diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 0dd74f39..10c45ccf 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -17,4 +17,6 @@ dist
 deploy-*.sh
 
 postgres_data
-keydb_data
\ No newline at end of file
+keydb_data
+
+/.turbo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/apps/app-server/src/data/knex.ts b/apps/app-server/src/data/knex.ts
index 97083a1c..fc1fc2d6 100644
--- a/apps/app-server/src/data/knex.ts
+++ b/apps/app-server/src/data/knex.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { base64ToText } from '@stdlib/base64';
 import Knex from 'knex';
 import { Model } from 'objection';
 
@@ -6,14 +5,10 @@ export const knex = Knex({
   client: 'pg',
   useNullAsDefault: true,
   connection: {
-    host: process.env.POSTGRES_HOST,
-    port: parseInt(process.env.POSTGRES_PORT ?? ''),
-    user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
-    password: process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD,
-    database: process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE,
-    ssl: process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE
-      ? { ca: base64ToText(process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE) }
-      : undefined,
+    connectionString: `postgres://${process.env.POSTGRES_USER}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@${process.env.POSTGRES_HOST}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PORT}/${process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE}?ssl=true`,
+    ssl: {
+      rejectUnauthorized: false, // Required for Render's self-signed certificates
+    },
   },
   pool: {
     min: 0,
diff --git a/apps/collab-server/src/data/knex.ts b/apps/collab-server/src/data/knex.ts
index 3d988c01..1857fc11 100644
--- a/apps/collab-server/src/data/knex.ts
+++ b/apps/collab-server/src/data/knex.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { base64ToText } from '@stdlib/base64';
 import Knex from 'knex';
 import { once } from 'lodash';
 import { Model } from 'objection';
@@ -8,14 +7,10 @@ export const initKnex = once(() => {
     client: 'pg',
     useNullAsDefault: true,
     connection: {
-      host: process.env.POSTGRES_HOST,
-      port: parseInt(process.env.POSTGRES_PORT ?? ''),
-      user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
-      password: process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD,
-      database: process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE,
-      ssl: process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE
-        ? { ca: base64ToText(process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE) }
-        : undefined,
+      connectionString: `postgres://${process.env.POSTGRES_USER}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@${process.env.POSTGRES_HOST}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PORT}/${process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE}?ssl=true`,
+      ssl: {
+        rejectUnauthorized: false, // Required for Render's self-signed certificates
+      },
     },
     pool: {
       min: 0,
diff --git a/apps/manager/src/data/knex.ts b/apps/manager/src/data/knex.ts
index 3d988c01..1857fc11 100644
--- a/apps/manager/src/data/knex.ts
+++ b/apps/manager/src/data/knex.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { base64ToText } from '@stdlib/base64';
 import Knex from 'knex';
 import { once } from 'lodash';
 import { Model } from 'objection';
@@ -8,14 +7,10 @@ export const initKnex = once(() => {
     client: 'pg',
     useNullAsDefault: true,
     connection: {
-      host: process.env.POSTGRES_HOST,
-      port: parseInt(process.env.POSTGRES_PORT ?? ''),
-      user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
-      password: process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD,
-      database: process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE,
-      ssl: process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE
-        ? { ca: base64ToText(process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE) }
-        : undefined,
+      connectionString: `postgres://${process.env.POSTGRES_USER}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@${process.env.POSTGRES_HOST}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PORT}/${process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE}?ssl=true`,
+      ssl: {
+        rejectUnauthorized: false, // Required for Render's self-signed certificates
+      },
     },
     pool: {
       min: 0,
diff --git a/apps/realtime-server/src/data/knex.ts b/apps/realtime-server/src/data/knex.ts
index 3d988c01..1857fc11 100644
--- a/apps/realtime-server/src/data/knex.ts
+++ b/apps/realtime-server/src/data/knex.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { base64ToText } from '@stdlib/base64';
 import Knex from 'knex';
 import { once } from 'lodash';
 import { Model } from 'objection';
@@ -8,14 +7,10 @@ export const initKnex = once(() => {
     client: 'pg',
     useNullAsDefault: true,
     connection: {
-      host: process.env.POSTGRES_HOST,
-      port: parseInt(process.env.POSTGRES_PORT ?? ''),
-      user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
-      password: process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD,
-      database: process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE,
-      ssl: process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE
-        ? { ca: base64ToText(process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE) }
-        : undefined,
+      connectionString: `postgres://${process.env.POSTGRES_USER}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@${process.env.POSTGRES_HOST}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PORT}/${process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE}?ssl=true`,
+      ssl: {
+        rejectUnauthorized: false, // Required for Render's self-signed certificates
+      },
     },
     pool: {
       min: 0,
diff --git a/apps/scheduler/src/data/knex.ts b/apps/scheduler/src/data/knex.ts
index 3d988c01..1857fc11 100644
--- a/apps/scheduler/src/data/knex.ts
+++ b/apps/scheduler/src/data/knex.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { base64ToText } from '@stdlib/base64';
 import Knex from 'knex';
 import { once } from 'lodash';
 import { Model } from 'objection';
@@ -8,14 +7,10 @@ export const initKnex = once(() => {
     client: 'pg',
     useNullAsDefault: true,
     connection: {
-      host: process.env.POSTGRES_HOST,
-      port: parseInt(process.env.POSTGRES_PORT ?? ''),
-      user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
-      password: process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD,
-      database: process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE,
-      ssl: process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE
-        ? { ca: base64ToText(process.env.POSTGRES_CA_CERTIFICATE) }
-        : undefined,
+      connectionString: `postgres://${process.env.POSTGRES_USER}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@${process.env.POSTGRES_HOST}:${process.env.POSTGRES_PORT}/${process.env.POSTGRES_DATABASE}?ssl=true`,
+      ssl: {
+        rejectUnauthorized: false, // Required for Render's self-signed certificates
+      },
     },
     pool: {
       min: 0,