🚀 Welcome to the Python Learning Guide!
This repository is your step-by-step roadmap to mastering Python — from the basics to advanced topics. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide has got you covered.

📘 Each section builds on the previous one, so you can follow along in order or jump straight into the topic you need.

🔹 Learn the basic structure and syntax of Python code.

• 🔤 Variables – Understand how variables work and how to name them meaningfully.
• 📜 Strings – Work with text data and perform common string operations.
• 🧮 Numbers – Explore integers and floating-point numbers.
• 🚦 Booleans – Use True and False, and understand truthy and falsy values.
• 🛑 Constants – Learn how to define constants (by convention).
• 💬 Comments – Add notes and explanations inside your code.
• 🔁 Type conversion – Convert between types like strings, integers, and floats.

🛠️ Learn to manipulate data using operators.

• ➕ Arithmetic operators – Perform math operations (+, -, *, /, etc.)
• ✍️ Assignment operators – Assign and update variable values efficiently.
• 🔍 Comparison operators – Compare two values (==, !=, <, >, etc.)
• 🧠 Logical operators – Combine conditions (and, or, not)

🧠 Make decisions and control how your code runs.

• ❓ if…else statement – Run code based on conditions.
• 🎯 Ternary operator – Write compact conditionals.
• 🔁 for loop with range() – Loop for a set number of times.
• ⏳ while loop – Repeat while a condition is true.
• 🔚 break – Exit a loop early.
• ⏭️ continue – Skip current iteration and continue looping.
• 🪟 pass – Placeholder when no action is needed.

🧩 Write reusable blocks of code.

• 📌 Python functions – Define and call functions.
• 📥 Default parameters – Set default values for arguments.
• 📝 Keyword arguments – Make function calls more readable.
• 🔁 Recursive functions – Call functions within themselves.
• 🧊 Lambda Expressions – Create small anonymous functions.
• 📄 Docstrings – Document your functions clearly.

📂 Work with ordered collections of data.

• 📥 List – Store and manipulate multiple items.
• 🪐 Tuple – Immutable lists that stay constant.
• 🧹 Sort a list in place – Modify a list directly.
• 🧼 Sorted function – Get a new sorted list.
• 🧩 Slice a List – Extract parts of a list.
• 📦 Unpack a list – Assign elements to variables.
• 🔁 Iterate over a List – Loop through items.
• 🔍 Find index of an element – Locate where something is.
• 🔄 Map, Filter, Reduce – Transform and filter list elements.
• 💡 List comprehensions – Create lists quickly and cleanly.

🗄️ Use key-value pairs to organize data.

• 📁 Dictionary – Store data as keys and values.
• 🧰 Dictionary comprehension – Build dictionaries dynamically.

🧮 Work with unique collections of items.

• 🔒 Set – Store unique values.
• 🧱 Set comprehension – Create sets concisely.
• ∪ Union, Intersection, Difference – Combine and compare sets.
• ⊆ Subset, Superset, Disjoint sets – Check relationships between sets.

🛡️ Handle errors gracefully and keep your programs running.

• 🛑 try…except – Catch and handle exceptions.
• 🧹 try…except…finally – Always run cleanup code.
• ✅ try…except…else – Run code only if no error occurs.

🔁 Advanced looping techniques.

• 🔁 for…else – Run code after a loop finishes normally.
• ⏳ while…else – Run code after a while loop ends.
• 🔁 do…while emulation – Simulate do…while behavior in Python.

🔧 Master advanced function features.

• 📦 Unpacking tuples – Assign tuple values to variables.
• 📥 *args Parameters – Accept any number of positional arguments.
• 📝 *kwargs Parameters – Accept any number of keyword arguments.
• 🔧 Partial functions – Fix some arguments for reuse.
• 📏 Type hints – Improve readability and enable static type checking.

🧱 Organize and reuse your code effectively.

• 📄 Modules – Split code into separate files.
• 🔍 Module search path – Understand how Python finds modules.
• 🧠 name variable – Control script vs module behavior.
• 📁 Packages – Organize modules into folders.
• 🔒 Private functions – Hide internal implementation.

📂 Read from and write to files.

• 📖 Read from a text file
• ✍️ Write to a text file
• 📄 Create a new text file
• 🔍 Check if a file exists
• 📊 Read and write CSV files
• 🗑️ Rename and delete files

📁 Interact with your file system.

• 📁 Working with directories
• 🔍 List files in a directory

🔤 Advanced string manipulation.

• 🎞️ F-strings – Embed variables directly in strings.
• 🧊 Raw strings – Avoid escape character issues.
• 🧱 Backslash usage – Handle special characters.

📦 Install and manage external libraries.

• 📦 PyPI & pip – Install packages from the Python Package Index.
• 🧺 Virtual Environments – Isolate project dependencies.
• 💻 Install pipenv on Windows – Manage virtual environments easily.

This README provides a structured and beginner-friendly guide to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python. It's based on your uploaded content and includes:

• 🔹 Classes & Objects
• 🔹 Instance vs Class Variables
• 🔹 __init__() method
• 🔹 Private attributes
• 🔹 Static methods
• 🔹 Inheritance
• 🔹 Special methods (__str__, __repr__, etc.)
• 🔹 Property management
• 🔹 Exceptions in OOP

Each concept is explained with code examples and best practices for writing clean, maintainable object-oriented code.

🧑‍💻 Build your first class and understand object-oriented programming.

• 🧱 Class definition and instance creation
• 📦 Instance vs class variables
• 🔐 Private attributes and name mangling
• 🛠️ Constructor __init__()
• 🧩 Instance methods and static methods
• 🧾 Method overloading via default and keyword arguments
• 💡 Best practices for readable OOP

🧠 Customize class behavior using special methods.

• 🖨️ __str__ – user-friendly output
• 🧾 __repr__ – unambiguous representation
• ✅ __eq__ – define equality logic
• 🔢 __hash__ – make objects hashable
• 🚫 __bool__ – define truthiness
• 🗑️ __del__ – handle object destruction

🗝️ Control access to internal attributes.

• 🧩 Use property() to create properties
• 🎀 Use @property decorator
• 📥 Getter, setter, and deleter patterns
• 📝 Read-only properties
• 🧠 Best practices for encapsulation

👨‍👦 Learn inheritance and extend functionality.

• 🧬 Single inheritance – class Child(Parent)
• 🔁 Override methods
• 🚶 Use super() to delegate to parent
• 🧱 Use __slots__ for memory efficiency
• 🧻 Abstract base classes with abc.ABC

🧬 Understand method resolution order and mixin classes.

• 🧠 Implement multiple inheritance
• 🧭 MRO – Python’s method lookup strategy
• 🧩 Mixin classes for cross-cutting concerns
• 🚫 Avoid diamond problem with proper design
• 🧲 Combine behaviors without deep hierarchies

🔢 Represent fixed sets of constants.

• 🧱 Define enums with enum.Enum
• 🧷 Use @unique to prevent duplicate values
• 🧮 Auto-generate values with auto()
• 📦 Extend custom enum classes
• 🧠 Use enums instead of hardcoded strings

🛠️ Apply SOLID principles for maintainable designs.

• 📦 Single Responsibility Principle
• 🧩 Open/Closed Principle
• 🔄 Liskov Substitution Principle
• 📁 Interface Segregation Principle
• 🧠 Dependency Inversion Principle

🔗 Reuse attribute access logic with descriptors.

• 🧠 Descriptor protocol – __get__, __set__, __delete__
• 📦 Data vs non-data descriptors
• 🧩 Reusable validation and computed properties
• 🧱 Descriptor examples: type checking, lazy loading

🔮 Modify or generate code at runtime.

• 🧬 Use __new__ to control object creation
• 📦 Dynamically create classes using type()
• 🧩 Define custom metaclasses
• 🧱 Inject behavior via metaclass
• 🧠 Use dataclass to auto-generate boilerplate

⚙️ Handle errors within object-oriented contexts.

• 🧠 Raise exceptions in methods
• 🧩 Create custom exception classes
• 🛡️ Catch and propagate exceptions
• 🧹 Graceful error recovery in OOP
• 📦 Exception best practices in real applications