To understand and implement the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern using:

• Node.js & Express.js (Controller & Routing)
• Mongoose (Model)
• Pug (View Engine)
• MongoDB (Database)

This lab demonstration provides insight into how the MVC pattern can be implemented in a Node.js web application. We also demonstrate the use of template engines and how they facilitate server-side rendering.

Server-side rendering differs from client-side rendering (e.g., using React.js) in that it generally offers better performance, as the content is sent to the client pre-rendered and ready to be viewed. This also makes it more SEO-friendly.

In contrast, client-side rendering provides a better user experience (UX) since the client does not need to fetch a new page whenever the page content updates.

• Node.js (Download from nodejs.org)
• MongoDB (Local or cloud-based MongoDB Atlas)

mkdir 0-mvc_intro && cd 0-mvc_intro
npm init -y
npm install express mongoose pug dotenv

mvc-example/
│── models/          # Mongoose Schemas
│   └── item.js
│── views/           # Pug Templates
│   └── index.pug
│── controllers/     # Business Logic
│   └── itemController.js
│── routes/          # Express Routing
│   └── itemRoutes.js
│── config/          # Configuration Files
│   └── database.js
│── public/          # Static Assets
│── app.js           # Main Application File
│── package.json     # Dependencies & Scripts
│── .env             # Environment Variables

Create config/database.js to establish a MongoDB connection.

const mongoose = require('mongoose');

const connectToDatabase = async () => {
  try {
    await mongoose.connect(process.env.MONGO_URI);
    console.log('Database Connected!');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Database Connection Failed:', err);
    process.exit(1);
  }
};

module.exports = connectToDatabase;

Define the database schema in models/item.js.

const mongoose = require('mongoose');

const itemSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  name: { type: String, required: true },
});

module.exports = mongoose.model('Item', itemSchema);

Handle business logic in controllers/itemController.js.

const Item = require('../models/item');

exports.getItems = async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const items = await Item.find();
    res.render('index', { items });
  } catch (err) {
    res.status(500).send('Error fetching items');
  }
};

exports.addItem = async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const { name } = req.body;
    if (!name) return res.redirect('/');
    await new Item({ name }).save();
    res.redirect('/');
  } catch (err) {
    res.status(500).send('Error saving item');
  }
};

Set up routing in routes/itemRoutes.js.

const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
const itemController = require('../controllers/itemController');

router.get('/', itemController.getItems);
router.post('/add', itemController.addItem);

module.exports = router;

Define the UI in views/index.pug.

doctype html
html
  head
    title MVC Example
    link(rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css")
  body
    h1 Item List
    ul
      each item in items
        li= item.name
    form(action="/add" method="POST")
      input(type="text" name="name" placeholder="Enter item" required)
      button(type="submit") Add Item
    script(src="/script.js")

Create app.js, the entry point of our app.

const express = require('express');
const dotenv = require('dotenv');
const connectToDatabase = require('./config/database');
const itemRoutes = require('./routes/itemRoutes');

dotenv.config();
connectToDatabase();

const app = express();
const port = process.env.PORT || 3000;

app.set('view engine', 'pug');
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));

app.use(express.static('public'));
app.use('/', itemRoutes);

app.listen(port, () => console.log(`Listening on http://localhost:${port}`));

To enhance our app with styles and client-side JavaScript, we need to create a public/ directory and add static files.

Inside your project directory, create a folder named public/.

mkdir public

Create public/style.css and add some basic styling:

body {
  background-image: linear-gradient(to right, wheat, yellow);
}

Create public/script.js and add some interactivity:

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
  console.log('JavaScript Loaded!');
});

Create a .env file for secure configuration.

MONGO_URI=mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/mvc_example
PORT=3000

If running locally:

mongod

node app.js

Open http://localhost:3000.

• You should see an item list.
• Add an item using the form.
• The item will be saved in MongoDB and displayed.

✔ Model → Defines the Item schema (Mongoose).
✔ View → Displays items & form (index.pug).
✔ Controller → Fetches & saves items (itemController.js).
✔ Routes → Defines GET & POST routes (itemRoutes.js).
✔ Database → Uses MongoDB (database.js).
✔ Server → Runs with Express (app.js).

You've successfully built an MVC app with Node.js, Express, Mongoose, and Pug! 🚀