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/*
* Copyright (c) 1994, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*
*
*
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*
*/
package java.lang;
import java.lang.annotation.Native;
import java.math.*;
/**
* The {@code Long} class wraps a value of the primitive type {@code
* long} in an object. An object of type {@code Long} contains a
* single field whose type is {@code long}.
*
* <p> In addition, this class provides several methods for converting
* a {@code long} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to a {@code
* long}, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing
* with a {@code long}.
*
* <p>Implementation note: The implementations of the "bit twiddling"
* methods (such as {@link #highestOneBit(long) highestOneBit} and
* {@link #numberOfTrailingZeros(long) numberOfTrailingZeros}) are
* based on material from Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s <i>Hacker's
* Delight</i>, (Addison Wesley, 2002).
*
* @author Lee Boynton
* @author Arthur van Hoff
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Joseph D. Darcy
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public final class Long extends Number implements Comparable<Long> {
/**
* A constant holding the minimum value a {@code long} can
* have, -2<sup>63</sup>.
*/
@Native public static final long MIN_VALUE = 0x8000000000000000L;
/**
* A constant holding the maximum value a {@code long} can
* have, 2<sup>63</sup>-1.
*/
@Native public static final long MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffffffffffffL;
/**
* The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
* {@code long}.
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static final Class<Long> TYPE = (Class<Long>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("long");
/**
* Returns a string representation of the first argument in the
* radix specified by the second argument.
*
* <p>If the radix is smaller than {@code Character.MIN_RADIX}
* or larger than {@code Character.MAX_RADIX}, then the radix
* {@code 10} is used instead.
*
* <p>If the first argument is negative, the first element of the
* result is the ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
* ({@code '\u005Cu002d'}). If the first argument is not
* negative, no sign character appears in the result.
*
* <p>The remaining characters of the result represent the magnitude
* of the first argument. If the magnitude is zero, it is
* represented by a single zero character {@code '0'}
* ({@code '\u005Cu0030'}); otherwise, the first character of
* the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero
* character. The following ASCII characters are used as digits:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
* </blockquote>
*
* These are {@code '\u005Cu0030'} through
* {@code '\u005Cu0039'} and {@code '\u005Cu0061'} through
* {@code '\u005Cu007a'}. If {@code radix} is
* <var>N</var>, then the first <var>N</var> of these characters
* are used as radix-<var>N</var> digits in the order shown. Thus,
* the digits for hexadecimal (radix 16) are
* {@code 0123456789abcdef}. If uppercase letters are
* desired, the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may
* be called on the result:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code Long.toString(n, 16).toUpperCase()}
* </blockquote>
*
* @param i a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
* @param radix the radix to use in the string representation.
* @return a string representation of the argument in the specified radix.
* @see java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX
* @see java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX
*/
public static String toString(long i, int radix) {
if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX || radix > Character.MAX_RADIX)
radix = 10;
if (radix == 10)
return toString(i);
char[] buf = new char[65];
int charPos = 64;
boolean negative = (i < 0);
if (!negative) {
i = -i;
}
while (i <= -radix) {
buf[charPos--] = Integer.digits[(int)(-(i % radix))];
i = i / radix;
}
buf[charPos] = Integer.digits[(int)(-i)];
if (negative) {
buf[--charPos] = '-';
}
return new String(buf, charPos, (65 - charPos));
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of the first argument as an
* unsigned integer value in the radix specified by the second
* argument.
*
* <p>If the radix is smaller than {@code Character.MIN_RADIX}
* or larger than {@code Character.MAX_RADIX}, then the radix
* {@code 10} is used instead.
*
* <p>Note that since the first argument is treated as an unsigned
* value, no leading sign character is printed.
*
* <p>If the magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero
* character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'}); otherwise,
* the first character of the representation of the magnitude will
* not be the zero character.
*
* <p>The behavior of radixes and the characters used as digits
* are the same as {@link #toString(long, int) toString}.
*
* @param i an integer to be converted to an unsigned string.
* @param radix the radix to use in the string representation.
* @return an unsigned string representation of the argument in the specified radix.
* @see #toString(long, int)
* @since 1.8
*/
public static String toUnsignedString(long i, int radix) {
if (i >= 0)
return toString(i, radix);
else {
switch (radix) {
case 2:
return toBinaryString(i);
case 4:
return toUnsignedString0(i, 2);
case 8:
return toOctalString(i);
case 10:
/*
* We can get the effect of an unsigned division by 10
* on a long value by first shifting right, yielding a
* positive value, and then dividing by 5. This
* allows the last digit and preceding digits to be
* isolated more quickly than by an initial conversion
* to BigInteger.
*/
long quot = (i >>> 1) / 5;
long rem = i - quot * 10;
return toString(quot) + rem;
case 16:
return toHexString(i);
case 32:
return toUnsignedString0(i, 5);
default:
return toUnsignedBigInteger(i).toString(radix);
}
}
}
/**
* Return a BigInteger equal to the unsigned value of the
* argument.
*/
private static BigInteger toUnsignedBigInteger(long i) {
if (i >= 0L)
return BigInteger.valueOf(i);
else {
int upper = (int) (i >>> 32);
int lower = (int) i;
// return (upper << 32) + lower
return (BigInteger.valueOf(Integer.toUnsignedLong(upper))).shiftLeft(32).
add(BigInteger.valueOf(Integer.toUnsignedLong(lower)));
}
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of the {@code long}
* argument as an unsigned integer in base&nbsp;16.
*
* <p>The unsigned {@code long} value is the argument plus
* 2<sup>64</sup> if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is
* equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of
* ASCII digits in hexadecimal (base&nbsp;16) with no extra
* leading {@code 0}s.
*
* <p>The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned
* string {@code s} by calling {@link
* Long#parseUnsignedLong(String, int) Long.parseUnsignedLong(s,
* 16)}.
*
* <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
* single zero character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'});
* otherwise, the first character of the representation of the
* unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The
* following characters are used as hexadecimal digits:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code 0123456789abcdef}
* </blockquote>
*
* These are the characters {@code '\u005Cu0030'} through
* {@code '\u005Cu0039'} and {@code '\u005Cu0061'} through
* {@code '\u005Cu0066'}. If uppercase letters are desired,
* the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may be called
* on the result:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code Long.toHexString(n).toUpperCase()}
* </blockquote>
*
* @param i a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
* @return the string representation of the unsigned {@code long}
* value represented by the argument in hexadecimal
* (base&nbsp;16).
* @see #parseUnsignedLong(String, int)
* @see #toUnsignedString(long, int)
* @since JDK 1.0.2
*/
public static String toHexString(long i) {
return toUnsignedString0(i, 4);
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of the {@code long}
* argument as an unsigned integer in base&nbsp;8.
*
* <p>The unsigned {@code long} value is the argument plus
* 2<sup>64</sup> if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is
* equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of
* ASCII digits in octal (base&nbsp;8) with no extra leading
* {@code 0}s.
*
* <p>The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned
* string {@code s} by calling {@link
* Long#parseUnsignedLong(String, int) Long.parseUnsignedLong(s,
* 8)}.
*
* <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
* single zero character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'});
* otherwise, the first character of the representation of the
* unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The
* following characters are used as octal digits:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code 01234567}
* </blockquote>
*
* These are the characters {@code '\u005Cu0030'} through
* {@code '\u005Cu0037'}.
*
* @param i a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
* @return the string representation of the unsigned {@code long}
* value represented by the argument in octal (base&nbsp;8).
* @see #parseUnsignedLong(String, int)
* @see #toUnsignedString(long, int)
* @since JDK 1.0.2
*/
public static String toOctalString(long i) {
return toUnsignedString0(i, 3);
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of the {@code long}
* argument as an unsigned integer in base&nbsp;2.
*
* <p>The unsigned {@code long} value is the argument plus
* 2<sup>64</sup> if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is
* equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of
* ASCII digits in binary (base&nbsp;2) with no extra leading
* {@code 0}s.
*
* <p>The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned
* string {@code s} by calling {@link
* Long#parseUnsignedLong(String, int) Long.parseUnsignedLong(s,
* 2)}.
*
* <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
* single zero character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'});
* otherwise, the first character of the representation of the
* unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The
* characters {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'}) and {@code
* '1'} ({@code '\u005Cu0031'}) are used as binary digits.
*
* @param i a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
* @return the string representation of the unsigned {@code long}
* value represented by the argument in binary (base&nbsp;2).
* @see #parseUnsignedLong(String, int)
* @see #toUnsignedString(long, int)
* @since JDK 1.0.2
*/
public static String toBinaryString(long i) {
return toUnsignedString0(i, 1);
}
/**
* Format a long (treated as unsigned) into a String.
* @param val the value to format
* @param shift the log2 of the base to format in (4 for hex, 3 for octal, 1 for binary)
*/
static String toUnsignedString0(long val, int shift) {
// assert shift > 0 && shift <=5 : "Illegal shift value";
int mag = Long.SIZE - Long.numberOfLeadingZeros(val);
int chars = Math.max(((mag + (shift - 1)) / shift), 1);
char[] buf = new char[chars];
formatUnsignedLong(val, shift, buf, 0, chars);
return new String(buf, true);
}
/**
* Format a long (treated as unsigned) into a character buffer.
* @param val the unsigned long to format
* @param shift the log2 of the base to format in (4 for hex, 3 for octal, 1 for binary)
* @param buf the character buffer to write to
* @param offset the offset in the destination buffer to start at
* @param len the number of characters to write
* @return the lowest character location used
*/
static int formatUnsignedLong(long val, int shift, char[] buf, int offset, int len) {
int charPos = len;
int radix = 1 << shift;
int mask = radix - 1;
do {
buf[offset + --charPos] = Integer.digits[((int) val) & mask];
val >>>= shift;
} while (val != 0 && charPos > 0);
return charPos;
}
/**
* Returns a {@code String} object representing the specified
* {@code long}. The argument is converted to signed decimal
* representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the
* argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link
* #toString(long, int)} method.
*
* @param i a {@code long} to be converted.
* @return a string representation of the argument in base&nbsp;10.
*/
public static String toString(long i) {
if (i == Long.MIN_VALUE)
return "-9223372036854775808";
int size = (i < 0) ? stringSize(-i) + 1 : stringSize(i);
char[] buf = new char[size];
getChars(i, size, buf);
return new String(buf, true);
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of the argument as an unsigned
* decimal value.
*
* The argument is converted to unsigned decimal representation
* and returned as a string exactly as if the argument and radix
* 10 were given as arguments to the {@link #toUnsignedString(long,
* int)} method.
*
* @param i an integer to be converted to an unsigned string.
* @return an unsigned string representation of the argument.
* @see #toUnsignedString(long, int)
* @since 1.8
*/
public static String toUnsignedString(long i) {
return toUnsignedString(i, 10);
}
/**
* Places characters representing the integer i into the
* character array buf. The characters are placed into
* the buffer backwards starting with the least significant
* digit at the specified index (exclusive), and working
* backwards from there.
*
* Will fail if i == Long.MIN_VALUE
*/
static void getChars(long i, int index, char[] buf) {
long q;
int r;
int charPos = index;
char sign = 0;
if (i < 0) {
sign = '-';
i = -i;
}
// Get 2 digits/iteration using longs until quotient fits into an int
while (i > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
q = i / 100;
// really: r = i - (q * 100);
r = (int)(i - ((q << 6) + (q << 5) + (q << 2)));
i = q;
buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitOnes[r];
buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitTens[r];
}
// Get 2 digits/iteration using ints
int q2;
int i2 = (int)i;
while (i2 >= 65536) {
q2 = i2 / 100;
// really: r = i2 - (q * 100);
r = i2 - ((q2 << 6) + (q2 << 5) + (q2 << 2));
i2 = q2;
buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitOnes[r];
buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitTens[r];
}
// Fall thru to fast mode for smaller numbers
// assert(i2 <= 65536, i2);
for (;;) {
q2 = (i2 * 52429) >>> (16+3);
r = i2 - ((q2 << 3) + (q2 << 1)); // r = i2-(q2*10) ...
buf[--charPos] = Integer.digits[r];
i2 = q2;
if (i2 == 0) break;
}
if (sign != 0) {
buf[--charPos] = sign;
}
}
// Requires positive x
static int stringSize(long x) {
long p = 10;
for (int i=1; i<19; i++) {
if (x < p)
return i;
p = 10*p;
}
return 19;
}
/**
* Parses the string argument as a signed {@code long} in the
* radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the
* string must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined
* by whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns
* a nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an
* ASCII minus sign {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) to
* indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
* ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to indicate a positive value. The
* resulting {@code long} value is returned.
*
* <p>Note that neither the character {@code L}
* ({@code '\u005Cu004C'}) nor {@code l}
* ({@code '\u005Cu006C'}) is permitted to appear at the end
* of the string as a type indicator, as would be permitted in
* Java programming language source code - except that either
* {@code L} or {@code l} may appear as a digit for a
* radix greater than or equal to 22.
*
* <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
* thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
* <ul>
*
* <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
* length zero.
*
* <li>The {@code radix} is either smaller than {@link
* java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or larger than {@link
* java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
*
* <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
* radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign
* {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002d'}) or plus sign {@code
* '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) provided that the string is
* longer than length 1.
*
* <li>The value represented by the string is not a value of type
* {@code long}.
* </ul>
*
* <p>Examples:
* <blockquote><pre>
* parseLong("0", 10) returns 0L
* parseLong("473", 10) returns 473L
* parseLong("+42", 10) returns 42L
* parseLong("-0", 10) returns 0L
* parseLong("-FF", 16) returns -255L
* parseLong("1100110", 2) returns 102L
* parseLong("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException
* parseLong("Hazelnut", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
* parseLong("Hazelnut", 36) returns 1356099454469L
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @param s the {@code String} containing the
* {@code long} representation to be parsed.
* @param radix the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}.
* @return the {@code long} represented by the string argument in
* the specified radix.
* @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a
* parsable {@code long}.
*/
public static long parseLong(String s, int radix)
throws NumberFormatException
{
if (s == null) {
throw new NumberFormatException("null");
}
if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX) {
throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
" less than Character.MIN_RADIX");
}
if (radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) {
throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
" greater than Character.MAX_RADIX");
}
long result = 0;
boolean negative = false;
int i = 0, len = s.length();
long limit = -Long.MAX_VALUE;
long multmin;
int digit;
if (len > 0) {
char firstChar = s.charAt(0);
if (firstChar < '0') { // Possible leading "+" or "-"
if (firstChar == '-') {
negative = true;
limit = Long.MIN_VALUE;
} else if (firstChar != '+')
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
if (len == 1) // Cannot have lone "+" or "-"
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
i++;
}
multmin = limit / radix;
while (i < len) {
// Accumulating negatively avoids surprises near MAX_VALUE
digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++),radix);
if (digit < 0) {
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
}
if (result < multmin) {
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
}
result *= radix;
if (result < limit + digit) {
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
}
result -= digit;
}
} else {
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
}
return negative ? result : -result;
}
/**
* Parses the string argument as a signed decimal {@code long}.
* The characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except
* that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
* ({@code \u005Cu002D'}) to indicate a negative value or an
* ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to
* indicate a positive value. The resulting {@code long} value is
* returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix {@code 10}
* were given as arguments to the {@link
* #parseLong(java.lang.String, int)} method.
*
* <p>Note that neither the character {@code L}
* ({@code '\u005Cu004C'}) nor {@code l}
* ({@code '\u005Cu006C'}) is permitted to appear at the end
* of the string as a type indicator, as would be permitted in
* Java programming language source code.
*
* @param s a {@code String} containing the {@code long}
* representation to be parsed
* @return the {@code long} represented by the argument in
* decimal.
* @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a
* parsable {@code long}.
*/
public static long parseLong(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
return parseLong(s, 10);
}
/**
* Parses the string argument as an unsigned {@code long} in the
* radix specified by the second argument. An unsigned integer
* maps the values usually associated with negative numbers to
* positive numbers larger than {@code MAX_VALUE}.
*
* The characters in the string must all be digits of the
* specified radix (as determined by whether {@link
* java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns a nonnegative
* value), except that the first character may be an ASCII plus
* sign {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}). The resulting
* integer value is returned.
*
* <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
* thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
* <ul>
* <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
* length zero.
*
* <li>The radix is either smaller than
* {@link java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or
* larger than {@link java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
*
* <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
* radix, except that the first character may be a plus sign
* {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) provided that the
* string is longer than length 1.
*
* <li>The value represented by the string is larger than the
* largest unsigned {@code long}, 2<sup>64</sup>-1.
*
* </ul>
*
*
* @param s the {@code String} containing the unsigned integer
* representation to be parsed
* @param radix the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}.
* @return the unsigned {@code long} represented by the string
* argument in the specified radix.
* @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String}
* does not contain a parsable {@code long}.
* @since 1.8
*/
public static long parseUnsignedLong(String s, int radix)
throws NumberFormatException {
if (s == null) {
throw new NumberFormatException("null");
}
int len = s.length();
if (len > 0) {
char firstChar = s.charAt(0);
if (firstChar == '-') {
throw new
NumberFormatException(String.format("Illegal leading minus sign " +
"on unsigned string %s.", s));
} else {
if (len <= 12 || // Long.MAX_VALUE in Character.MAX_RADIX is 13 digits
(radix == 10 && len <= 18) ) { // Long.MAX_VALUE in base 10 is 19 digits
return parseLong(s, radix);
}
// No need for range checks on len due to testing above.
long first = parseLong(s.substring(0, len - 1), radix);
int second = Character.digit(s.charAt(len - 1), radix);
if (second < 0) {
throw new NumberFormatException("Bad digit at end of " + s);
}
long result = first * radix + second;
if (compareUnsigned(result, first) < 0) {
/*
* The maximum unsigned value, (2^64)-1, takes at
* most one more digit to represent than the
* maximum signed value, (2^63)-1. Therefore,
* parsing (len - 1) digits will be appropriately
* in-range of the signed parsing. In other
* words, if parsing (len -1) digits overflows
* signed parsing, parsing len digits will
* certainly overflow unsigned parsing.
*
* The compareUnsigned check above catches
* situations where an unsigned overflow occurs
* incorporating the contribution of the final
* digit.
*/
throw new NumberFormatException(String.format("String value %s exceeds " +
"range of unsigned long.", s));
}
return result;
}
} else {
throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
}
}
/**
* Parses the string argument as an unsigned decimal {@code long}. The
* characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except
* that the first character may be an an ASCII plus sign {@code
* '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}). The resulting integer value
* is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were
* given as arguments to the {@link
* #parseUnsignedLong(java.lang.String, int)} method.
*
* @param s a {@code String} containing the unsigned {@code long}
* representation to be parsed
* @return the unsigned {@code long} value represented by the decimal string argument
* @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a
* parsable unsigned integer.
* @since 1.8
*/
public static long parseUnsignedLong(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
return parseUnsignedLong(s, 10);
}
/**
* Returns a {@code Long} object holding the value
* extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed
* with the radix given by the second argument. The first
* argument is interpreted as representing a signed
* {@code long} in the radix specified by the second
* argument, exactly as if the arguments were given to the {@link
* #parseLong(java.lang.String, int)} method. The result is a
* {@code Long} object that represents the {@code long}
* value specified by the string.
*
* <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Long} object equal
* to the value of:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code new Long(Long.parseLong(s, radix))}
* </blockquote>
*
* @param s the string to be parsed
* @param radix the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s}
* @return a {@code Long} object holding the value
* represented by the string argument in the specified
* radix.
* @throws NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does not
* contain a parsable {@code long}.
*/
public static Long valueOf(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException {
return Long.valueOf(parseLong(s, radix));
}
/**
* Returns a {@code Long} object holding the value
* of the specified {@code String}. The argument is
* interpreted as representing a signed decimal {@code long},
* exactly as if the argument were given to the {@link
* #parseLong(java.lang.String)} method. The result is a
* {@code Long} object that represents the integer value
* specified by the string.
*
* <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Long} object
* equal to the value of:
*
* <blockquote>
* {@code new Long(Long.parseLong(s))}
* </blockquote>
*
* @param s the string to be parsed.
* @return a {@code Long} object holding the value
* represented by the string argument.
* @throws NumberFormatException If the string cannot be parsed
* as a {@code long}.
*/
public static Long valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException
{
return Long.valueOf(parseLong(s, 10));
}
private static class LongCache {
private LongCache(){}
static final Long cache[] = new Long[-(-128) + 127 + 1];
static {
for(int i = 0; i < cache.length; i++)
cache[i] = new Long(i - 128);
}
}
/**
* Returns a {@code Long} instance representing the specified
* {@code long} value.
* If a new {@code Long} instance is not required, this method
* should generally be used in preference to the constructor
* {@link #Long(long)}, as this method is likely to yield
* significantly better space and time performance by caching
* frequently requested values.
*
* Note that unlike the {@linkplain Integer#valueOf(int)
* corresponding method} in the {@code Integer} class, this method
* is <em>not</em> required to cache values within a particular
* range.
*
* @param l a long value.
* @return a {@code Long} instance representing {@code l}.
* @since 1.5
*/
public static Long valueOf(long l) {
final int offset = 128;
if (l >= -128 && l <= 127) { // will cache
return LongCache.cache[(int)l + offset];
}
return new Long(l);
}
/**
* Decodes a {@code String} into a {@code Long}.
* Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by the
* following grammar:
*
* <blockquote>
* <dl>
* <dt><i>DecodableString:</i>
* <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i>
* <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i>
* <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i>
* <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i>
* <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i>
*
* <dt><i>Sign:</i>
* <dd>{@code -}
* <dd>{@code +}
* </dl>
* </blockquote>
*
* <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i>
* are as defined in section 3.10.1 of
* <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
* except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
*
* <p>The sequence of characters following an optional
* sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}",
* "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code
* Long.parseLong} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8).
* This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or
* a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown. The result is
* negated if first character of the specified {@code String} is
* the minus sign. No whitespace characters are permitted in the
* {@code String}.
*
* @param nm the {@code String} to decode.
* @return a {@code Long} object holding the {@code long}
* value represented by {@code nm}
* @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String} does not
* contain a parsable {@code long}.
* @see java.lang.Long#parseLong(String, int)
* @since 1.2
*/
public static Long decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
int radix = 10;
int index = 0;
boolean negative = false;
Long result;
if (nm.length() == 0)
throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length string");
char firstChar = nm.charAt(0);
// Handle sign, if present
if (firstChar == '-') {
negative = true;
index++;
} else if (firstChar == '+')
index++;
// Handle radix specifier, if present
if (nm.startsWith("0x", index) || nm.startsWith("0X", index)) {
index += 2;
radix = 16;
}
else if (nm.startsWith("#", index)) {
index ++;
radix = 16;
}
else if (nm.startsWith("0", index) && nm.length() > 1 + index) {
index ++;
radix = 8;
}
if (nm.startsWith("-", index) || nm.startsWith("+", index))
throw new NumberFormatException("Sign character in wrong position");
try {
result = Long.valueOf(nm.substring(index), radix);
result = negative ? Long.valueOf(-result.longValue()) : result;
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
// If number is Long.MIN_VALUE, we'll end up here. The next line
// handles this case, and causes any genuine format error to be
// rethrown.
String constant = negative ? ("-" + nm.substring(index))
: nm.substring(index);
result = Long.valueOf(constant, radix);
}
return result;
}
/**
* The value of the {@code Long}.
*
* @serial
*/
private final long value;
/**
* Constructs a newly allocated {@code Long} object that
* represents the specified {@code long} argument.
*
* @param value the value to be represented by the
* {@code Long} object.
*/
public Long(long value) {
this.value = value;
}
/**
* Constructs a newly allocated {@code Long} object that
* represents the {@code long} value indicated by the
* {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to a
* {@code long} value in exactly the manner used by the
* {@code parseLong} method for radix 10.
*
* @param s the {@code String} to be converted to a
* {@code Long}.
* @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String} does not
* contain a parsable {@code long}.
* @see java.lang.Long#parseLong(java.lang.String, int)
*/
public Long(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
this.value = parseLong(s, 10);
}
/**
* Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a {@code byte} after
* a narrowing primitive conversion.
* @jls 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions
*/
public byte byteValue() {
return (byte)value;
}
/**
* Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a {@code short} after
* a narrowing primitive conversion.
* @jls 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions
*/
public short shortValue() {
return (short)value;
}
/**
* Returns the value of this {@code Long} as an {@code int} after
* a narrowing primitive conversion.
* @jls 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions
*/
public int intValue() {
return (int)value;
}
/**
* Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a
* {@code long} value.
*/
public long longValue() {
return value;
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