-m

See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"

Translingual

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ḱ-

Proto-Indo-European *-rós

Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós

Proto-Hellenic *makrós

Ancient Greek μᾰκρός (măkrós)der.

French macro-der.

English macro-

English instruction

English macroinstructionclip.

English macroabbr.

Translingual -m

Abbreviation of English macro.

Suffix

-m

(computing) Indicates an XML-based, macro-enabled version of the base file extension.
‎.doc + ‎-m → ‎.docm

Derived terms

Translingual terms suffixed with -m

.docm

.pptm

.xlsm

Afar

Etymology

Cognate with Saho -m.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-m/ [-m]

Particle

-m

Used to form dependent verbal forms denoting simultaneous or sequential action from indicative forms.

Suffix

-m

Used to form (pro)nouns taking on the quality of the suffixed determiners, numbers, verbs and nouns.
‎yí (“my”) + ‎-m → ‎yím (“mine (my something)”)

Usage notes

When added to a noun, the suffix is added to a genitive:
‎áwka (“boy”) + ‎-m → ‎awkím (“the boy's thing”)

Derived terms

Afar terms suffixed with -m

kayim

kenim

kum

nim

sinim

tetim

yim

References

E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 236
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 439

Bislama

Etymology

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-m

alternative form of -em; see usage notes below

Usage notes

The form of the transitive suffix is primarily determined by vowel height harmony, along with additional phonological rules:

-em — used after:
- Consonants preceded by non-close vowels vowels a, e, o or diphthongs ending in these vowels (ae, oe, ao): ‎melek (“milk, to milk”) + ‎-em → ‎melekem (“to milk (something)”), ‎bon (“to burn”) + ‎-em → ‎bonem (“to burn (something)”)
- Vowel o or diphthong ao: ‎dro (“to draw”) + ‎-em → ‎droem (“to draw (something)”)
-im — used after:
- Consonants preceded by close vowel i: ‎rid (“to read”) + ‎-im → ‎ridim (“to read (something)”), ‎stil (“to steal”) + ‎-im → ‎stilim (“to steal (something)”)
- Vowel u: ‎skru (“screw, to screw”) + ‎-im → ‎skruim (“to screw (something)”)
- Irregularly after luk (“to see, to look at”) (expected *lukum): ‎luk (“to see”) + ‎-im → ‎lukim (“to see (something)”)
-um — used after:
- Consonants preceded by vowel u: ‎kuk (“to cook”) + ‎-um → ‎kukum (“to cook (something)”), ‎rus (“roast, to roast”) + ‎-um → ‎rusum (“to roast (something)”)
-m — used after:
- Vowels i, e or diphthongs ending in e (ae, oe), implied that the vowel of the underlying -im suffix is deleted: ‎pe (“to pay”) + ‎-m → ‎pem (“to pay (to someone)”), ‎drae (“to dry”) + ‎-m → ‎draem (“to dry (something)”)
-rem — used after:
- Consonant + a or diphthong ua: ‎hama (“hammer, to hammer”) + ‎-rem → ‎hamarem (“to hammer (something)”), ‎ansa (“answer, to answer”) + ‎-rem → ‎ansarem (“to answer (something or someone)”)
- Diphthongs ea or oa (root-final -a- may optionally drop): ‎pripea (“to prepare”) + ‎-rem → ‎priperem or ‎pripearem (“to prepare (something)”)
- Diphthong ia (varies with -rim with root-final -a- also dropping): ‎klia (“clear, to clear”) + ‎-rem or ‎-rim → ‎kliarem or ‎klirim (“to clear (something)”)

These special cases also occur:

Some verbs lack an independent unsuffixed form and only exist with the transitive suffix: karem (“to carry”), talem (“to tell”), putum (“to put”), harem (“to hear”).
A small set of verbs are inherently transitive but never take the suffix: kakae (“to eat”), save (“to know”), lego (“to leave”), tingbaot (“to think about”), tokbaot (“to talk about”), gat (“to have, got”), se (“to say”), somap (“to sew”), klaemap (“to climb”).
French loanwords ending in vowels also do not take the suffix: rato (“to rake”) (from French râteau) does not become *ratoem. However, French loanwords ending in consonants do take the suffix: ‎glis (“to slip, to slide”, from French glisser) → ‎glisim (“to catch side on (somewhere)”)
Some verbs optionally appear with or without the suffix in transitive use: dring ~ dringim (“drink”), luk ~ lukim (“to see”), swim ~ swimim (“to swim, to bathe”).
Root-final -f (from English /v/) often changes to -v- before the suffix: ‎bilif (“to believe”) → ‎bilivim (“to believe (something)”), ‎muf (“to move”) → ‎muvum (“to move (something)”), ‎pruf (“proof, to prove”) → ‎pruvum (“to prove (something)”). However, f from English /f/ remains unchanged: ‎of (“off”) → ‎ofem (“to turn off (something)”).
In rapid colloquial speech (especially among younger speakers), final -m may drop before an object: Mi no boele ti blong yu (“I haven't boiled your tea”).

References

Crowley, Terry (2003), A New Bislama Dictionary, 2nd edition, Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, →ISBN, page 23
Crowley, Terry (2004), Bislama Reference Grammar, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN, pages 77–81

Estonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-mpi, cognate to Finnish -mpi.

Suffix

-m

Forms comparative adjectives.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ma, cognate to Finnish -ma.

Suffix

-m

Forms nouns from verbs.
koguma (“to collect”) → kogum (“collection, complex, group of items or objects”)

valima (“to select”) → valim (“sample (in statistics)”)

hõljuma (“to float”) → hõljum (“plankton”)

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -m

asum

hõljum

võim

Hungarian

Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *mᴕ̈ (“I”); see also én (“I”). Cognate with Northern Mansi -м (-m, “my”).

Suffix

-m

(possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
(personal suffix) First-person singular personal suffix:
1. Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).
  ‎tud (“to know”) → ‎tudom, tudtam, tudjam, tudnám (“I know / knew / should know / would know it”)
  
  ‎kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → ‎kérem, kértem, kérjem, kérném (“I ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)
2. Indefinite forms of -ik verbs.
  ‎alszik (“to sleep”) + ‎-m → ‎alszom (“I sleep”)
4. Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for me to do something”).
  ‎tanulni (“to study”) + ‎-m → ‎tanulnom kell (“I need to study”, literally “for_me_to_study is_necessary”)
  
  Csak kérnem kell. ― All I have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_me_to_ask is_necessary”)
5. Declined and postpositional forms of the first-person personal pronoun én (“I”).
  ‎-ban/-ben (“in”) + ‎-m → ‎bennem (“in me”)
  
  ‎elé (“in front of”) + ‎-m → ‎elém (“in front of me”)

Usage notes

(possessive suffix) Variants:
-m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)

‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)

‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)

‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)

-am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)

-om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)

-em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)

‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)

-öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

Etymology 2

It can be traced back to the Proto-Uralic *-m.^[1]

Suffix

-m

(noun-forming suffix, obsolete) Added to a verb (or rarely to a noun) to form a noun. No longer productive in this sense.
öröm, álom, folyam

alom, orom, hím
(frequentative verb-forming suffix, obsolete) No longer productive in this sense.
élemedett (“elderly”)

References

^ -m in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ilocano

Pronoun

-m

alternative form of -mo (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

Marshallese

Alternative forms

em
im

Pronunciation

(phonetics) IPA^(key): [mʲ]
(phonemic) IPA^(key): /-mʲ/
Bender phonemes: {-m}

Suffix

-m

and

References

Abo, Takaji; Bender Byron W.; Capelle, Alfred; DeBrum, Tony (2009–), “im”, in Marshallese–English Online Dictionary‎^[2]

Northern Kurdish

Suffix

-m

first-person singular suffix
têm ('I come.')

çûm ('I went.')

Alternative forms

-im (after a consonant)

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-mus.^[1]

Suffix

-m m

Forms verbal nouns of A III (hiatus) verbs

Inflection

Masculine u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-m	-m^L	-mae
vocative	-m	-m^L	-mu
accusative	-m^N	-m^L	-mu
genitive	-mo^H, -ma^H	-mo, -ma	-mae^N
dative	-m^L	-maib	-maib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

References

^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012), Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, pages 108-111

Palula

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-m/

Suffix

-m

Plural suffix (with m-declension nouns)

References

Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “-m”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[3], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Pijin

Etymology

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-m

alternative form of -em; see usage notes below

Usage notes

The form of the transitive suffix is primarily determined by vowel height harmony, along with additional phonological rules:

-em — used after:
- Consonants preceded by non-close vowels a, e, o or diphthongs ao, ae: ‎draon (“to drown”) + ‎-em → ‎draonem (“to drown (something)”), ‎gad (“to guard”) + ‎-em → ‎gadem (“to guard (something)”), ‎mek (“to make”) + ‎-em → ‎mekem (“to make (something)”), ‎laek (“to like”) + ‎-em → ‎laekem (“to like (something)”)
- Optionally after root-final non-close vowels a and o: ‎falo (“to follow”) + ‎-em → ‎faloem (“to follow (something or someone)”) (alongside falom)
-im — used after:
- Consonants preceded by close vowel i: ‎bild (“to build”) + ‎-im → ‎bildim (“to build (something)”), ‎dig (“to dig”) + ‎-im → ‎digim (“to dig (something)”), ‎lift (“to lift”) + ‎-im → ‎liftim (“to lift (something)”)
- Consonants preceded by u when not preceded by a bilabial consonant or h: ‎sut (“to shoot”) + ‎-im → ‎sutim (“to shoot (something)”)
- Irregularly after du (“to do”) (expected *dum; see below): ‎du (“to do”) + ‎-im → ‎duim (“to do (something)”)
-um — used after:
- Consonants preceded by u when the consonant before the vowel is bilabial or h: ‎huk (“hook, to hook”) + ‎-um → ‎hukum (“to hook (something)”), ‎muv (“to move”) + ‎-um → ‎muvum (“to move (something)”)
-m — used after:
- Root-final vowels (the vowel of the underlying -im suffix is deleted): ‎ansa (“answer, to answer”) + ‎-m → ‎ansam (“to answer (something)”), ‎daeva (“to dive”) + ‎-m → ‎daevam (“to dive (for something)”), ‎falo (“to follow”) + ‎-m → ‎falom (“to follow (someone/something)”), ‎nila (“nail, to nail”) + ‎-m → ‎nilam (“to nail (something)”)
-rem — optionally used after:
- Roots where the English source word ends in /-ɹ/ (standing for a rhotic vowel where the -r was dropped in the root): ‎ansa (“answer, to answer”) + ‎-rem → ‎ansarem (“to answer (something or someone)”) (alongside ansam)

These special cases also occur:

Some transitive verbs have bound roots that do not occur independently: talem (“to tell”), baem (“to buy”), bitim (“to beat (e.g., a drum)”).
About 180 verbs are obligatorily intransitive and cannot take the transitive suffix: mekful (“to humiliate”) (not *mekfulum), stanbae (“ready”) (not *stanbaem).
A few verbs are unmarked transitives that can take objects without the suffix (though this is very rare): kaikai (“to eat”), save (“to know”), torowe (“to throw away”).
Unlike Bislama, verbs like singaot (“to call”) and luk (“to look”) are strictly intransitive in Pijin and require the transitive suffix to take an object.

References

Beimers, Gerry David with Siegel, Jeffrey Alan (April 2008), Pijin: A Grammar of Solomon Islands Pidgin‎^[4], Armidale, NSW: University of New England, published 2009, pages 106–7, 113–8
Jourdan, Christine with Maebiru, Ellen (2002), “-em”, in Pijin: A trilingual cultural dictionary (Pacific Linguistics; 526), Canberra, ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, →ISBN, page 42

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /m/
Rhymes: -m
Syllabification: -m

Etymology 1

From earlier -śm, a contraction of Old Polish jeśm, from Proto-Slavic *esmь.

Suffix

-m

past-tense first-person singular suffix
‎robić + ‎-m → ‎robiłem

‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądałem

Alternative forms

-em (after a consonant)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish -m, from Proto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European [Term?].

Suffix

-m

first-person singular suffix
‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądam

Quechua

Alternative forms

-mi (after consonants)
-n (Cuzco-Collao)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-m/
- (Ayacucho) IPA^(key): [-m]
- (Cuzco-Collao) IPA^(key): [-ŋ]

Suffix

-m

Evidential suffix, first-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has direct evidence/knowledge of some fact, having experienced it, seen it, heard it, etc.
Ñuqa runa simi tam rima ni. Qusqu mantam ka ni.
I speak Quechua. I am from Cuzco.

Allqu kuna qa chawa aycha tam miku nku.
Dogs eat raw meat.
Used to mark an open-ended question; less formal than -taq.
May mantam ka nki?
Where are you from?

Turkish

Suffix

	preceding vowel
a / ı	e / i	o / u	ö / ü
postconsonantal	-ım	-im	-um	-üm
postvocalic	-m

-m

Post-vocalic form of -im.
‎kedi (“cat”) + ‎-m → ‎kedim (“my cat”)

‎Utku (“Utku”) + ‎-m → ‎Utku'm (“my Utku”)

Suffix

-m

alternate form of first-person singular simple present tense copula conjugation suffix -um used after informal present continuous suffix -iyo
git - gidiyom
go - I am going

Uzbek

Suffix

postconsonantal	-im
postvocalic	-m

-m (Cyrillic spelling -м)

Form of -im after a vowel.
Bu ruchkam.
This is my ball pen.

[1] -m in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

[2] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012), Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, pages 108-111

[1]

[1]

Person	Number	Absolutive	Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic³	bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
dual	data, sita¹	-ta	kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo¹	-tayo, -tay	kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
plural exclusive	dakami, sikami¹	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
plural	dakayo, sikayo¹	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø²	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
plural	isuda	-da	kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada

Actor	Patient
siak	data	datayo	dakami	sika	dakayo	isu⁵	isuda
siak	bagik⁴	—	—	—	-ka	-kayo	-ko, -k	-ko ida, -k ida
data	—	bagita⁴	—	—	—	—	-ta	-ta ida
datayo	—	—	bagitayo⁴	—	—	—	-tayo	-tayo ida
dakami	—	—	—	bagimi⁴	-daka	-dakayo	-mi	-mi ida
sika	-nak	—	—	-nakami	bagim⁴	—	-mo, -m	-mo ida, -m ida
dakayo	-dak	-data	—	-dakami	—	bagiyo⁴	-yo	-yo ida
isu	-nak	-nata	-natayo	-nakami	-naka	-nakayo	bagina⁴, -na	-na ida
isuda	-dak	-data	-datayo	-dakami	-daka	-dakayo	-da	bagida⁴, -da ida

Translingual

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Afar

Etymology

Pronunciation

Particle

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

References

Bislama

Etymology

Suffix

Usage notes

References

Estonian

Etymology 1

Suffix

Etymology 2

Suffix

Derived terms

Hungarian

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Etymology 2

Suffix

See also

References

Ilocano

Pronoun

See also

Marshallese

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Suffix

References

Northern Kurdish

Suffix

Alternative forms

Old Irish

Etymology

Suffix

Inflection

References

Palula

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

References

Pijin

Etymology

Suffix

Usage notes

References

Polish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Alternative forms

See also

Etymology 2

Suffix

Further reading

Quechua

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Suffix

See also

Turkish

Suffix

Suffix

Uzbek

Suffix