Palatoquadrate
In some fishes, the palatoquadrate is the dorsal component of the mandibular arch, the ventral one being Meckel's cartilage. The palatoquadrate forms from splanchnocranium.
Evolution
[edit]The palatoquadrate is believed to have evolved from the branchial arches; it is a serial homologue of the epibranchial.[1]
The palatoquadrate persists as a distinct cartilaginous element in chondrichthyans, placoderms, and chondrosteans.[2]
In early acanthodians, as well as primitive osteichthyans, the element ossifies as a single bone, divided into the pars autopalatina, the pars quadrata, and the pars metapterygoidea.[2]
In later acanthodians, the palatoquadrate ossifies into three elements: the quadrate, the metapterygoid, and the autopalatine.
In most osteichthyes, the palatoquadrate typically remains largely unossified; its anterior part ossifies into the epipterygoid, while its posterior part ossifies into the quadrate.[3] In dipnoi, the palatoquadrate fuses to the neurocranium.[2]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ↑ Gillis, J. Andrew; Modrell, Melinda S.; Baker, Clare V. H. (2013-02-05). "Developmental evidence for serial homology of the vertebrate jaw and gill arch skeleton". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 1436. doi:10.1038/ncomms2429. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3600657. PMID 23385581.
- 1 2 3 Arratia, Gloria; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1991). "Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: Development and homology within osteichthyans". Journal of Morphology. 208 (1): 1–81. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052080102. ISSN 1097-4687.
- ↑ Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution -Seventh edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 244–248, 256. ISBN 978-0-07-802302-6.
- Kardong, Kenneth V. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. p. 227.
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