summary_short_option}{part}{t.reset}" + part = f"{option_color}{part}{t.reset}" # if the Optional takes a value, format is: # -s ARGS or --long ARGS else: default = self._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action) args_string = self._format_args(action, default) - if self._is_long_option(option_string): - option_color = t.summary_long_option - elif self._is_short_option(option_string): - option_color = t.summary_short_option part = ( f"{option_color}{option_string} " f"{t.summary_label}{args_string}{t.reset}" @@ -606,10 +599,8 @@ def color_option_strings(strings): for s in strings: if self._is_long_option(s): parts.append(f"{t.long_option}{s}{t.reset}") - elif self._is_short_option(s): - parts.append(f"{t.short_option}{s}{t.reset}") else: - parts.append(s) + parts.append(f"{t.short_option}{s}{t.reset}") return parts # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is: @@ -1479,6 +1470,7 @@ def __init__(self, # ==================== # Registration methods # ==================== + def register(self, registry_name, value, object): registry = self._registries.setdefault(registry_name, {}) registry[value] = object @@ -1489,6 +1481,7 @@ def _registry_get(self, registry_name, value, default=None): # ================================== # Namespace default accessor methods # ================================== + def set_defaults(self, **kwargs): self._defaults.update(kwargs) @@ -1508,6 +1501,7 @@ def get_default(self, dest): # ======================= # Adding argument actions # ======================= + def add_argument(self, *args, **kwargs): """ add_argument(dest, ..., name=value, ...) @@ -1933,6 +1927,7 @@ def identity(string): # ======================= # Pretty __repr__ methods # ======================= + def _get_kwargs(self): names = [ 'prog', @@ -1947,6 +1942,7 @@ def _get_kwargs(self): # ================================== # Optional/Positional adding methods # ================================== + def add_subparsers(self, **kwargs): if self._subparsers is not None: raise ValueError('cannot have multiple subparser arguments') @@ -2000,6 +1996,7 @@ def _get_positional_actions(self): # ===================================== # Command line argument parsing methods # ===================================== + def parse_args(self, args=None, namespace=None): args, argv = self.parse_known_args(args, namespace) if argv: @@ -2594,6 +2591,7 @@ def parse_known_intermixed_args(self, args=None, namespace=None): # ======================== # Value conversion methods # ======================== + def _get_values(self, action, arg_strings): # optional argument produces a default when not present if not arg_strings and action.nargs == OPTIONAL: @@ -2693,6 +2691,7 @@ def _check_value(self, action, value): # ======================= # Help-formatting methods # ======================= + def format_usage(self): formatter = self._get_formatter() formatter.add_usage(self.usage, self._actions, @@ -2723,20 +2722,14 @@ def format_help(self): return formatter.format_help() def _get_formatter(self): - if isinstance(self.formatter_class, type) and issubclass( - self.formatter_class, HelpFormatter - ): - return self.formatter_class( - prog=self.prog, - prefix_chars=self.prefix_chars, - color=self.color, - ) - else: - return self.formatter_class(prog=self.prog) + formatter = self.formatter_class(prog=self.prog) + formatter._set_color(self.color) + return formatter # ===================== # Help-printing methods # ===================== + def print_usage(self, file=None): if file is None: file = _sys.stdout @@ -2758,6 +2751,7 @@ def _print_message(self, message, file=None): # =============== # Exiting methods # =============== + def exit(self, status=0, message=None): if message: self._print_message(message, _sys.stderr) diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py b/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py index 9c2ba679ce2bf1..d40af422e614c1 100644 --- a/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py +++ b/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py @@ -104,7 +104,12 @@ def close(self): for proto in self._pipes.values(): if proto is None: continue - proto.pipe.close() + # See gh-114177 + # skip closing the pipe if loop is already closed + # this can happen e.g. when loop is closed immediately after + # process is killed + if self._loop and not self._loop.is_closed(): + proto.pipe.close() if (self._proc is not None and # has the child process finished? diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/graph.py b/Lib/asyncio/graph.py index d8df7c9919abbf..b5bfeb1630a159 100644 --- a/Lib/asyncio/graph.py +++ b/Lib/asyncio/graph.py @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ """Introspection utils for tasks call graphs.""" import dataclasses +import io import sys import types @@ -16,9 +17,6 @@ 'FutureCallGraph', ) -if False: # for type checkers - from typing import TextIO - # Sadly, we can't re-use the traceback module's datastructures as those # are tailored for error reporting, whereas we need to represent an # async call graph. @@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ def print_call_graph( future: futures.Future | None = None, /, *, - file: TextIO | None = None, + file: io.Writer[str] | None = None, depth: int = 1, limit: int | None = None, ) -> None: diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py index 22147451fa7ebd..6ad84044adf146 100644 --- a/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py +++ b/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def _accept_connection( # listening socket has triggered an EVENT_READ. There may be multiple # connections waiting for an .accept() so it is called in a loop. # See https://bugs.python.org/issue27906 for more details. - for _ in range(backlog): + for _ in range(backlog + 1): try: conn, addr = sock.accept() if self._debug: diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py b/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py index 888615f8e5e1b3..fbd5c39a7c56ac 100644 --- a/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py +++ b/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py @@ -908,6 +908,25 @@ def _done_callback(fut, cur_task=cur_task): return outer +def _log_on_exception(fut): + if fut.cancelled(): + return + + exc = fut.exception() + if exc is None: + return + + context = { + 'message': + f'{exc.__class__.__name__} exception in shielded future', + 'exception': exc, + 'future': fut, + } + if fut._source_traceback: + context['source_traceback'] = fut._source_traceback + fut._loop.call_exception_handler(context) + + def shield(arg): """Wait for a future, shielding it from cancellation. @@ -953,14 +972,11 @@ def shield(arg): else: cur_task = None - def _inner_done_callback(inner, cur_task=cur_task): - if cur_task is not None: - futures.future_discard_from_awaited_by(inner, cur_task) + def _clear_awaited_by_callback(inner): + futures.future_discard_from_awaited_by(inner, cur_task) + def _inner_done_callback(inner): if outer.cancelled(): - if not inner.cancelled(): - # Mark inner's result as retrieved. - inner.exception() return if inner.cancelled(): @@ -972,10 +988,16 @@ def _inner_done_callback(inner, cur_task=cur_task): else: outer.set_result(inner.result()) - def _outer_done_callback(outer): if not inner.done(): inner.remove_done_callback(_inner_done_callback) + # Keep only one callback to log on cancel + inner.remove_done_callback(_log_on_exception) + inner.add_done_callback(_log_on_exception) + + if cur_task is not None: + inner.add_done_callback(_clear_awaited_by_callback) + inner.add_done_callback(_inner_done_callback) outer.add_done_callback(_outer_done_callback) diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/tools.py b/Lib/asyncio/tools.py index bf1cb5e64cbfbe..3fc4524c008db6 100644 --- a/Lib/asyncio/tools.py +++ b/Lib/asyncio/tools.py @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ """Tools to analyze tasks running in asyncio programs.""" -from dataclasses import dataclass from collections import defaultdict from itertools import count from enum import Enum import sys -from _remote_debugging import get_all_awaited_by +from _remote_debugging import RemoteUnwinder class NodeType(Enum): @@ -13,11 +12,17 @@ class NodeType(Enum): TASK = 2 -@dataclass(frozen=True) class CycleFoundException(Exception): """Raised when there is a cycle when drawing the call tree.""" - cycles: list[list[int]] - id2name: dict[int, str] + def __init__( + self, + cycles: list[list[int]], + id2name: dict[int, str], + ) -> None: + super().__init__(cycles, id2name) + self.cycles = cycles + self.id2name = id2name + # ─── indexing helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────── @@ -112,6 +117,11 @@ def dfs(v): # ─── PRINT TREE FUNCTION ─────────────────────────────────────── +def get_all_awaited_by(pid): + unwinder = RemoteUnwinder(pid) + return unwinder.get_all_awaited_by() + + def build_async_tree(result, task_emoji="(T)", cor_emoji=""): """ Build a list of strings for pretty-print an async call tree. diff --git a/Lib/compression/bz2/__init__.py b/Lib/compression/bz2.py similarity index 100% rename from Lib/compression/bz2/__init__.py rename to Lib/compression/bz2.py diff --git a/Lib/compression/gzip/__init__.py b/Lib/compression/gzip.py similarity index 100% rename from Lib/compression/gzip/__init__.py rename to Lib/compression/gzip.py diff --git a/Lib/compression/lzma/__init__.py b/Lib/compression/lzma.py similarity index 100% rename from Lib/compression/lzma/__init__.py rename to Lib/compression/lzma.py diff --git a/Lib/compression/zlib/__init__.py b/Lib/compression/zlib.py similarity index 100% rename from Lib/compression/zlib/__init__.py rename to Lib/compression/zlib.py diff --git a/Lib/compression/zstd/__init__.py b/Lib/compression/zstd/__init__.py index 4f734eb07b00e3..84b25914b0aa93 100644 --- a/Lib/compression/zstd/__init__.py +++ b/Lib/compression/zstd/__init__.py @@ -2,41 +2,48 @@ __all__ = ( # compression.zstd - "COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT", - "compress", - "CompressionParameter", - "decompress", - "DecompressionParameter", - "finalize_dict", - "get_frame_info", - "Strategy", - "train_dict", + 'COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT', + 'compress', + 'CompressionParameter', + 'decompress', + 'DecompressionParameter', + 'finalize_dict', + 'get_frame_info', + 'Strategy', + 'train_dict', # compression.zstd._zstdfile - "open", - "ZstdFile", + 'open', + 'ZstdFile', # _zstd - "get_frame_size", - "zstd_version", - "zstd_version_info", - "ZstdCompressor", - "ZstdDecompressor", - "ZstdDict", - "ZstdError", + 'get_frame_size', + 'zstd_version', + 'zstd_version_info', + 'ZstdCompressor', + 'ZstdDecompressor', + 'ZstdDict', + 'ZstdError', ) import _zstd import enum -from _zstd import * +from _zstd import (ZstdCompressor, ZstdDecompressor, ZstdDict, ZstdError, + get_frame_size, zstd_version) from compression.zstd._zstdfile import ZstdFile, open, _nbytes -COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT = _zstd._compressionLevel_values[0] +# zstd_version_number is (MAJOR * 100 * 100 + MINOR * 100 + RELEASE) +zstd_version_info = (*divmod(_zstd.zstd_version_number // 100, 100), + _zstd.zstd_version_number % 100) +"""Version number of the runtime zstd library as a tuple of integers.""" + +COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT = _zstd.ZSTD_CLEVEL_DEFAULT """The default compression level for Zstandard, currently '3'.""" class FrameInfo: """Information about a Zstandard frame.""" + __slots__ = 'decompressed_size', 'dictionary_id' def __init__(self, decompressed_size, dictionary_id): @@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ def get_frame_info(frame_buffer): the frame may or may not need a dictionary to be decoded, and the ID of such a dictionary is not specified. """ - return FrameInfo(*_zstd._get_frame_info(frame_buffer)) + return FrameInfo(*_zstd.get_frame_info(frame_buffer)) def train_dict(samples, dict_size): @@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ def train_dict(samples, dict_size): chunk_sizes = tuple(_nbytes(sample) for sample in samples) if not chunks: raise ValueError("samples contained no data; can't train dictionary.") - dict_content = _zstd._train_dict(chunks, chunk_sizes, dict_size) + dict_content = _zstd.train_dict(chunks, chunk_sizes, dict_size) return ZstdDict(dict_content) @@ -119,13 +126,13 @@ def finalize_dict(zstd_dict, /, samples, dict_size, level): chunks = b''.join(samples) chunk_sizes = tuple(_nbytes(sample) for sample in samples) if not chunks: - raise ValueError("The samples are empty content, can't finalize the" + raise ValueError("The samples are empty content, can't finalize the " "dictionary.") - dict_content = _zstd._finalize_dict(zstd_dict.dict_content, - chunks, chunk_sizes, - dict_size, level) + dict_content = _zstd.finalize_dict(zstd_dict.dict_content, chunks, + chunk_sizes, dict_size, level) return ZstdDict(dict_content) + def compress(data, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None): """Return Zstandard compressed *data* as bytes. @@ -141,6 +148,7 @@ def compress(data, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None): comp = ZstdCompressor(level=level, options=options, zstd_dict=zstd_dict) return comp.compress(data, mode=ZstdCompressor.FLUSH_FRAME) + def decompress(data, zstd_dict=None, options=None): """Decompress one or more frames of Zstandard compressed *data*. @@ -156,59 +164,59 @@ def decompress(data, zstd_dict=None, options=None): decomp = ZstdDecompressor(options=options, zstd_dict=zstd_dict) results.append(decomp.decompress(data)) if not decomp.eof: - raise ZstdError("Compressed data ended before the " - "end-of-stream marker was reached") + raise ZstdError('Compressed data ended before the ' + 'end-of-stream marker was reached') data = decomp.unused_data if not data: break - return b"".join(results) + return b''.join(results) class CompressionParameter(enum.IntEnum): """Compression parameters.""" - compression_level = _zstd._ZSTD_c_compressionLevel - window_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_windowLog - hash_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_hashLog - chain_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_chainLog - search_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_searchLog - min_match = _zstd._ZSTD_c_minMatch - target_length = _zstd._ZSTD_c_targetLength - strategy = _zstd._ZSTD_c_strategy - - enable_long_distance_matching = _zstd._ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching - ldm_hash_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_ldmHashLog - ldm_min_match = _zstd._ZSTD_c_ldmMinMatch - ldm_bucket_size_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_ldmBucketSizeLog - ldm_hash_rate_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_ldmHashRateLog - - content_size_flag = _zstd._ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag - checksum_flag = _zstd._ZSTD_c_checksumFlag - dict_id_flag = _zstd._ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag - - nb_workers = _zstd._ZSTD_c_nbWorkers - job_size = _zstd._ZSTD_c_jobSize - overlap_log = _zstd._ZSTD_c_overlapLog + compression_level = _zstd.ZSTD_c_compressionLevel + window_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_windowLog + hash_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_hashLog + chain_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_chainLog + search_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_searchLog + min_match = _zstd.ZSTD_c_minMatch + target_length = _zstd.ZSTD_c_targetLength + strategy = _zstd.ZSTD_c_strategy + + enable_long_distance_matching = _zstd.ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching + ldm_hash_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_ldmHashLog + ldm_min_match = _zstd.ZSTD_c_ldmMinMatch + ldm_bucket_size_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_ldmBucketSizeLog + ldm_hash_rate_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_ldmHashRateLog + + content_size_flag = _zstd.ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag + checksum_flag = _zstd.ZSTD_c_checksumFlag + dict_id_flag = _zstd.ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag + + nb_workers = _zstd.ZSTD_c_nbWorkers + job_size = _zstd.ZSTD_c_jobSize + overlap_log = _zstd.ZSTD_c_overlapLog def bounds(self): """Return the (lower, upper) int bounds of a compression parameter. Both the lower and upper bounds are inclusive. """ - return _zstd._get_param_bounds(self.value, is_compress=True) + return _zstd.get_param_bounds(self.value, is_compress=True) class DecompressionParameter(enum.IntEnum): """Decompression parameters.""" - window_log_max = _zstd._ZSTD_d_windowLogMax + window_log_max = _zstd.ZSTD_d_windowLogMax def bounds(self): """Return the (lower, upper) int bounds of a decompression parameter. Both the lower and upper bounds are inclusive. """ - return _zstd._get_param_bounds(self.value, is_compress=False) + return _zstd.get_param_bounds(self.value, is_compress=False) class Strategy(enum.IntEnum): @@ -219,16 +227,16 @@ class Strategy(enum.IntEnum): the numeric value might change. """ - fast = _zstd._ZSTD_fast - dfast = _zstd._ZSTD_dfast - greedy = _zstd._ZSTD_greedy - lazy = _zstd._ZSTD_lazy - lazy2 = _zstd._ZSTD_lazy2 - btlazy2 = _zstd._ZSTD_btlazy2 - btopt = _zstd._ZSTD_btopt - btultra = _zstd._ZSTD_btultra - btultra2 = _zstd._ZSTD_btultra2 + fast = _zstd.ZSTD_fast + dfast = _zstd.ZSTD_dfast + greedy = _zstd.ZSTD_greedy + lazy = _zstd.ZSTD_lazy + lazy2 = _zstd.ZSTD_lazy2 + btlazy2 = _zstd.ZSTD_btlazy2 + btopt = _zstd.ZSTD_btopt + btultra = _zstd.ZSTD_btultra + btultra2 = _zstd.ZSTD_btultra2 # Check validity of the CompressionParameter & DecompressionParameter types -_zstd._set_parameter_types(CompressionParameter, DecompressionParameter) +_zstd.set_parameter_types(CompressionParameter, DecompressionParameter) diff --git a/Lib/compression/zstd/_zstdfile.py b/Lib/compression/zstd/_zstdfile.py index fbc9e02a733626..d709f5efc658fa 100644 --- a/Lib/compression/zstd/_zstdfile.py +++ b/Lib/compression/zstd/_zstdfile.py @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ import io from os import PathLike -from _zstd import (ZstdCompressor, ZstdDecompressor, _ZSTD_DStreamSizes, - ZstdError) +from _zstd import ZstdCompressor, ZstdDecompressor, ZSTD_DStreamOutSize from compression._common import _streams -__all__ = ("ZstdFile", "open") - -_ZSTD_DStreamOutSize = _ZSTD_DStreamSizes[1] +__all__ = ('ZstdFile', 'open') _MODE_CLOSED = 0 _MODE_READ = 1 @@ -33,15 +30,15 @@ class ZstdFile(_streams.BaseStream): FLUSH_BLOCK = ZstdCompressor.FLUSH_BLOCK FLUSH_FRAME = ZstdCompressor.FLUSH_FRAME - def __init__(self, file, /, mode="r", *, + def __init__(self, file, /, mode='r', *, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None): """Open a Zstandard compressed file in binary mode. *file* can be either an file-like object, or a file name to open. - *mode* can be "r" for reading (default), "w" for (over)writing, "x" for - creating exclusively, or "a" for appending. These can equivalently be - given as "rb", "wb", "xb" and "ab" respectively. + *mode* can be 'r' for reading (default), 'w' for (over)writing, 'x' for + creating exclusively, or 'a' for appending. These can equivalently be + given as 'rb', 'wb', 'xb' and 'ab' respectively. *level* is an optional int specifying the compression level to use, or COMPRESSION_LEVEL_DEFAULT if not given. @@ -59,39 +56,38 @@ def __init__(self, file, /, mode="r", *, self._buffer = None if not isinstance(mode, str): - raise ValueError("mode must be a str") + raise ValueError('mode must be a str') if options is not None and not isinstance(options, dict): - raise TypeError("options must be a dict or None") - mode = mode.removesuffix("b") # handle rb, wb, xb, ab - if mode == "r": + raise TypeError('options must be a dict or None') + mode = mode.removesuffix('b') # handle rb, wb, xb, ab + if mode == 'r': if level is not None: - raise TypeError("level is illegal in read mode") + raise TypeError('level is illegal in read mode') self._mode = _MODE_READ - elif mode in {"w", "a", "x"}: + elif mode in {'w', 'a', 'x'}: if level is not None and not isinstance(level, int): - raise TypeError("level must be int or None") + raise TypeError('level must be int or None') self._mode = _MODE_WRITE self._compressor = ZstdCompressor(level=level, options=options, zstd_dict=zstd_dict) self._pos = 0 else: - raise ValueError(f"Invalid mode: {mode!r}") + raise ValueError(f'Invalid mode: {mode!r}') if isinstance(file, (str, bytes, PathLike)): self._fp = io.open(file, f'{mode}b') self._close_fp = True - elif ((mode == 'r' and hasattr(file, "read")) - or (mode != 'r' and hasattr(file, "write"))): + elif ((mode == 'r' and hasattr(file, 'read')) + or (mode != 'r' and hasattr(file, 'write'))): self._fp = file else: - raise TypeError("file must be a file-like object " - "or a str, bytes, or PathLike object") + raise TypeError('file must be a file-like object ' + 'or a str, bytes, or PathLike object') if self._mode == _MODE_READ: raw = _streams.DecompressReader( self._fp, ZstdDecompressor, - trailing_error=ZstdError, zstd_dict=zstd_dict, options=options, ) @@ -154,22 +150,22 @@ def flush(self, mode=FLUSH_BLOCK): return self._check_not_closed() if mode not in {self.FLUSH_BLOCK, self.FLUSH_FRAME}: - raise ValueError("Invalid mode argument, expected either " - "ZstdFile.FLUSH_FRAME or " - "ZstdFile.FLUSH_BLOCK") + raise ValueError('Invalid mode argument, expected either ' + 'ZstdFile.FLUSH_FRAME or ' + 'ZstdFile.FLUSH_BLOCK') if self._compressor.last_mode == mode: return # Flush zstd block/frame, and write. data = self._compressor.flush(mode) self._fp.write(data) - if hasattr(self._fp, "flush"): + if hasattr(self._fp, 'flush'): self._fp.flush() def read(self, size=-1): """Read up to size uncompressed bytes from the file. If size is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. - Returns b"" if the file is already at EOF. + Returns b'' if the file is already at EOF. """ if size is None: size = -1 @@ -181,14 +177,14 @@ def read1(self, size=-1): making multiple reads from the underlying stream. Reads up to a buffer's worth of data if size is negative. - Returns b"" if the file is at EOF. + Returns b'' if the file is at EOF. """ self._check_can_read() if size < 0: # Note this should *not* be io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE. # ZSTD_DStreamOutSize is the minimum amount to read guaranteeing # a full block is read. - size = _ZSTD_DStreamOutSize + size = ZSTD_DStreamOutSize return self._buffer.read1(size) def readinto(self, b): @@ -296,7 +292,7 @@ def writable(self): return self._mode == _MODE_WRITE -def open(file, /, mode="rb", *, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None, +def open(file, /, mode='rb', *, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """Open a Zstandard compressed file in binary or text mode. @@ -304,8 +300,8 @@ def open(file, /, mode="rb", *, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None, in which case the named file is opened, or it can be an existing file object to read from or write to. - The mode parameter can be "r", "rb" (default), "w", "wb", "x", "xb", "a", - "ab" for binary mode, or "rt", "wt", "xt", "at" for text mode. + The mode parameter can be 'r', 'rb' (default), 'w', 'wb', 'x', 'xb', 'a', + 'ab' for binary mode, or 'rt', 'wt', 'xt', 'at' for text mode. The level, options, and zstd_dict parameters specify the settings the same as ZstdFile. @@ -326,19 +322,19 @@ def open(file, /, mode="rb", *, level=None, options=None, zstd_dict=None, behavior, and line ending(s). """ - text_mode = "t" in mode - mode = mode.replace("t", "") + text_mode = 't' in mode + mode = mode.replace('t', '') if text_mode: - if "b" in mode: - raise ValueError(f"Invalid mode: {mode!r}") + if 'b' in mode: + raise ValueError(f'Invalid mode: {mode!r}') else: if encoding is not None: - raise ValueError("Argument 'encoding' not supported in binary mode") + raise ValueError('Argument "encoding" not supported in binary mode') if errors is not None: - raise ValueError("Argument 'errors' not supported in binary mode") + raise ValueError('Argument "errors" not supported in binary mode') if newline is not None: - raise ValueError("Argument 'newline' not supported in binary mode") + raise ValueError('Argument "newline" not supported in binary mode') binary_file = ZstdFile(file, mode, level=level, options=options, zstd_dict=zstd_dict) diff --git a/Lib/concurrent/futures/interpreter.py b/Lib/concurrent/futures/interpreter.py index d17688dc9d7346..a2c4fbfd3fb831 100644 --- a/Lib/concurrent/futures/interpreter.py +++ b/Lib/concurrent/futures/interpreter.py @@ -36,9 +36,6 @@ def __str__(self): """.strip()) -UNBOUND = 2 # error; this should not happen. - - class WorkerContext(_thread.WorkerContext): @classmethod @@ -47,23 +44,13 @@ def resolve_task(fn, args, kwargs): if isinstance(fn, str): # XXX Circle back to this later. raise TypeError('scripts not supported') - if args or kwargs: - raise ValueError(f'a script does not take args or kwargs, got {args!r} and {kwargs!r}') - data = textwrap.dedent(fn) - kind = 'script' - # Make sure the script compiles. - # Ideally we wouldn't throw away the resulting code - # object. However, there isn't much to be done until - # code objects are shareable and/or we do a better job - # of supporting code objects in _interpreters.exec(). - compile(data, '', 'exec') else: # Functions defined in the __main__ module can't be pickled, # so they can't be used here. In the future, we could possibly # borrow from multiprocessing to work around this. - data = pickle.dumps((fn, args, kwargs)) - kind = 'function' - return (data, kind) + task = (fn, args, kwargs) + data = pickle.dumps(task) + return data if initializer is not None: try: @@ -86,24 +73,20 @@ def _capture_exc(cls, resultsid): except BaseException as exc: # Send the captured exception out on the results queue, # but still leave it unhandled for the interpreter to handle. - err = pickle.dumps(exc) - _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (None, err), 1, UNBOUND) + _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (None, exc)) raise # re-raise @classmethod def _send_script_result(cls, resultsid): - _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (None, None), 0, UNBOUND) + _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (None, None)) @classmethod def _call(cls, func, args, kwargs, resultsid): with cls._capture_exc(resultsid): res = func(*args or (), **kwargs or {}) # Send the result back. - try: - _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (res, None), 0, UNBOUND) - except _interpreters.NotShareableError: - res = pickle.dumps(res) - _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (res, None), 1, UNBOUND) + with cls._capture_exc(resultsid): + _interpqueues.put(resultsid, (res, None)) @classmethod def _call_pickled(cls, pickled, resultsid): @@ -134,8 +117,7 @@ def initialize(self): _interpreters.incref(self.interpid) maxsize = 0 - fmt = 0 - self.resultsid = _interpqueues.create(maxsize, fmt, UNBOUND) + self.resultsid = _interpqueues.create(maxsize) self._exec(f'from {__name__} import WorkerContext') @@ -166,17 +148,8 @@ def finalize(self): pass def run(self, task): - data, kind = task - if kind == 'script': - raise NotImplementedError('script kind disabled') - script = f""" -with WorkerContext._capture_exc({self.resultsid}): -{textwrap.indent(data, ' ')} -WorkerContext._send_script_result({self.resultsid})""" - elif kind == 'function': - script = f'WorkerContext._call_pickled({data!r}, {self.resultsid})' - else: - raise NotImplementedError(kind) + data = task + script = f'WorkerContext._call_pickled({data!r}, {self.resultsid})' try: self._exec(script) @@ -199,15 +172,13 @@ def run(self, task): continue else: break - (res, excdata), pickled, unboundop = obj + (res, exc), unboundop = obj assert unboundop is None, unboundop - if excdata is not None: + if exc is not None: assert res is None, res - assert pickled assert exc_wrapper is not None - exc = pickle.loads(excdata) raise exc from exc_wrapper - return pickle.loads(res) if pickled else res + return res class BrokenInterpreterPool(_thread.BrokenThreadPool): diff --git a/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py b/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py index 9a51b9437333db..f11fa83d45ed2d 100644 --- a/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py +++ b/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py @@ -1020,6 +1020,8 @@ def _get_ptext_to_endchars(value, endchars): a flag that is True iff there were any quoted printables decoded. """ + if not value: + return '', '', False fragment, *remainder = _wsp_splitter(value, 1) vchars = [] escape = False diff --git a/Lib/encodings/aliases.py b/Lib/encodings/aliases.py index a94bb270671e37..4ecb6b6e297a13 100644 --- a/Lib/encodings/aliases.py +++ b/Lib/encodings/aliases.py @@ -405,6 +405,8 @@ 'iso_8859_8' : 'iso8859_8', 'iso_8859_8_1988' : 'iso8859_8', 'iso_ir_138' : 'iso8859_8', + 'iso_8859_8_i' : 'iso8859_8', + 'iso_8859_8_e' : 'iso8859_8', # iso8859_9 codec 'csisolatin5' : 'iso8859_9', diff --git a/Lib/functools.py b/Lib/functools.py index 714070c6ac9460..7f0eac3f650209 100644 --- a/Lib/functools.py +++ b/Lib/functools.py @@ -323,6 +323,9 @@ def _partial_new(cls, func, /, *args, **keywords): "or a descriptor") if args and args[-1] is Placeholder: raise TypeError("trailing Placeholders are not allowed") + for value in keywords.values(): + if value is Placeholder: + raise TypeError("Placeholder cannot be passed as a keyword argument") if isinstance(func, base_cls): pto_phcount = func._phcount tot_args = func.args diff --git a/Lib/getpass.py b/Lib/getpass.py index f571425e54178a..1dd40e25e09068 100644 --- a/Lib/getpass.py +++ b/Lib/getpass.py @@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ def win_getpass(prompt='Password: ', stream=None, *, echo_char=None): raise KeyboardInterrupt if c == '\b': if echo_char and pw: - msvcrt.putch('\b') - msvcrt.putch(' ') - msvcrt.putch('\b') + msvcrt.putwch('\b') + msvcrt.putwch(' ') + msvcrt.putwch('\b') pw = pw[:-1] else: pw = pw + c @@ -132,14 +132,15 @@ def win_getpass(prompt='Password: ', stream=None, *, echo_char=None): return pw -def fallback_getpass(prompt='Password: ', stream=None): +def fallback_getpass(prompt='Password: ', stream=None, *, echo_char=None): + _check_echo_char(echo_char) import warnings warnings.warn("Can not control echo on the terminal.", GetPassWarning, stacklevel=2) if not stream: stream = sys.stderr print("Warning: Password input may be echoed.", file=stream) - return _raw_input(prompt, stream) + return _raw_input(prompt, stream, echo_char=echo_char) def _check_echo_char(echo_char): diff --git a/Lib/html/parser.py b/Lib/html/parser.py index 13c95c34e505c8..1e30956fe24f83 100644 --- a/Lib/html/parser.py +++ b/Lib/html/parser.py @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import _markupbase from html import unescape +from html.entities import html5 as html5_entities __all__ = ['HTMLParser'] @@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ entityref = re.compile('&([a-zA-Z][-.a-zA-Z0-9]*)[^a-zA-Z0-9]') charref = re.compile('&#(?:[0-9]+|[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+)[^0-9a-fA-F]') +attr_charref = re.compile(r'&(#[0-9]+|#[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*)[;=]?') starttagopen = re.compile('<[a-zA-Z]') piclose = re.compile('>') @@ -57,6 +59,22 @@ # ') +# Character reference processing logic specific to attribute values +# See: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#named-character-reference-state +def _replace_attr_charref(match): + ref = match.group(0) + # Numeric / hex char refs must always be unescaped + if ref.startswith('&#'): + return unescape(ref) + # Named character / entity references must only be unescaped + # if they are an exact match, and they are not followed by an equals sign + if not ref.endswith('=') and ref[1:] in html5_entities: + return unescape(ref) + # Otherwise do not unescape + return ref + +def _unescape_attrvalue(s): + return attr_charref.sub(_replace_attr_charref, s) class HTMLParser(_markupbase.ParserBase): @@ -242,7 +260,7 @@ def goahead(self, end): else: assert 0, "interesting.search() lied" # end while - if end and i < n and not self.cdata_elem: + if end and i < n: if self.convert_charrefs and not self.cdata_elem: self.handle_data(unescape(rawdata[i:n])) else: @@ -260,7 +278,7 @@ def parse_html_declaration(self, i): if rawdata[i:i+4] == ' ¬-an-entity-ref; +

+ ''""" + s = f'