-e-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "e"
English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- A linking vowel inserted between two morphemes, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]The final vowel of hamster, as the initial vowel would be a homonym of -a- from rat.
Infix
[edit]-e-
- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody derived from a hamster source
Related terms
[edit]- -mab is the base suffix common to all monoclonal antibodies. (See that entry for full paradigm.)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, U.S. Pharmacopeia, 2000
Danish
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- A morph interjected between word roots to give pronunciation a better sense of flow, but which gives no change in meaning.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Originally often represented a thematic vowel or a (genitive) case ending; also sometimes added simply for ease of pronunciation. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Interfix
[edit]-e-
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-dë-.
Interfix
[edit]-e-
- The second infinitive marker.
Usage notes
[edit]- In the active, attaches to the same stem as the first infinitive (by replacing the final -a or -ä). In the passive, attaches to the strong passive stem (same as the passive conditional without the final -isiin) and does not replace the final -a or -ä.
- Always followed by a case marker: in standard Finnish, either the inessive or the instructive case (the latter for active only).
Further reading
[edit]- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
German
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- used to link elements in some compounds
Derived terms
[edit]Hungarian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- A suffix-initial vowel (or linking vowel) inserted interconsonantally between the word stem and the suffix, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.
See also
[edit]Northern Kurdish
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- used to link elements in some compounds
- pîrejin (pîr-e-jin, 'an old woman')
- kurteçîrok (kurt-e-çîrok, 'a short story')
Derived terms
[edit]Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]
Etymology
[edit]Derived from Old Norse -a (“genitive plural ending”), reduced to unstressed -e- in compounds. Some occurrences may instead continue other older inflectional or compositional forms. The element was subsequently reanalysed and analogically extended as a general linking vowel, and need not express a genitive or plural relationship in present-day Norwegian.
Compare Norwegian Nynorsk -e- and Danish -e- (“linking interfix”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- A linking vowel used between the constituents of certain compound words, generally without an independent meaning.
Usage notes
[edit]- The interfix is commonly called a binde-e (“linking e”) or fuge-e (“linking e”), and is a type of bindevokal (“linking vowel”).
- -e- is common after monosyllabic nominal first constituents ending in a consonant, as in hundemat (“dog food”), fuglekasse (“birdhouse”), juletre (“Christmas tree”) and folkedans (“folk dance”). This is only a tendency, not a general rule.
- The presence of the interfix is largely determined by established usage and by the particular first constituent. An uncertain compound should therefore be checked in a dictionary.
- Even compounds with the same first constituent may differ. For example, skattemelding (“tax return”) has -e-, while skattlegge (“to tax”) does not. Similarly, straffelov (“penal code”) has it, while straffansvar (“criminal liability”) does not.
- In some compounds the interfix is optional, including skattefri or skattfri (“tax-free”) and straffeforfølging or straffforfølging (“criminal prosecution”).
- Although many occurrences developed from older genitive plural forms, -e- does not reliably indicate that the first constituent is plural. Its use in present-day compounds is normally lexical rather than semantically predictable.
- Not every ⟨e⟩ at a compound boundary is this interfix. When the first constituent itself ends in ⟨e⟩, the vowel belongs to that word, as in kaffekopp (“coffee cup”) from kaffe (“coffee”) and kopp (“cup”).
- The interfix is retained when the following constituent begins with a vowel, as in hundeeier (“dog owner”) and dyreart (“animal species”).
- Although conventionally described as occurring between the constituents, linking elements may also be analysed morphologically as suffixes attached to the first constituent.
- This interfix is distinct from the various derivational and inflectional uses of -e.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- “bindevokal” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
- “binde-e” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
- “fuge-e” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
- “fuge – språk”, Store norske leksikon.
- “Bindebokstaver i sammensatte ord”, Språkrådet.
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From the Old Norse genitive plural ending, -a, such as in manna mál (> mannemål). Also from the strong feminine genitive singular, -ar, whence also -ar- and -a-.
Interfix
[edit]-e-
- Genitival interfix indicating that the former element is a characteristic of the latter.
Usage notes
[edit]This interfix is often used in compounds where the first element is plural, as opposed to singular -s-. Example: gudetru (“polytheism, belief in gods”) and gudstru (“monotheism, belief in a god”).
Derived terms
[edit]Saterland Frisian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Akin to German -n-/-e-, Dutch -en-/-e- and Swedish -e-.
Pronunciation
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- Genitival interfix indicating that the former element is a characteristic of the latter.
Derived terms
[edit]Swedish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-e-
- Interfix used to link elements in some compounds
Usage notes
[edit]- The interfix -e- is sometimes used in compounds where the first element ends in -a:
- This is especially productive when the word is the second element in a longer compound, e.g. högskola (“university”) → högskoleexamen (“university degree”); kolgruva (“coal mine”) → kolgruvearbetare (“coal mine worker”).
- It is also used in shorter compounds when the first element ends in the female suffixes -inna or -erska, e.g. hjältinna (“heroïne”) → hjältinneroll (“part as a heroïne”); sköterska (“nurse”) → sköterskedräkt (“nurse’s uniform”).
- It is also used for nouns ending in -ja or -ia, e.g. olja (“oil”) → oljeplattform (“oil rig”), historia (“history”) → historielektion (“history lesson”).
- It is also used for some nouns ending in a consonant + /l r n/ + -a, e.g. ödla (“lizard”) → ödleart (“lizard species”); åsna (“donkey”) → åsneföl (“donkey’s foal”).
- It is also used in some compounds of words ending in -a, e.g. ära (“honor”) → ärekränka (“defame”); hjärta (“heart”) → hjärtesorg (“grief, heartache”).
- It is also used in some compounds ending in a consonant, e.g. natt (“night”) → nattetid (“(during) nighttime”); skörd (“harvest”) → skördetröska (“combine harvester”); tjänst (“service”) → tjänsteman (“civil servant”); tid (“time”) → tideräkning (“chronology”).
- In some cases, -e- is found in more literary or archaic compounds, but not otherwise, e.g. stjärna (“star”) → stjärnevalv (“stellar vault”), cf. stjärnkikare (“astronomical telescope”)
- The interfix -e- is also more common in southern and western dialects, and thus in compounds derived from those dialects, cf. -a-, e.g. spettekaka (“skewer cake”), pilevall (“avenue of willow trees”).
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Teleman, Ulf; Hellberg, Staffan; Andersson, Erik & Holm, Lisa (1999). Svenska akademiens grammatik 2 Ord. Stockholm: Svenska akad.
- Wessén, Elias (1958). Svensk språkhistoria. 2, Ordbildningslära. 3. ed. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell
Categories:
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English lemmas
- English interfixes
- English infixes
- en:Pharmacology
- en:Medicine
- Danish lemmas
- Danish interfixes
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch interfixes
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish interfixes
- German lemmas
- German interfixes
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian interfixes
- Northern Kurdish lemmas
- Northern Kurdish interfixes
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål interfixes
- Norwegian Bokmål terms interfixed with -e-
- Norwegian Bokmål compound terms
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms inherited from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk interfixes
- Saterland Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Saterland Frisian lemmas
- Saterland Frisian interfixes
- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish interfixes