VXLAN
Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) is a network virtualization technology that uses a VLAN-like encapsulation technique to encapsulate OSI layer 2 Ethernet frames within layer 4 UDP datagrams, using 4789 as the default IANA-assigned destination UDP port number,[1] although many implementations that predate the IANA assignment use port 8472. VXLAN attempts to address the scalability problems associated with large cloud computing deployments.[2] VXLAN endpoints, which terminate VXLAN tunnels and may be either virtual or physical switch ports, are known as VXLAN tunnel endpoints (VTEPs).[3][4]
Function
[edit]VXLAN addresses the limitations of the VLAN standard for segmenting a physical network into multiple virtual networks. The 12-bit VLAN identifier limits the number of virtual networks on a physical network to 4094. While in some applications, IEEE 802.1ad can be used to extend this limit, this is generally insufficient for large-scale cloud computing infrastructures with many tenants.[5][6]
VXLAN is an evolution of efforts to standardize on an overlay encapsulation protocol that addresses these issues. Compared to single-tagged IEEE 802.1Q VLANs, which provide a limited number of layer-2 VLANs (4094, using a 12-bit VLAN ID), VXLAN increases scalability up to about 16 million logical networks (using a 24-bit VNID) and allows for layer-2 adjacency across IP networks. Multicast or unicast with head-end replication (HER) is used to flood Broadcast, unknown-unicast and multicast traffic.[6]
In addition, by encapsulating layer 2 frames in UDP packets, the VXLAN standard also provides for extending a virtual network across multiple geographically distributed physical networks. This is useful for large distributed data centers.[5]
Implementations
[edit]VXLAN is widely, but not universally, implemented in commercial networking equipment. Several open-source implementations of VXLAN also exist,[7] including built-in capabilities in the Linux kernel.[8]
Commercial
[edit]The VXLAN specification was originally created by VMware, Arista Networks, and Cisco,[9][10] and is supported by various products by those companies.
Other backers of the VXLAN technology include Adtran,[11] Arrcus, Big Switch Networks, Broadcom, Citrix, Cumulus Networks, Dell EMC, Ericsson, Huawei,[12] Joyent, Juniper Networks, Mellanox,[13] MikroTik,[14] Netgate, Netgear, [15] Pica8, and Red Hat.[16]
Open source
[edit]- FreeBSD,[17]
- OpenBSD,[18]
- Linux,[19]
- Open vSwitch is an example of a software-based virtual network switch that supports VXLAN overlay networks.
Standards specifications
[edit]VXLAN is officially documented by the IETF in RFC 7348.[16] VXLAN encapsulates a MAC frame in a UDP datagram for transport across an IP network,[20] creating an overlay network or tunnel.
Alternative technologies
[edit]Alternative technologies addressing the same or similar operational concerns include:
- IEEE 802.1ad ("Q-in-Q"), which greatly increases the number of VLANs supported by standard IEEE 802 Ethernet beyond 4K.
- IEEE 802.1ah ("MAC-in-MAC"), which supports tunneling Ethernet in a way that greatly increases the number of VLANs supported while avoiding a large increase in the size of the MAC Address table in a Carrier Ethernet deployment.
- Network Virtualization using Generic Route Encapsulation (NVGRE), which uses different framing but has similar goals to VxLAN.
See also
[edit]- Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet (DOVE)
- Ethernet VPN (EVPN)
- GENEVE, an industry effort to unify both VXLAN and NVGRE technologies
- Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)
- IEEE 802.1ad, an Ethernet networking standard, also known as provider bridging, Stacked VLANs, or simply Q-in-Q.
- IEEE 802.1ah, an IEEE Ethernet networking standard, also known as Provider Backbone Bridging (PBB) or MAC-in-MAC.
- NVGRE, Network Virtualization using GRE, which is a similar competing specification to VxLAN.
- Overlay Transport Virtualization (OTV)
- Virtual LAN (VLAN)
- Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
References
[edit]- ↑ Herrod, Steve (August 30, 2011). "Towards Virtualized Networking for the Cloud". VMware. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ "Configuring VXLANs" (PDF). Cisco. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
- ↑ Andre Pech (November 8, 2013). "Running OpenStack over a VXLAN Fabric" (PDF). openstack.org. pp. 8, 12. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
- ↑ "Open vSwitch Manual: vtep – hardware_vtep database schema". openvswitch.org. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
- 1 2 "Understanding VXLAN (Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network)". ExamLabs. Retrieved June 13, 2026.
- 1 2 "Arista Expands Leaf Switch Product Portfolio" (Press release). Arista Networks. October 22, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Arista's updated VXLAN implementation eliminates the need for multicast in the underlay network by using Head End Replication for forwarding broadcast, multicast and unknown unicast traffic
- ↑ "VXLANs". Open vSwitch. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
- ↑ "Virtual eXtensible Local Area Networking documentation". Retrieved May 12, 2026.
- ↑ Timothy Prickett Morgan (August 30, 2011). "VMware, Cisco stretch virtual LANs across the heavens". The Register. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ "VXLAN Bridges Virtual and Physical Networks to the Cloud" (PDF). Retrieved December 1, 2013.
- ↑ "FSP 150-XG480: High port-density service aggregation for 100Gbit/s edge networks". Adtran Networks SE. Retrieved July 16, 2026.
- ↑ "Huawei CE12800 Series Data Center Switches - Huawei products". Huawei. December 2012.
- ↑ Timothy Pricket Morgan (April 23, 2013). "Mellanox adds VM-flitting to ConnectX-3 adapters - Going Pro with VXLAN". The Register.
- ↑ "VXLAN - RouterOS - MikroTik Documentation". help.mikrotik.com.
- ↑ ?https://www.netgear.com/assets/campaign/121401/images/m4500.pdf
- 1 2 M. Mahalingam; D. Dutt; K. Duda; P. Agarwal; L. Kreeger; T. Sridhar; M. Bursell; C. Wright (August 2014). Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7348. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7348. Informational.
- ↑ "FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE Release Notes". The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
- ↑ Reyk Floeter (October 14, 2013). "OpenBSD vxlan implementation". Reyk Floeter. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- ↑ "Linux Virtual eXtensible Local Area Networking documentation". Linux Kernel documentation. Retrieved September 4, 2025.
- ↑ M. Mahalingam (February 22, 2013). "What Is VXLAN". Huawei. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
External links
[edit]- VXLAN Deep Dive: Part 1 and Part 2, November 2012, by Joe Onisick