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Offline instrumented Kotlin inline functions cause Kotlin compiler to throw exception when referenced on the classpath #1856

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Offline instrumented Kotlin inline functions cause Kotlin compiler to throw exception when referenced on the classpath#1856
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type: bug 🐛Something isn't workingSomething isn't working
@argggh

Description

@argggh
argggh
opened on Mar 9, 2025
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Given the files srcmain/InlineExample.kt containing

object InlineExample {
    inline fun testIt(v: String) = v
}

and srctest/InlineExampleTest.kt containing

fun test() {
    InlineExample.testIt("foo")
}

creating an (offline) instrumented version of InlineExample causes subsequent build of InlineExampleTest to fail. This behavior is seen in real-world scenarions; specifically when trying to produce coverage information of Kotlin source code under bazel. (Bazel uses offline instrumentation for JVM languages.)

Steps to reproduce

$ kotlinc -version
info: kotlinc-jvm 2.1.10 (JRE 21.0.6+7-Ubuntu-124.04.1)
$ java -jar jacococli.jar version
0.8.13.202503060129
$ kotlinc -jvm-target 21 -d classes srcmain
srcmain/InlineExample.kt:2:5: warning: expected performance impact from inlining is insignificant. Inlining works best for functions with parameters of function types.
    inline fun testIt(v: String) = v
    ^^^^^^
$ java -jar jacococli.jar instrument classes/InlineExample.class --dest instrumented
[INFO] 1 classes instrumented to .../instrumented.
$ kotlinc -jvm-target 21 -cp instrumented -d classes srctest
exception: org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.BackendException: Backend Internal error: Exception during IR lowering
File being compiled: .../srctest/InlineExampleTest.kt
The root cause java.lang.RuntimeException was thrown at: org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.FunctionCodegen.generate(FunctionCodegen.kt:48)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.CodegenUtil.reportBackendException(CodegenUtil.kt:253)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.CodegenUtil.reportBackendException$default(CodegenUtil.kt:236)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.PerformByIrFilePhase.invokeSequential(performByIrFile.kt:55)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.PerformByIrFilePhase.invoke(performByIrFile.kt:42)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.PerformByIrFilePhase.invoke(performByIrFile.kt:28)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.NamedCompilerPhase.phaseBody(CompilerPhase.kt:166)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.AbstractNamedCompilerPhase.invoke(CompilerPhase.kt:113)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.CompositePhase.invoke(PhaseBuilders.kt:27)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.CompositePhase.invoke(PhaseBuilders.kt:14)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.NamedCompilerPhase.phaseBody(CompilerPhase.kt:166)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.AbstractNamedCompilerPhase.invoke(CompilerPhase.kt:113)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.CompilerPhaseKt.invokeToplevel(CompilerPhase.kt:62)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.JvmIrCodegenFactory.invokeCodegen(JvmIrCodegenFactory.kt:371)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.CodegenFactory.generateModule(CodegenFactory.kt:47)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.JvmIrCodegenFactory.generateModuleInFrontendIRMode(JvmIrCodegenFactory.kt:433)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.pipeline.JvmCompilerPipelineKt.generateCodeFromIr(jvmCompilerPipeline.kt:192)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.pipeline.JvmCompilerPipelineKt.runBackend(jvmCompilerPipeline.kt:80)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.pipeline.JvmCompilerPipelineLightTreeKt.compileModule(jvmCompilerPipelineLightTree.kt:264)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.pipeline.JvmCompilerPipelineLightTreeKt.compileSingleModuleUsingFrontendIrAndLightTree(jvmCompilerPipelineLightTree.kt:231)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.pipeline.JvmCompilerPipelineLightTreeKt.compileModulesUsingFrontendIrAndLightTree(jvmCompilerPipelineLightTree.kt:86)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.K2JVMCompiler.doExecute(K2JVMCompiler.kt:146)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.K2JVMCompiler.doExecute(K2JVMCompiler.kt:43)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler.execImpl(CLICompiler.kt:102)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler.exec(CLICompiler.kt:316)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler.exec(CLICompiler.kt:294)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler.exec(CLICompiler.kt:258)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler$Companion.doMainNoExit(CLICompiler.kt:395)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler$Companion.doMainNoExit$default(CLICompiler.kt:388)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler$Companion.doMain(CLICompiler.kt:382)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.K2JVMCompiler$Companion.main(K2JVMCompiler.kt:254)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.K2JVMCompiler.main(K2JVMCompiler.kt)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DirectMethodHandleAccessor.invoke(DirectMethodHandleAccessor.java:103)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:580)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.preloading.Preloader.run(Preloader.java:87)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.preloading.Preloader.main(Preloader.java:44)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Exception while generating code for:
FUN name:test visibility:public modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
  BLOCK_BODY
    COMPOSITE type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
      CALL 'public final fun testIt (v: kotlin.String): kotlin.String [inline] declared in <root>.InlineExample' type=kotlin.String origin=null
        $this: TYPE_OP type=<root>.InlineExample origin=IMPLICIT_CAST typeOperand=<root>.InlineExample
          GET_FIELD 'FIELD FIELD_FOR_OBJECT_INSTANCE name:INSTANCE type:<root>.InlineExample visibility:public [final,static] declared in <root>.InlineExample' type=<root>.InlineExample origin=null
        v: CONST String type=kotlin.String value="foo"
      COMPOSITE type=kotlin.Unit origin=null

	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.FunctionCodegen.generate(FunctionCodegen.kt:48)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.FunctionCodegen.generate$default(FunctionCodegen.kt:41)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ClassCodegen.generateMethodNode(ClassCodegen.kt:407)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ClassCodegen.generateMethod(ClassCodegen.kt:424)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ClassCodegen.generate(ClassCodegen.kt:169)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.FileCodegen.lower(JvmPhases.kt:39)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.PhaseFactoriesKt.createFilePhase$lambda$4(PhaseFactories.kt:71)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.PhaseBuildersKt$createSimpleNamedCompilerPhase$1.phaseBody(PhaseBuilders.kt:69)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.SimpleNamedCompilerPhase.phaseBody(CompilerPhase.kt:226)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.AbstractNamedCompilerPhase.invoke(CompilerPhase.kt:113)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.common.phaser.PerformByIrFilePhase.invokeSequential(performByIrFile.kt:52)
	... 32 more
Caused by: org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.CompilationException: Back-end (JVM) Internal error: Couldn't inline method call: CALL 'public final fun testIt (v: kotlin.String): kotlin.String [inline] declared in <root>.InlineExample' type=kotlin.String origin=null
Method: testIt (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;:
  @Lorg/jetbrains/annotations/NotNull;() // invisible
    // annotable parameter count: 1 (invisible)
    @Lorg/jetbrains/annotations/NotNull;() // invisible, parameter 0
   L0
    LDC $jacocoData : Ljava/lang/Object; InlineExample.$jacocoInit(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Class;)[Z (6) []
    CHECKCAST [Z
    ASTORE 3
    ALOAD 1
    LDC "v"
    INVOKESTATIC kotlin/jvm/internal/Intrinsics.checkNotNullParameter (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/String;)V
    ICONST_0
    ISTORE 4
   L1
    LINENUMBER 2 L1
    ALOAD 1
    ALOAD 3
    ICONST_1
    ICONST_1
    BASTORE
    ARETURN
   L2
    LOCALVARIABLE $i$f$testIt I L1 L2 4
    LOCALVARIABLE this LInlineExample; L0 L2 0
    LOCALVARIABLE v Ljava/lang/String; L0 L2 1
    MAXSTACK = 5
    MAXLOCALS = 5

File is unknown
The root cause org.jetbrains.org.objectweb.asm.tree.analysis.AnalyzerException was thrown at: org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.optimization.common.FastAnalyzer.analyzeMainLoop(FastAnalyzer.kt:82)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.InlineCodegen.performInline(InlineCodegen.kt:65)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.IrInlineCodegen.genInlineCall(IrInlineCodegen.kt:163)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.IrInlineCallGenerator.genCall(IrInlineCallGenerator.kt:36)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitCall(ExpressionCodegen.kt:598)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitCall(ExpressionCodegen.kt:134)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.expressions.IrCall.accept(IrCall.kt:24)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitStatementContainer(ExpressionCodegen.kt:524)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitContainerExpression(ExpressionCodegen.kt:538)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitContainerExpression(ExpressionCodegen.kt:134)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.visitors.IrElementVisitor$DefaultImpls.visitComposite(IrElementVisitor.kt:129)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitComposite(ExpressionCodegen.kt:134)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitComposite(ExpressionCodegen.kt:134)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.expressions.IrComposite.accept(IrComposite.kt:18)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitStatementContainer(ExpressionCodegen.kt:524)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitBlockBody(ExpressionCodegen.kt:529)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.visitBlockBody(ExpressionCodegen.kt:134)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.ir.expressions.IrBlockBody.accept(IrBlockBody.kt:20)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.ExpressionCodegen.generate(ExpressionCodegen.kt:236)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.FunctionCodegen.doGenerate(FunctionCodegen.kt:124)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.backend.jvm.codegen.FunctionCodegen.generate(FunctionCodegen.kt:45)
	... 42 more
Caused by: org.jetbrains.org.objectweb.asm.tree.analysis.AnalyzerException: Error at instruction #1 LDC $jacocoData : Ljava/lang/Object; InlineExample.$jacocoInit(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Class;)[Z (6) []: Illegal LDC constant $jacocoData : Ljava/lang/Object; InlineExample.$jacocoInit(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Class;)[Z (6) []
current: {
  locals: [
    #0: OBJECT
    #1: OBJECT
    #2: UNINITIALIZED
    #3: UNINITIALIZED
    #4: UNINITIALIZED
  ]
  stack: size=0 []
}

	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.optimization.common.FastAnalyzer.analyzeMainLoop(FastAnalyzer.kt:82)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.optimization.common.FastAnalyzer.analyze(FastAnalyzer.kt:53)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.MethodInliner.preprocessNodeBeforeInline(MethodInliner.kt:917)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.MethodInliner.markPlacesForInlineAndRemoveInlinable(MethodInliner.kt:612)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.MethodInliner.doInline(MethodInliner.kt:93)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.MethodInliner.doInline(MethodInliner.kt:72)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.InlineCodegen.inlineCall(InlineCodegen.kt:127)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.inline.InlineCodegen.performInline(InlineCodegen.kt:52)
	... 61 more
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Illegal LDC constant $jacocoData : Ljava/lang/Object; InlineExample.$jacocoInit(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Class;)[Z (6) []
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.optimization.fixStack.BasicTypeInterpreter.newOperation(BasicTypeInterpreter.kt:83)
	at org.jetbrains.org.objectweb.asm.tree.analysis.Frame.execute(Frame.java:283)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.optimization.common.FastAnalyzer.analyzeInstruction(FastAnalyzer.kt:111)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.codegen.optimization.common.FastAnalyzer.analyzeMainLoop(FastAnalyzer.kt:74)
	... 68 more

Expected behaviour

Compilation should be successful.

Actual behaviour

Structure of instrumented code causes Kotlin compiler to throw exception.

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