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README.md

Outline

Sorting

  • ์ •๋ ฌ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ •๋ ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ง„ ํƒ์ƒ‰(Binary Search)์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.

์„ ํƒ ์ •๋ ฌ

  • ๋งค๋ฒˆ '๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒ'ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์ •๋ ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
    array = [7,5,9,0,3,1,6,2,4,8]
    
    for i in range(len(array)):
      min_index=i
      for j in range(i+1,len(array)):
        if array[min_index] > array[j]:
          min_index=j
    array[i], array[min_index] = array[min_index], array[i] #์Šค์™€ํ”„
    
  • ์„ ํƒ ์ •๋ ฌ์€ N-1๋ฒˆ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ๋งจ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณต์žก๋„๋Š” O(N^2)์ด๋‹ค.

์‚ฝ์ž… ์ •๋ ฌ

  • ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— '์‚ฝ์ž…'ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์‚ฝ์ž…์ •๋ ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
  • ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—, ๊ทธ ์•ž๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๋’ค์—, ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค.
    array = [7,5,9,0,3,1,6,2,4,8]
    
    for i in range(1, len(array)):
      for j in range(i,0,-1):  #์ธ๋ฑ์Šค i๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•
        if array[j] < array[j-1]:
          array[j], arraj[j-1] = array[j-1], array[j]
        else:
          break
    
    
  • ์‚ฝ์ž… ์ •๋ ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์žก๋„๋Š” O(N^2)์ธ๋ฐ, ์„ ํƒ ์ •๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฌธ์ด 2๋ฒˆ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์‚ฝ์ž… ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ€ต ์ •๋ ฌ

  • ํ€ต ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ํ€ต ์ •๋ ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™œํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ '๊ธฐ์ค€'์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผ๋ฒ—๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผ๋ฒ—๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.
  • ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฒ—๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฒ—๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ถ„ํ•  ํ˜น์€ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
  • '์žฌ๊ท€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜'์™€ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ€ต ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ์žฌ๊ท€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
    array=[5,7,9,0,3,1,6,2,4,8]
    
    def quick_sort(array, start, ent):
      if start >= end:  #์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ 1๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ
        return
      pivot = start  #ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์†Œ
      left = start + 1
      right = end
      while left <= right:
        while left <= end and array[left] <= array[pivot]:
          left+=1
        while right > start and array[right] >= array[pivot]:
          right+=1
        if left > right:
          array[right] , array[pivot] = array[pivot], array[right]
        else:
          array[left], array[right] = array[right], array[left] 
      quick_sort(array, start, right-1)
      quick_sort(array, right+1, end)
    
    quick_sort(array, 0, len(array)-1)
    
    
  • ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ํ€ต ์ •๋ ฌ ์†Œ์Šค์ฝ”๋“œ
    array= [8,7,9,0,3,1,6,2,4,8]
    
    def quick_sort(array):
      if len(array) <= 1:
        return array
      
      pivot = array[0]  #ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์†Œ
      tail=array[1:]  #ํ”ผ๋ฒ—์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ
    
      left_side= [x for x in tail if x<=pivot] #๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„
      right_side= [s for s in tail if x>pivot] #๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„
    
      return quick_sort(left_side) + [pivot] + quick_sort(right_side)
    
    quick_sort(array)
    
    
  • ํ€ต ์ •๋ ฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์žก๋„๋Š” O(NlogN)์ด๋‹ค.

๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ ฌ

  • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ •๋ ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋‹ค.
  • '๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์ •์ˆ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ'๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ 0์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 1์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ๋‹ค.
    array = [7,5,9,0,3,1,6,2,9,1,4,8,0,5,2]
    count = [0] * (max(array)+1)
    
    for i in range(len(array)):
      count[array[i]]+=1
    
    for i in range(len(count)):
      for j in range(count[i]):
        print(i, end=' ')
    
    
  • ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ N, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ K๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์žก๋„๋Š” (O+K)์ด๋‹ค.

ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ

  1. sorted
array= [7,5,9,0,3,1,6,2,4,8]
result = sorted(array)
  1. sort
array= [7,5,9,0,3,1,6,2,4,8]
array.sort()
  1. ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€(key) ์„ค์ •
array= [('๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜',2), ('์‚ฌ๊ณผ',5), ('๋‹น๊ทผ',3)]

def setting(data):
  return data[1]
result = sorted(array, key=setting)
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