ad

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ad"

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English

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English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /æd/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æd
• Homophone: add

Etymology 1

Clipping of advertise, advertising, advertisement, or advertiser.

Noun

ad (plural ads)

1. Clipping of advertisement.

   Synonym: advert

   I have placed both of the ads in the newspaper as instructed.

   • 2005, Dafydd Fell, “Party change on the national identity issue”, in Party Politics in Taiwan: Party change and the democratic evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004‎^[2], Routledge, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 114:

     However, the ad that was seen as the most successful in 2000 reflected Chen Shui-bian's Taiwanese roots, that was the Kuantien Ad that showed the small town where he had grown up, his neighbours, relatives and people that had known him as a child.

   • 2019 July 28, Sam Wolfson, “Looking for Mr T: the politicisation of testosterone”, in The Guardian‎^[3], archived from the original on 22 August 2024:

     In the final few weeks before the vote, a rash of ads appeared on radio and TV claiming that Hillary Clinton was too frail, too liberal and too ethically compromised to become president. […] Not many people took Morris’s ad too seriously; most news outlets were pleased for a frothy story in an election that was short on light relief.

2. Clipping of advertising.
3. Clipping of advertiser.

Derived terms

• ad banner
• ad blindness
• adblocker
• adblocking
• adbot
• ad break
• adfolk
• ad-free
• ad in
• ad inventory
• adland
• adless
• adlet
• admail
• ad-man
• adman
• admass
• adperson
• Adpocalypse
• ad-seg
• adsmith
• adspeak
• adtech
• ad truck
• adware
• adwise
• adwoman
• attack ad
• banner ad
• classified ad
• Mad Man
• pause ad
• personal ad
• small ad
• want ad

Translations

clipping of advertisement — see also advertisement

Finnish: mainos (fi) French: pub (fr) f Welsh: hysbýs m

Etymology 2

Clipping of advantage.

Noun

ad (plural ads)

1. (tennis) Advantage; also, designating the left-hand side, from the player's point of view, of their half of the court, where the advantage point following a deuce is always played.
   • 2006, David Foster Wallace, “Federer Both Flesh And Not”, in Both Flesh And Not, Penguin, published 2013, page 5:

     [S]uddenly Agassi hits a hard heavy cross-court back hand that pulls Federer way out to his ad (= his left) side, and Federer gets to it but slices the stretch backhand short, a couple feet past the service line […] .

2. (debating) Advantage

   ads and disads

Derived terms

• ad in
• ad out

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin ad (“to, on”).

Preposition

ad

1. to, toward

Related terms

• ab ovo usque ad mala
• ad absurdum
• ad arbitrium
• ad astra
• ad baculum
• ad captandum
• ad coelum
• ad damnum
• ad eundem
• ad extremum
• ad feminam
• ad fontes
• ad gloriam
• ad hoc
• ad hominem
• ad idem
• ad infinitum
• ad int.
• ad interim
• ad kalendas Graecas
• ad lib., ad lib
• ad libitum
• ad litem
• ad litteram
• ad loc., ad loc
• ad majorem Dei gloriam
• ad modum
• ad modum Donders
• ad nauseam
• ad orientem
• ad personam
• ad quod damnum
• ad referendum
• ad rem
• ad seriatum
• ad unguem
• ad val
• ad valorem
• ad valorem tax
• ad verbum
• ad verecundiam
• ad vitam aut culpam
• ad vivum
• a maximis ad minima
• amicus usque ad aras
• argumentum ad baculum
• argumentum ad consequentiam
• argumentum ad crumenam
• argumentum ad dictionarium
• argumentum ad feminam
• argumentum ad fidem
• argumentum ad hominem
• argumentum ad ignorantiam
• argumentum ad invidiam
• argumentum ad judicium
• argumentum ad lapidem
• argumentum ad Lazarum
• argumentum ad nauseam
• argumentum ad numerum
• argumentum ad passiones
• argumentum ad populum
• argumentum ad verecundiam
• consensus ad idem
• constructio ad sensum
• de die ad diem
• guardian ad litem
• habeas corpus ad subjiciendum
• per angusta ad augusta
• reductio ad absurdum
• reductio ad Hitlerum
• retrad
• sic itur ad astra
• subpoena ad testificandum
• terminus ad quem

Anagrams

• D. A., D.A., DA, Da, da

Alemannic German

Contraction

ad

1. contraction of a +‎ d

   Basel isch glaubs scho chli, dass du wahrschinlich bis ad Uni chasch laufe.

   Basel is seemingly small, for you to go walking to uni.

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic	ад
Arabic	آد

Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish آد (ad, ād, “name”), from Proto-Turkic *āt. Compare Turkish ad, Gagauz aad, Turkmen at.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɑd]

• Audio (Baku):

  (file)

Noun

ad (definite accusative adı, plural adlar)

1. name, first name
   • 1899, Nariman Narimanov, Türk-Azərbaycan diliniŋ müxtəsər sərf-nəhvi [Concise grammar of the Azerbaijani Turkic language] 18:

     اونیگ آدی نه‌ در؟

     Onıŋ adı nədir? [=Onun adı nədir?]

     What is his/her name?

2. (grammar) noun

   Synonym: isim

Declension

Declension of ad

	singular	plural
nominative	ad	adlar
definite accusative	adı	adları
dative	ada	adlara
locative	adda	adlarda
ablative	addan	adlardan
definite genitive	adın	adların

Possessive forms of ad

	nominative
singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	adım	adlarım
sənin (“your”)	adın	adların
onun (“his/her/its”)	adı	adları
bizim (“our”)	adımız	adlarımız
sizin (“your”)	adınız	adlarınız
onların (“their”)	adı or adları	adları
	accusative
singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	adımı	adlarımı
sənin (“your”)	adını	adlarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	adını	adlarını
bizim (“our”)	adımızı	adlarımızı
sizin (“your”)	adınızı	adlarınızı
onların (“their”)	adını or adlarını	adlarını
	dative
singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	adıma	adlarıma
sənin (“your”)	adına	adlarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	adına	adlarına
bizim (“our”)	adımıza	adlarımıza
sizin (“your”)	adınıza	adlarınıza
onların (“their”)	adına or adlarına	adlarına
	locative
singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	adımda	adlarımda
sənin (“your”)	adında	adlarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	adında	adlarında
bizim (“our”)	adımızda	adlarımızda
sizin (“your”)	adınızda	adlarınızda
onların (“their”)	adında or adlarında	adlarında
	ablative
singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	adımdan	adlarımdan
sənin (“your”)	adından	adlarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	adından	adlarından
bizim (“our”)	adımızdan	adlarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	adınızdan	adlarınızdan
onların (“their”)	adından or adlarından	adlarından
	genitive
singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	adımın	adlarımın
sənin (“your”)	adının	adlarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	adının	adlarının
bizim (“our”)	adımızın	adlarımızın
sizin (“your”)	adınızın	adlarınızın
onların (“their”)	adının or adlarının	adlarının

Derived terms

• ad-san
• adax
• adaxlama
• adaxlamaq
• adaxlandırma
• adaxlandırmaq
• adaxlanma
• adaxlanmaq
• adaxlı
• adaxlıbazlıq
• adaxlılıq
• adaqlamaq
• adaqlanmaq
• adaqlı
• adaş
• adaşlıq
• adbaad
• adda-budda
• adda-buddalıq
• adıbədnam
• adıbədnamlıq
• adıbilinməz
• adıvayqanlı
• adqoydu
• adqoyma
• adlama
• adlamaq
• adlandırılma
• adlandırılmaq
• adlandırma
• adlandırmaq
• adlanma
• adlanmaq
• adlı
• adlı-sanlı
• adlıq
• adsız
• adsız-sansız
• adsızlıq
• ata adı
• soyad

Descendants

• → Lezgi: ад (ad)

Further reading

• Orucov, Əliheydər, editor (2006), “ad”, in Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti [Explanatory Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language]‎^[4] (in Azerbaijani), 2nd edition, volume 1, Baku: Şərq-Qərb

Blagar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ad/

Noun

ad

1. fire

References

• A. Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1
• The Rosetta Project, Blagar Swadesh List
• Stokhof (1975)

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Danish at, from Old Norse at, from Proto-Germanic *at.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [að], [a]
• Homophone: af

Preposition

ad

1. by
2. at

Descendants

• Norwegian Bokmål: ad

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈaðˀ]

Interjection

ad

1. ew, bleah

Synonyms

• adr
• bvadr
• føj
• uf

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin ad.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

ad

1. (formal) costing, totaling

   Synonym: ten bedrage van

   De factuur ad € 150,- wordt volgende maand betaald.

   The invoice totaling €150 will be paid next month.

2. (formal, officialese) at, on

   U vindt opmerkingen ad punt 3 van de notulen.

   You will find comments on point 3 of the minutes.

Gagauz

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑd/, (final devoicing) /ɑt/
• Homophone: at (with final devoicing)

Noun

ad (definite accusative adı, plural adlar)

1. alternative form of aad

Declension

Declension of ad

	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	ad	adlar
definite accusative (belirtme)	adı	adları
dative (yönelme)	ada	adlara
locative (bulunma)	adda	adlarda
ablative (çıkma)	addan	adlardan
genitive (tamlayan)	adın	adların

Hungarian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-. Cognates include Finnish antaa and Estonian andma.

Alternative forms

• ád (archaic or dialectal)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɒd]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɒd

Verb

ad

1. (transitive) to give or shift (something) to or near someone or somewhere

   Synonyms: átad, juttat, helyez, nyújt

   Hyponyms: idead, odaad

   1. (transitive) to serve (food or drink) to someone (-nak/-nek); to set down (food or drink) to be consumed

      Reggelit adtunk a gyerekeknek. ― We gave breakfast to the children.

2. (transitive) to give (something) to someone (-nak/-nek) as a gift, donation etc.

   Synonyms: adományoz, ajándékoz

   Adtam Sándornak egy könyvet. ― I gave Sándor a book.

3. (transitive) to throw, organize, hold, give (a party/celebration/dinner, especially in honour of someone)

   Synonyms: rendez, szervez, tart, csap

   Vacsorát adtak a győztes tiszteletére. ― They held a dinner in the winner's honor.

   • 1854, Mór Jókai, chapter 19, in R. Nisbet Bain, transl., Egy magyar nábob, chapter XI (translation):

     Könnyű a férjnek azt mondani, én holnap vagy egy hónap múlva nagy ünnepélyt adok, hivatalos lesz rá az egész környék, akiket ismerek és olyanok is, akiket sohasem láttam. A többi az asszony gondja.

     It is easy enough for us men-folk to say, “I will give a great dinner-party to-morrow, or a month hence; and I will invite the whole country-side to it. I will invite not only those I know, but those I have never seen;” but it is our women-folk who have to take thought for it.

4. (transitive, arithmetic) to add (-hoz/-hez/-höz)

   Synonym: hozzáad

5. (transitive) to perform (a play, show etc.); to screen (a film); to broadcast (a program)

   Synonyms: bemutat, játszik, előad, közvetít, sugároz

   A moziban nem adták az új filmet. ― The new film was not screened at the cinema.

   Melyik csatorna adja a mérkőzést? ― Which channel is broadcasting the match?

6. (transitive, slang) to rule, rock; to be giving [with null object]

   Nagyon adja az új lemez! ― The new album is really great!

7. (transitive, slang) to like, enjoy, dig; to vibe with; to agree with (something)

   Synonyms: élvez, kedvel, (informal) bír, (slang) csíp, (slang) szétad

   Nagyon adom ezt az ötletet. ― I am really into this idea.

Conjugation

Conjugation of ad

Click for archaic forms	1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive	indica­tive	pre­sent	indef.	adok	adsz	ad	adunk	adtok	adnak
def.	adom	adod	adja	adjuk	adjátok	adják
2nd obj	adlak
past	indef.	adtam	adtál	adott	adtunk	adtatok	adtak
def.	adtam	adtad	adta	adtuk	adtátok	adták
2nd obj	adtalak
future	Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. adni fog.
archaic preterite	indef.	adék	adál	ada	adánk	adátok	adának
def.	adám	adád	adá	adánk	adátok	adák
2nd obj	adálak
archaic past	Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. ad vala, adott vala/volt.
archaic future	indef.	adandok	adandasz	adand	adandunk	adandotok	adandanak
def.	adandom	adandod	adandja	adandjuk	adandjátok	adandják
2nd obj	adandalak
condi­tional	pre­sent	indef.	adnék	adnál	adna	adnánk	adnátok	adnának
def.	adnám	adnád	adná	adnánk (or adnók)	adnátok	adnák
2nd obj	adnálak
past	Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. adott volna
sub­junc­tive	sub­junc­tive	pre­sent	indef.	adjak	adj or adjál	adjon	adjunk	adjatok	adjanak
def.	adjam	add or adjad	adja	adjuk	adjátok	adják
2nd obj	adjalak
(archaic) past	Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. adott légyen
infinitive	adni	adnom	adnod	adnia	adnunk	adnotok	adniuk
other forms	verbal noun	present part.	past part.	future part.	adverbial participle	causative
adás	adó	adott	adandó	adva (adván)	adat
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs).

Potential conjugation of ad

Click for archaic forms	1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive	indica­tive	pre­sent	indef.	adhatok	adhatsz	adhat	adhatunk	adhattok	adhatnak
def.	adhatom	adhatod	adhatja	adhatjuk	adhatjátok	adhatják
2nd obj	adhatlak
past	indef.	adhattam	adhattál	adhatott	adhattunk	adhattatok	adhattak
def.	adhattam	adhattad	adhatta	adhattuk	adhattátok	adhatták
2nd obj	adhattalak
archaic preterite	indef.	adhaték	adhatál	adhata	adhatánk	adhatátok	adhatának
def.	adhatám	adhatád	adhatá	adhatánk	adhatátok	adhaták
2nd obj	adhatálak
archaic past	Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. adhat vala, adhatott vala/volt.
archaic future	indef.	adhatandok or adandhatok	adhatandasz or adandhatsz	adhatand or adandhat	adhatandunk or adandhatunk	adhatandotok or adandhattok	adhatandanak or adandhatnak
def.	adhatandom or adandhatom	adhatandod or adandhatod	adhatandja or adandhatja	adhatandjuk or adandhatjuk	adhatandjátok or adandhatjátok	adhatandják or adandhatják
2nd obj	adhatandalak or adandhatlak
condi­tional	pre­sent	indef.	adhatnék	adhatnál	adhatna	adhatnánk	adhatnátok	adhatnának
def.	adhatnám	adhatnád	adhatná	adhatnánk (or adhatnók)	adhatnátok	adhatnák
2nd obj	adhatnálak
past	Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. adhatott volna
sub­junc­tive	sub­junc­tive	pre­sent	indef.	adhassak	adhass or adhassál	adhasson	adhassunk	adhassatok	adhassanak
def.	adhassam	adhasd or adhassad	adhassa	adhassuk	adhassátok	adhassák
2nd obj	adhassalak
(archaic) past	Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. adhatott légyen
infinitive	(adhatni)	(adhatnom)	(adhatnod)	(adhatnia)	(adhatnunk)	(adhatnotok)	(adhatniuk)
other forms	positive adjective	negative adjective	adverbial participle
adható	adhatatlan	(adhatva / adhatván)

Coordinate terms

• (arithmetic operations) művelet; összeadás ([össze-/hozzá-] ad); kivonás (kivon, elvesz); szorzás ([össze-/meg-] szoroz); osztás ([el-] oszt); hatványozás (hatványra emel); gyökvonás (gyököt von); logaritmálás (logaritmust számít/vesz/képez) ^{(Category: hu:Arithmetic)}

Derived terms

• adag
• adakozik
• adalék
• adat
• adatik
• adás
• adogat
• adoma
• adomány
• adó
• adódik

Compound words

• adok-kapok

(With verbal prefixes):

• átad
• bead
• belead
• elad
• előad
• előread
• felad
• fölad
• hátraad
• hazaad
• hozzáad
• idead
• kiad
• kölcsönad
• közread
• lead
• megad
• nekiad
• odaad
• összead
• ráad
• továbbad
• túlad
• visszaad

Expressions

• ad a szavára
• adj, király, katonát!
• adja a bankot
• becsületszavát adja
• beleegyezését adja
• bérbe ad
• bizományba ad
• elégtételt ad
• elsőbbséget ad
• engedményt ad
• ezt add össze!
• életet ad
• feleségül ad
• férjhez ad
• gázt ad
• hangot ad
• hálát ad
• helyt ad
• hírt ad
• hírül ad
• írásba ad
• jelt ad
• kétszer ad, ki gyorsan ad
• kicsire nem adunk
• kosarat ad
• lovat ad alá
• mennyiért adja?
• nevét adja
• órát ad
• sakkot ad
• szabad kezet ad
• szavát adja
• számot ad
• tápot ad
• tudtul ad

Etymology 2

From Latin ad.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɒd], [ad], [ɑd]

Preposition

ad

1. (sciences, formal) (used when referring to headings or paragraphs by their indices)
   1. (colloquial) for (used in live speech to enumerate talking points)

      Ad egy: allergiás vagyok a macskákra. Ad kettő: még ha nem is lennék az, nincs időm vigyázni egy háziállatra.

      For one thing: I'm allergic to cats. For another: even if I weren't, I don't have the time to care for a pet.

2. ad#English (used in common Latin expressions)
3. (mathematics) to the (used in exponentiation, especially when the exponent is awkward to decline as an ordinal)

   e ad i-szer théta [cf. e az i-szer-thétáadikon]

   e to the i times theta

Usage notes

When using ad before a word or phrase, it only needs to be in its dictionary form: numbers in cardinal form, nouns in nominative singular.

Further reading

• (to give): ad in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• (for [prefix of numbered issues; formal]): ad in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• ad in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2026).

Ido

Alternative forms

• (apocopic form) a

Etymology

Borrowing from French à, Italian ad, Spanish a, all ultimately from Latin ad, from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“near, at”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ad/

Preposition

ad

1. to (movement, tendency or position)

   Antonyms: de, ek

   Il iris a la kirko. ― He went to church.

   Il venas de Paris a London. ― He is on his way from Paris to London.

   La hundo jetis su a la kato. ― The dog sprang at the cat.

   De la esto ad la westo. ― From east to west.

   De tempo a tempo. ― From time to time.

   De un dio a l'altra. ― From one day to another; From day to day.

   De la supro a l'infro. ― From top to bottom.

2. dative: indirect object

   Donez a me la bastono ― Give me the stick.

   Il parolis ad el. ― He spoke to her.

3. to (object of action, thought, desire)

   Il elevas su a la richeso e a la honori. ― He is rising to weather and honors.

   Atencema a la diskurso. ― Attentive to the discourse.

   Surda a la ditreso-krii. ― Deaf to the cries of distress.

   Amo a Deo. ― Love to God.

   Me deziras a vu omna feliceso. ― I wish you all happiness.

4. to (comparison or relation)

   Agreabla a la gusto. ― Agreeable to the taste.

   Ca okupo konvenas ad il. ― This occupation suits him.

5. proportion; total

   Tri raportas a non quale du a sis. ― Three is to nine as two is to six.

   Evaluar lua revenuo a 10.000 franki. ― To estimate his income as 10,000 francs.

   Taxar ol a 400 franki. ― To tax it at 400 francs.

Derived terms

• ad-
• al

Related terms

• ed (“and”)
• od (“or”)

See also

• vers
• til

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əd̪ˠ/

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• dod, dod’, dot

Contraction

ad (triggers lenition)

1. (colloquial, dialectal) contraction of do (“to/for”) +‎ do (“your sg”)

   Ní rabhas-sa ad phriocadh! ― I wasn't poking you!

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• id, it

Contraction

ad (triggers lenition)

1. (colloquial, dialectal) contraction of i (“in”) +‎ do (“your sg”)

Italian

Etymology

From Latin ad.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /a.d‿/

Preposition

ad

1. (before vowels) alternative form of a for euphony, especially before /a/; to, at, in

   Dallo ad Adamo. ― Give it to Adam.

Anagrams

• da, da', dà

Latin

Alternative forms

• at

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at.

The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈad]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈad]

Preposition

ad (+ accusative)

1. (direction) toward, to
   • c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 4:

     Fugere ad puppim collēs campīque videntur.

     The hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship.

   • 77 CE – 79 CE, Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 2:

     Meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum.

     At noon the shadows fall towards the north, [and] at sunrise, point to the west.

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.93:

     Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas.

     Stretching both hands to the stars.

2. up to (indicating direction upwards)
3. near, by, close by, at, to (indicating location)
   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita I.33:

     ad Murciae datae sedes

     the residences being given near the Murcia

4. against, on, upon (indicating position)
   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 6.27:

     Sē ad arborēs applicant.

     They are leaning against the trees.

5. at, about, around, on, in (indicating a point in time)
6. until, to, up to, till (indicating the extent of time)
7. for, to, toward (indicating purpose or aim)

   Ad maiōrem Deī glōriam.

   For the greater glory of God.

8. in order to, to, for (indicating means)

   Ad vim atque ad arma confugere.

   To resort to violence and to fighting.

9. in comparison with, in comparison to, in relation to
10. according to (indicating conformity)
11. in consequence of
12. against, at (indicating movement 'toward' but in a hostile manner)
13. among, amongst (indicating the sharing of a characteristic)
14. about, around, approximately, thereabout (indicating number)

Usage notes

• The word ad is an antithesis to ab (just as in is to ex; in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.)
• Often used of geographical position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs iaceō (“lie, be situated”), vergō (“incline, slope”), spectō (“observe, see”) etc.:

  Asia iacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquilonem.

  Asia lies near the prime meridian and the south, Europe near the northern regions and northern wind. (There are two words for north.)

  Ad Atticam vergente.

  Inclining to Attic.

• When appended to the beginning of a word beginning with a consonant, ad- often assimilates, e.g. becoming ap- in appretiō, from pretium, or ac- in accēdō, from cēdō. Note that unassimilated forms such as adpretiō are also found.

Derived terms

• ad absurdum
• ad amussim
• ad arma
• ad astra
• ad hoc
• ad hominem
• ad infinitum
• ad kalendas Graecas
• ad libitum
• ad nauseam
• ad omnia
• *ad poenam
• ad referendum
• ad unguem
• ad valorem
• ad-
• atque

Descendants

• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: a
• Balkano-Romance:
  • Romanian: a
• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Corsican: à
    • Sassarese: a, ad
  • Dalmatian: a
  • Istriot: a
  • Italian: a, ad (see there for further descendants)
  • Judeo-Italian: אַה (ʔah /⁠a⁠/)
  • Neapolitan: a
  • Sicilian: a
  • Venetan: a
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: a
  • Ladin: a
• Gallo-Italic:
  • Ligurian: a
  • Romagnol: a
• Northern Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: a
  • Old French: a
    • French: à (see there for further descendants)
    • Norman: à
• Southern Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: a
  • Occitan: a
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Aragonese: a
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: a
    • Fala: a
    • Galician: a
    • Portuguese: a
      • Indo-Portuguese: a
      • Papiamentu: a
  • Old Leonese: a
    • Asturian: a
    • Extremaduran: a
    • Leonese: a
    • Mirandese: a
  • Old Spanish: a, á, à
    • Ladino: a, אה
    • Spanish: a
• Borrowings:
  • → English: ad
  • → Interlingua: a

Further reading

• “ad”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ad”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "ad", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Manx

Pronoun

ad

1. third person plural pronoun; they, them

Meriam

Noun

ad

1. story

Mokilese

Etymology

From Proto-Micronesian *aSa (“name”), from Proto-Oceanic *acan (“name”), from Proto-Austronesian *ŋajan, *ajan (“name”). Cognate with Pohnpeian ahd.

Noun

ad

1. name

Possessive forms

Possessive forms of ad (tightly inalienable)

singular possessor	first person	oadoaioa
second person	oadoamwen
third person	oadoa
dual possessors	first person inclusive	oadoasa
first person exclusive	oadoama
second person	oadoamwa
third person	oadoara
plural possessors	first person inclusive	oadoasai
first person exclusive	oadoamai
second person	oadoamwai
third person	oadoarai
remote plural possessors	first person inclusive	oadoahs
first person exclusive	oadoami
second person	oadoamwi
third person	oadoahr
construct form	oadoan

Related terms

• adanki (“to name”)

References

• Harrison, Sheldon P.; Albert, Salich Y. (1977), Mokilese-English Dictionary‎^[5], Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 3

External links

• Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *ajan

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *aidaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːd/
• Rhymes: -ɑːd

Noun

ād m

1. funeral pyre

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	ād	ādas
accusative	ād	ādas
genitive	ādes	āda
dative	āde	ādum

Descendants

• Middle English: ād

Old French

Etymology 1

From Latin ad.

Preposition

ad

1. alternative form of a (to; towards)

Etymology 2

From Latin habet.

Verb

ad

1. alternative form of a; third-person singular present indicative of avoir

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈað/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ad- (“law”).

Noun

ad (gender unknown)

1. law, custom

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed-. Cognate with Latin ador.

Noun

ad (gender unknown)

1. some variety of wheat
   • [translating ador]

Phrygian

Alternative forms

• [script needed] (a) (Old Phrygian, simplified spelling after plosive assimilates to following consonant)
• [script needed] (ad) (Old Phrygian)
• α (a) (New Phrygian, simplified spelling after plosive assimilates to following consonant)
• αδ (ad) (New Phrygian)
• ατ (at), ακ (ak) (New Phrygian, plosive assimilated to following voiceless consonant)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd. Šorgo specifically traces the preposition to a compounded Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-dʰi; for the second element, required to account for the -d, see Ancient Greek -θι (-thi).

Preposition

ad (governs the dative, once the accusative)

1. to, at, by

Derived terms

• αββερετ (abberet)
• αδειτου (adeitou)
• αδικες (adikes)

Portuguese

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English ad.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈa.d͡ʒi/, /ˈɛ.d͡ʒi/, (initialism) /aˈde/

Noun

ad m (plural ads)

1. (Brazil, chiefly Internet slang) ad (short for advertisement)

   Synonym: anúncio

Pumpokol

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ad (first person singular personal pronoun).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ad/

Pronoun

ad

1. I, first person singular personal pronoun

Usage notes

• Only recorded by Heinrich J. von Klaproth.

Further reading

• Werner, Heinrich (2002), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 72
• Werner, Heinrich (2005), “ad”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 179

Romanian

Noun

ad n (plural aduri)

1. obsolete form of iad

Declension

	singular	plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	ad	adul	aduri	adurile
genitive-dative	ad	adului	aduri	adurilor
vocative	adule	adurilor

References

• ad in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN

Salar

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āt.

Pronunciation

• (Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA^(key): /ɑt/
• (Xunhua, Qinghai; Ili, Xinjiang) IPA^(key): /ɑːt/

Noun

ad (3rd person possessive adı, plural adlar)

1. name

Declension

Declension of ad

	singular	plural
nominative	ad	adlar
genitive	adniği	adlarniği
dative	ada	adlara
definite accusative	adnı	adlarnı
locative	adda	adlarda
ablative	addan	adlardan
instrumental	adla	adlarla
pronominal	adğı	adlarğı
indefinite article	ad-or	adlar-or
definite article	adcük	adlarcük

Possessive declension of ad

	nominative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	adım	adımlar
siniği ("your")	adıñ	adıñlar
aniği ("their")	adı	adılar
piserniği ("our")	adımız	adımızlar
selerniği ("your")	adıñız	adıñızlar
ularniği ("their")	adı	adılar
	accusative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	adımnı	adımlarnı
siniği ("your")	adıñnı	adıñlarnı
aniği ("their")	adını	adılarnı
piserniği ("our")	adımıznı	adımızlarnı
selerniği ("your")	adıñıznı	adıñızlarnı
ularniği ("their")	adını	adılarnı
	dative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	adıma	adımlara
siniği ("your")	adıña	adıñlara
aniği ("their")	adığa	adılara
piserniği ("our")	adımıza	adımızlara
selerniği ("your")	adıñıza	adıñızlara
ularniği ("their")	adığa	adılara
	locative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	adımda	adımlarda
siniği ("your")	adıñda	adıñlarda
aniği ("their")	adıda	adılarda
piserniği ("our")	adımızda	adımızlarda
selerniği ("your")	adıñızda	adıñızlarda
ularniği ("their")	adıda	adılarda
	ablative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	adımdan	adımlardan
siniği ("your")	adıñdan	adıñlardan
aniği ("their")	adıdan	adılardan
piserniği ("our")	adımızdan	adımızlardan
selerniği ("your")	adıñızdan	adıñızlardan
ularniği ("their")	adıdan	adılardan
	instrumental
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	adımla	adımlarla
siniği ("your")	adıñla	adıñlarla
aniği ("their")	adıla	adılarla
piserniği ("our")	adımızla	adımızlarla
selerniği ("your")	adıñızla	adıñızlarla
ularniği ("their")	adıla	adılarla

References

• Potanin, G.N. (1893), “миниң адимь Яхія дур”, in Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголия [Tangutsko-Tibetskaja okraina Kitaja i Centralʹnaja Mongolija] (in Russian), page 433
• Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “at, a:t”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow: Nauka, page 296
• 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985), “ad”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[6], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 8
• 舍秀存 [She Xiucun] (2015), “ɑt, ɑtʰ”, in 撒拉语语音研究 [Salar Phonetic Research]‎^[7], China: 上海大学出版社, →ISBN
• Ma, Chengjun; Han, Lianye; Ma, Weisheng (December 2010), “ad”, in 米娜瓦尔·艾比布拉 [Minavar Abibra], editor, 撒维汉词典 [Sā-Wéi-Hàn cídiǎn, Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 3
• 马伟 [Ma Wei] (2016), “ad”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages ​​- Salar Language Studies], 青海 [Qīnghǎi, Qinghai]: 青海师范大学 [Qinghai Normal University], unpublished finalized project manuscript (国家社会科学基金项目结项稿, 定稿; National Social Science Fund of China), page 81
• Yakup, Abdurishid (2002), “a:d”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎^[8], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 32
• “adını” in Ölmez, Mehmet (December 2012), “Oğuzların En Doğudaki Kolu: Salırlar ve Dilleri [The Easternmost Branch of the Oghuzs: Salars and Their Language]”, in Türk Dili (in Turkish), volume CII, number 732, pages 38-43

Sardinian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ad/, [að]

Preposition

ad

1. alternative form of a, sometimes used before vowels

References

• Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964), “a²”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Sassarese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ad/

Preposition

ad

1. alternative form of a, found before a vowel
   • 1866, “Cap. IV, 10 [Chapter 4, verse 10]”, in Giovanni Spano, transl., L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju [The Gospel according to St. Matthew]‎^[9] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), London, translation of Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, page 10:

     Allora Gesù li dizisi: Andaddinni, Satana: palchì è ilcrittu: Hai a adurà lu Signori Deju toju, e ad eddu solu hai a silvì.

     Then Jesus said to him: "Begone, Satan! For it is written "You shall adore the Lord your God, and Him alone you shall serve.""

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Borrowed from English hat (compare Irish hata).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [at̪]

Noun

ad f (genitive singular aide, plural adan or adaichean)

1. hat

   ad a' bhile òir ― the gold-rimmed hat

   bile na h-aide ― the rim of the hat

Sumerian

Romanization

ad

1. romanization of 𒀜 (ad)

Tarifit

Alternative forms

• a (allomorph before clitics)
• ɣa (allomorph used in relative clauses, clefts and content questions)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation

• (Nador) IPA^(key): [ɛð]
• Syllabification: ad
• Rhymes: -ɛð

Particle

ad m or f (Tifinagh spelling ⴰⴷ)

1. pre­verbal particle expressing nonrealized or future events
   1. expresses simple future: will

      Ɛřaḥař ad uyureɣ. ― I will leave soon.

   2. expresses a doubt, uncertainty or a wish

      A c-yesgenfa.

      He might heal you / He should heal you / I hope he heals you.

References

• Serhoual (2002)
• Abarrou (2024)

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish آد (ad, “name”), from Old Anatolian Turkish آد (ad, ād, “name”), from Proto-Turkic *āt (“name”). Compare Azerbaijani ad, Gagauz aad, Turkmen at.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑd/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

ad (definite accusative adı, plural adlar)

1. name, first name, last name

   - Adınız ne?
   - Benim adım Mustafa.

   - What is your name?
   - My name is Mustafa.

2. noun
3. reputation, fame, name, repute

Declension

Declension of ad

singular plural nominative ad adlar definite accusative adı adları dative ada adlara locative adda adlarda ablative addan adlardan genitive adın adların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular adım adlarım 2nd singular adın adların 3rd singular adı adları 1st plural adımız adlarımız 2nd plural adınız adlarınız 3rd plural adları adları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular adımı adlarımı 2nd singular adını adlarını 3rd singular adını adlarını 1st plural adımızı adlarımızı 2nd plural adınızı adlarınızı 3rd plural adlarını adlarını dative singular plural 1st singular adıma adlarıma 2nd singular adına adlarına 3rd singular adına adlarına 1st plural adımıza adlarımıza 2nd plural adınıza adlarınıza 3rd plural adlarına adlarına locative singular plural 1st singular adımda adlarımda 2nd singular adında adlarında 3rd singular adında adlarında 1st plural adımızda adlarımızda 2nd plural adınızda adlarınızda 3rd plural adlarında adlarında ablative singular plural 1st singular adımdan adlarımdan 2nd singular adından adlarından 3rd singular adından adlarından 1st plural adımızdan adlarımızdan 2nd plural adınızdan adlarınızdan 3rd plural adlarından adlarından genitive singular plural 1st singular adımın adlarımın 2nd singular adının adlarının 3rd singular adının adlarının 1st plural adımızın adlarımızın 2nd plural adınızın adlarınızın 3rd plural adlarının adlarının

Synonyms

• isim
• san

Related terms

• ad vermek
• adamak
• adaş
• adı çıkmak
• adlandırmak
• adlı
• adlık
• adsız
• atamak

Further reading

• “ad”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu

Veps

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian ад (ad), from Old Church Slavonic адъ (adŭ), from Ancient Greek ᾍδης (Hāídēs).

Noun

ad

1. hell, underworld

Inflection

Inflection of ad (inflection type 1/ilo)
nominative sing.	ad
genitive sing.	adun
partitive sing.	adud
partitive plur.	aduid
	singular	plural
nominative	ad	adud
accusative	adun	adud
genitive	adun	aduiden
partitive	adud	aduid
essive-instructive	adun	aduin
translative	aduks	aduikš
inessive	adus	aduiš
elative	aduspäi	aduišpäi
illative	aduhu	aduihe
adessive	adul	aduil
ablative	adulpäi	aduilpäi
allative	adule	aduile
abessive	aduta	aduita
comitative	adunke	aduidenke
prolative	adudme	aduidme
approximative I	adunno	aduidenno
approximative II	adunnoks	aduidennoks
egressive	adunnopäi	aduidennopäi
terminative I	aduhusai	aduihesai
terminative II	adulesai	aduilesai
terminative III	adussai	—
additive I	aduhupäi	aduihepäi
additive II	adulepäi	aduilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “ад”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[10], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Vietnamese

Etymology

Borrowed from English ad.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔaːt̚˧˦]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔaːk̚˦˧˥]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʔaːk̚˦˥]
• Phonetic spelling: át

Noun

ad

1. short for admin

Volapük

Preposition

ad

1. for, in order to, to
   • 1937, “‚Johann Martin Schleyer’”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:

     Dü lif vobafulik oka ekanom tuvön timi ad studön pükis e dialegis 88 difikis, ed ad pläyön degtelati musigömas.

     During his working life, he managed to find the time to study 88 different languages and dialects, and to play twelve musical instruments.

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aːd/

Verb

ad

1. soft mutation of gad

Mutation

Mutated forms of gad

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gad	ad	ngad	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Yola

Etymology 1

Verb

ad

1. alternative form of hadh (“had”)
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, pages 78:

     Wich ad wough bethther kwingokee or baagchoosee vursth?

     Whether had we better churn or bake first?

Etymology 2

Preposition

ad

1. alternative form of adh
   • 1927, “ZONG O DHREE YOLA MYTHENS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 131, lines 6:

     But zit ad hime wi vlaxen wheel,

     But sit at home with flaxen wheel,