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| 1 | + Declaration of Independence |
| 2 | + |
| 3 | + [Adopted in Congress 4 July 1776] |
| 4 | + |
| 5 | + |
| 6 | + |
| 7 | + The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America |
| 8 | + |
| 9 | +When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to |
| 10 | +dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to |
| 11 | +assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to |
| 12 | +which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect |
| 13 | +to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes |
| 14 | +which impel them to the separation. |
| 15 | + |
| 16 | +We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, |
| 17 | +that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that |
| 18 | +among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure |
| 19 | +these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just |
| 20 | +powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of |
| 21 | +government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people |
| 22 | +to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its |
| 23 | +foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to |
| 24 | +them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, |
| 25 | +indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed |
| 26 | +for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown |
| 27 | +that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than |
| 28 | +to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. |
| 29 | +But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the |
| 30 | +same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is |
| 31 | +their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide |
| 32 | +new guards for their future security. -- Such has been the patient |
| 33 | +sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains |
| 34 | +them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present |
| 35 | +King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all |
| 36 | +having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these |
| 37 | +states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. |
| 38 | + |
| 39 | + He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and |
| 40 | + necessary for the public good. |
| 41 | + |
| 42 | + He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate |
| 43 | + and pressing importance, unless suspended in their |
| 44 | + operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so |
| 45 | + suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. |
| 46 | + |
| 47 | + He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation |
| 48 | + of large districts of people, unless those people would |
| 49 | + relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a |
| 50 | + right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. |
| 51 | + |
| 52 | + He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, |
| 53 | + uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their |
| 54 | + public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into |
| 55 | + compliance with his measures. |
| 56 | + |
| 57 | + He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for |
| 58 | + opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of |
| 59 | + the people. |
| 60 | + |
| 61 | + He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to |
| 62 | + cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, |
| 63 | + incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at |
| 64 | + large for their exercise; the state remaining in the meantime |
| 65 | + exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and |
| 66 | + convulsions within. |
| 67 | + |
| 68 | + He has endeavored to prevent the population of these |
| 69 | + states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for |
| 70 | + naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to |
| 71 | + encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions |
| 72 | + of new appropriations of lands. |
| 73 | + |
| 74 | + He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing |
| 75 | + his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. |
| 76 | + |
| 77 | + He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the |
| 78 | + tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their |
| 79 | + salaries. |
| 80 | + |
| 81 | + He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither |
| 82 | + swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their |
| 83 | + substance. |
| 84 | + |
| 85 | + He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies |
| 86 | + without the consent of our legislature. |
| 87 | + |
| 88 | + He has affected to render the military independent of and |
| 89 | + superior to civil power. |
| 90 | + |
| 91 | + He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction |
| 92 | + foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our |
| 93 | + laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: |
| 94 | + |
| 95 | + For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: |
| 96 | + |
| 97 | + For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for |
| 98 | + any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants |
| 99 | + of these states: |
| 100 | + |
| 101 | + For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: |
| 102 | + |
| 103 | + For imposing taxes on us without our consent: |
| 104 | + |
| 105 | + For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by |
| 106 | + jury: |
| 107 | + |
| 108 | + For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended |
| 109 | + offenses: |
| 110 | + |
| 111 | + For abolishing the free system of English laws in a |
| 112 | + neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary |
| 113 | + government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it |
| 114 | + at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the |
| 115 | + same absolute rule in these colonies: |
| 116 | + |
| 117 | + For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable |
| 118 | + laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our |
| 119 | + governments: |
| 120 | + |
| 121 | + For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring |
| 122 | + themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all |
| 123 | + cases whatsoever. |
| 124 | + |
| 125 | + He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of |
| 126 | + his protection and waging war against us. |
| 127 | + |
| 128 | + He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned |
| 129 | + our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. |
| 130 | + |
| 131 | + He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign |
| 132 | + mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation |
| 133 | + and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty |
| 134 | + and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, |
| 135 | + and totally unworthy of the head of a civilized nation. |
| 136 | + |
| 137 | + He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the |
| 138 | + high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the |
| 139 | + executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall |
| 140 | + themselves by their hands. |
| 141 | + |
| 142 | + He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has |
| 143 | + endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the |
| 144 | + merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is |
| 145 | + undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and |
| 146 | + conditions. |
| 147 | + |
| 148 | +In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the |
| 149 | +most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by |
| 150 | +repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which |
| 151 | +may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. |
| 152 | + |
| 153 | +Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have |
| 154 | +warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an |
| 155 | +unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the |
| 156 | +circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to |
| 157 | +their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties |
| 158 | +of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably |
| 159 | +interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the |
| 160 | +voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce |
| 161 | +in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold |
| 162 | +the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. |
| 163 | + |
| 164 | +We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in |
| 165 | +General Congress, assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for |
| 166 | +the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of |
| 167 | +the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these |
| 168 | +united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states; |
| 169 | +that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that |
| 170 | +all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and |
| 171 | +ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they |
| 172 | +have full power to levey war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish |
| 173 | +commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may |
| 174 | +of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance |
| 175 | +on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our |
| 176 | +lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. |
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